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Operate or tend machines that wash products such as barrels and glassware and tin plate and food and pulp and coal and plastics or rubber to remove impurities: dose to the process requirement and maintain level and concentration, set temperature and cycle duration and start the conveyor and pumps and agitator, watch the instruments and adjust as needed, empty and clean and top up the tank solution and take samples for testing, and load and unload products and enter the process data in the production log.
One-line verdict: cleaning, washing and metal pickling equipment operators are not about throwing things into a machine; they operate and tend cleaning and pickling equipment to process specifications, mix and replenish chemical agents, monitor temperature and concentration and cycle time, check the equipment and the cleaning result, and are accountable for solution condition and the production log; O*NET defines the occupation as operating or tending machines that wash products (such as barrels and glassware and tin plate and food and pulp and coal and plastics or rubber) to remove impurities.
Signals to keep exploring: you are willing to repeat work to procedure in noisy conditions with chemicals and high temperatures, you wear protective equipment as required, and you judge and record from instrument readings; the O*NET Work Context fields show that 100% wear common protective or safety equipment every day, 70% stand continuously or almost continuously, 70% are exposed to distracting or uncomfortable noise every day, 41% are exposed to contaminants every day, 39% work indoors in a non-environmentally controlled setting every day, and 72% work a typical 40-hour week.
Cleaning, washing and metal pickling equipment operator work falls into three connected but independent work surfaces. The first is solution and parameter management: adding specified amounts of chemical agents to the equipment at set times to maintain solution level and concentration as the process requires, measuring and weighing or mixing cleaning solutions with measuring tanks and calibrated rods or pipettes, and emptying and cleaning and refilling machines or tanks at designed intervals. The second is equipment operation and monitoring: setting controls to regulate temperature and cycle duration and starting conveyors and pumps and agitators and machines, watching the machine run and the instruments or thermometers and adjusting the controls as needed to hold the specified conditions, checking and patrolling the machines to find faults in time, and adjusting and cleaning and lubricating mechanical parts with tools and grease guns. The third is sampling and recording and loading and unloading: drawing samples for laboratory analysis or testing the solution against specification on site (such as acidity or specific gravity), operating or tending machines that wash barrels and glassware and tin plate surfaces and dried fruit and pulp and coal and finished goods and plastics or rubber and similar objects, loading objects into the machine and unloading them after washing and placing them on conveyors or racks, and entering instrument readings and materials used and processing times and test results in the production log. This is a description of occupational tasks, not a procedure for dosing, tank entry or maintenance; each stage must be carried out within the limits of actual training and authorisation.
Evidence insufficient: no China national wage distribution corresponding to this occupation was obtained this round; the industry average serves only as background for matching employers and is not used to fill in an occupational median or monthly salary.
This round checked the NBS2025 wage Tables 2/5 and the survey notes; no exact-occupation percentile, starting pay, city monthly salary or one-to-one mapping was obtained, and US material does not support an exact China wage.
O*NET national wage percentile page (51-9192.00)｜https://www.onetonline.org/link/localwages/51-9192.00；O*NET-SOC 51-9192.00 occupation details｜https://www.onetonline.org/link/details/51-9192.00；O*NET-SOC 51-9192.00 occupation summary｜https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-9192.00
33,790 US dollars/year
10th percentile. This percentile means 10% of employed people earn no more than this value, and it is not entry-level starting pay.；O*NET national wage percentile page (51-9192.00)｜https://www.onetonline.org/link/localwages/51-9192.00
Day-to-day work centres on solution and agent management, equipment operation and monitoring, and sampling and recording and loading and unloading: dosing to the process requirement and maintaining level and concentration, setting temperature and cycle duration and starting the conveyor and pumps and agitator, watching the instruments and adjusting as needed, emptying and cleaning and topping up the tank solution at designed intervals, inspecting and lubricating the equipment, sampling and testing whether the solution meets specification, and entering instrument readings and materials used and processing times in the production log. The O*NET Work Context fields show that 100% wear common protective or safety equipment every day, 70% stand continuously or almost continuously, 70% are exposed to distracting or uncomfortable noise every day, and 72% work a typical 40-hour week.
The food and tobacco direction controls roasting and drying curves; the food cooking direction operates cooking and sterilising equipment; the grinding and polishing direction removes surface material and controls dimensions and finish; the smelting and heat treating directions control the composition and structure and properties of metals; the cooling and freezing direction maintains cold-chain temperatures; this occupation cleans objects to remove impurities and manages solution concentration. Shared skills do not mean the roles are interchangeable: the objects handled, the process media and the safety responsibility differ.
Conditions that warrant pausing before heavy investment: you have not yet run a full cleaning or pickling cycle to the process card, nor checked the mix ratios, concentrations and safety requirements of the chemical agents; this occupation's job zone is Job Zone 1-2 (little to some preparation), the SVP range is below 6.0, and the occupation page gives no percentages for the education distribution, listing only three post requirements (some posts require high school or equivalent, some require below high school, some require some college but no degree). Opportunities depend more on working to procedure and safety awareness, but safety responsibility for corrosive chemicals, high temperatures, rotating equipment and sealed tanks cannot be skipped, and the occupation page lists no national certification.
Education, qualifications and authority must be checked separately: O*NET lists this occupation as Job Zone 1-2 (little to some preparation) with an SVP range below 6.0; in cleaning and pickling work, being hired for a post, an employer's internal process training and operating authorisation, the statutory requirements for hazardous chemicals and pressure vessels and special operations, and authority to set process parameters and sign off releases are four different things; the O*NET occupation page lists no national certification, and this page does not present any training as a prerequisite for hiring or authorisation.
In one line: this is an occupation where reading parameters accurately, holding solution and equipment condition, and stopping and reporting anomalies in time matter more to success than working fast; if you are willing to repeat work to process specifications and take responsibility for the safety of the chemicals and equipment you handle, it is worth serious consideration.
Operate or tend cleaning and pickling equipment to remove impurities
Confirm the products to be cleaned and the process requirements → mix and replenish chemical agents and check the concentration → set the temperature and cycle duration and start the conveyor and pumps and agitator → watch the instruments and equipment and adjust as needed → empty, clean and top up the tank solution and take samples for testing → record readings, materials used and processing times and hand over
Maintain the solution and equipment condition to procedure and leave a production record
Check the production task and the product list → dose to the formula and measure and mix the solution → set and monitor the temperature and cycle time → load and unload products and place the washed items on the conveyor or rack → inspect the equipment and the cleaning result and handle anomalies → complete the production log and hand over the shift
Production log and instrument reading records, dosing and mix-ratio and solution test records, equipment inspection and lubrication and maintenance records, sampling and laboratory submission records, loading and unloading and output records; in some organisations also shutdown and leak and anomaly-handling records.
Common adjacent roles include food and tobacco roasting and drying equipment operators and tenders, food cooking equipment operators and tenders, metal and plastic grinding, polishing and buffing machine operators and tenders, metal smelting furnace operators and tenders, and metal and plastic heat treating equipment operators and tenders and cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders. On the boundaries: the cleaning and pickling direction centres on solution and chemical and tank-liquid management; the food direction handles food ingredients and hygiene requirements; the grinding and polishing direction removes surface material and controls dimensions; the smelting and heat treating directions control the structure and properties of metals; the cooling and freezing direction controls temperature and the cold chain; this occupation cleans objects to remove impurities and maintains solution concentration.
Operate equipment within the process specification and operating procedures and maintain the solution and equipment condition
Food roasting, drying or cooking centres on the corresponding processing steps; this occupation centres on machine washing or removing impurities, and the O*NET object list also includes food, dried fruit and pulp, so whether something is food cannot be used to divide the occupations.
Based on the process card, the solution specification and the equipment manual; on O*NET the leading work activities are inspecting equipment and materials, documenting information, communicating with supervisors and co-workers, obtaining information and monitoring processes and materials
Food cooking equipment operators and tenders operate cooking and sterilising equipment to process food; this occupation operates cleaning and pickling equipment and manages chemical agents and tank liquids
Receive the production task, check the products and process, mix and replenish solutions, set and monitor parameters, load and unload products, inspect the equipment and the cleaning result, record and hand over
Editorial comparison: grinding and polishing focus on abrasives, dimensions and finish; this occupation centres on machine washing and removing impurities, without asserting that no cleaning process has any dimensional or surface-quality limits.
Production log and solution test records, dosing and mix-ratio records, equipment inspection and maintenance records, sampling and laboratory submission records, loading and unloading and output records
Smelting centres on treating metal in the furnace and heat treating centres on the heating and cooling process; this occupation mainly uses equipment to clean and remove impurities, so the process purpose differs. The absolute boundary that pickling never changes metal composition or structure is not asserted.
Posts carry process execution, monitoring and recording according to actual tasks; parameters, batch release, maintenance and hazardous work are each checked against actual training and authorisation, and the task list does not create an operating permit. In China qualifications are checked against the actual industry, equipment and work item: hazardous chemicals process operation in the 2026 special operations catalogue does not equal all use of cleaning agents; the market-regulation pressure vessel items include quick-opening operation R1, mobile filling R2 and oxygen chamber maintenance R3, and not all tanks require the same certificate. Confined-space safety management and the specific certification items for supervision are separate, and the two supervision items in the catalogue have assessments implemented from 2028-06-01.
This page presents task and output boundaries and does not constitute any allocation of professional practice or legal duties
BLS for exact 51-9192: typical entry requires high school or equivalent, no related work experience and medium-term on-the-job training. O*NET still lists only the three new-entrant requirement categories of high school, below high school and some college without a degree, with no percentages; Job Zone1—2 is a broad preparation grouping, and a few days to a year cannot be treated as the training length for every post in this occupation.
In China qualifications are checked against the actual industry, equipment and work item: hazardous chemicals process operation in the 2026 special operations catalogue does not equal all use of cleaning agents; the market-regulation pressure vessel items include quick-opening operation R1, mobile filling R2 and oxygen chamber maintenance R3, and not all tanks require the same certificate. Confined-space safety management and the specific certification items for supervision are separate, and the two supervision items in the catalogue have assessments implemented from 2028-06-01.
The conclusion applies only to the O*NET and BLS bases and periods labelled on this page
Cross-role comparison cannot rely on similar names alone; the objects handled, the process media, the safety responsibility and the authority differ, and similar tasks do not mean the roles are interchangeable
Six recurring occupational judgements: whether the process requirements and the product list are clearly confirmed; whether the agent mix ratios and solution concentration are properly checked; whether temperature and cycle time are set to specification and monitored; whether the solution and equipment condition is checked and maintained on schedule; whether sampling and testing and anomalies are handled as required; and whether the process data leaves a traceable record.
Judgement one: are the process requirements and the product list clearly confirmed
First confirm this batch's products, the cleaning or pickling specification and the permitted handling, and check the materials for which it is not suitable; when in doubt, ask before feeding the line.
Judgement two: are the agent mix ratios and solution concentration properly checked
Check the agents and specified amounts against the actual process documents, labels and safety data sheets; measuring, mixing, sampling and concentration testing are each carried out under the corresponding training and methods, and measuring tanks, calibrated rods or pipettes are not treated directly as a universal concentration test method.
Judgement three: are temperature and cycle time set to specification and monitored
Set the temperature and cycle duration from the process card and start the equipment, keep watching the instruments or thermometers and adjust as needed; do not extend or shorten the cycle on your own.
Judgement four: is the solution and equipment condition checked and maintained on schedule
O*NET has tasks for inspecting equipment and adjusting, cleaning and lubricating mechanical parts; actual maintenance must be carried out by trained and authorised personnel under the equipment energy control procedure, and an ordinary shutdown or power-off does not automatically prove that stored energy has been eliminated.
Judgement five: are sampling and testing and anomalies handled as required
Editorial anomaly note: on finding a leak or equipment anomaly, stop the affected work under the plan, protect personnel and report; isolation, depressurising and handling are carried out by trained and authorised personnel, and untrained people do not approach the fault. Resumption must meet the actual approval and safety conditions.
Judgement six: does the process data leave a traceable record
Write instrument readings, materials used, processing times and test results into the production log so that quality tracing and handover can be tied to a specific batch and operator.
Cleaning, washing and metal pickling equipment operators operate or tend machines that wash products such as barrels and glassware and tin plate and food and pulp and coal and plastics or rubber to remove impurities; the typical closed loop is confirming the products and process requirements, mixing and replenishing chemical agents and maintaining concentration, setting and monitoring temperature and cycle time, loading and unloading products and checking the equipment and cleaning result, sampling and testing and handling anomalies to procedure, and leaving a traceable production log.
O*NET51-9192.00, updated 2026, operates or tends equipment that washes products and removes impurities; interest RC, Job Zone1—2, SVP below 6. The certification search currently returns no entries, which does not prove that no certification exists; typical education and training values are checked separately against the exact BLS item.
For US exact 51-9192, the May 2025 OEWS annual wage 10/25/50/75/90 percentiles are 33,790/37,310/43,530/49,320/58,570 US dollars, and hourly 16.25/17.94/20.93/23.71/28.16; the wage-and-salary distribution is not starting pay, an individual's total compensation or self-employed income.
China's exact-occupation wage remains insufficient evidence: no one-to-one national distribution was established this round. Units whose main activity falls under manufacturing can be seen against the 2025 non-private/private annual averages of 113,594/76,055 yuan as background; that covers every occupation in the whole category, is not the pay of a pickling equipment operator, and is not applied to units in other categories.
BLS Table 1.2 for exact 51-9192: 2025 employment 16.2 thousand, projected 16.8 thousand in 2035, a net increase of 0.5 thousand, growth 3.4%, annual average 1.7 thousand openings, self-employed 6.2%; the table values are each rounded, and the net increase is not recomputed from the two endpoints. On O*NET the industry split is manufacturing 76% and other 24% (including administrative and support services), which is not wages.
The complete software table has 2 categories: spreadsheet Excel and word processing Word; Hot Technologies is also 2 terms, with the 2025 US recruiting share at Excel4% and Word Not available, the latter not filled with 0. Software keywords do not prove factory adoption or efficiency gains.
Communication and collaboration | 23% spend about half their time in contact with others; 34% consider working with a work group or team important; 48% hold face-to-face discussions weekly or more often but not daily. Decisions and autonomy | 35% make decisions every day; 31% have a great deal of freedom in their decisions; 31% have a great deal of freedom in determining tasks and priorities and goals. Responsibility and impact | 50% consider the impact of their decisions on co-workers or the organisation's results very important; 24% have limited responsibility for the health and safety of others; 31% consider the consequences of error very serious. Time and pace | 72% work a typical 40-hour week; 46% consider repeating the same task very important; 48% consider the pace being determined by equipment speed very important; 34% consider precision or accuracy quite important. Environment and exposure | 100% wear common protective or safety equipment every day; 70% are exposed to distracting or uncomfortable noise every day; 41% are exposed to contaminants every day; 39% are indoors in a non-environmentally controlled setting every day; 25% are never in an environmentally controlled indoor setting; 31% are never exposed to extremely hot or cold temperatures. Posture and movement | 70% stand continuously or almost continuously; 34% bend or twist about half the time; 28% make repetitive motions less than half the time; 25% handle or feel objects and tools about half the time. Equipment and pace | The running cycle of the cleaning and pickling equipment sets the work pace; continuous monitoring of instruments and temperature and concentration is needed. Nature of the work | Mainly operating and tending cleaning and pickling equipment and mixing solutions and recording the production log; output must meet the process specification and be traceable. Safety and authority | Work involving corrosive chemicals, high temperatures, rotating equipment and sealed tanks must follow operating procedures and be carried out under authority; on finding a leak or equipment anomaly, shut down and isolate and report. The above are respondent answer buckets, not a commitment for every post, a share of working hours or an individual risk; buckets not shown cannot be filled with 0, and the importance of equipment pace does not mean that all work is determined by equipment speed.
The six directions share part of their skills with this occupation: operating equipment to process parameters, watching instruments and adjusting as needed, checking and maintaining equipment, recording process data, and following safety and protection requirements. The real differences lie in the objects handled and the process media (food ingredients, finished food, metal and plastic surfaces, molten metal, structure and properties, low-temperature environments) and the professional judgement required (hygiene requirements, dimensional accuracy, composition control, structure control, cold chain). When choosing, it is better to first validate with one deliverable parameter monitoring and recording exercise than to compare names.
The comparison is based on the task and work activity descriptions on the O*NET-SOC 51-9192.00 page, the adjacent-occupation notes registered by this evidence route, and public occupational material for each adjacent occupation; the comparison is an editorial arrangement and does not constitute a conclusion about practice scope or interchangeable qualifications.
The table below compares roles and occupations adjacent to this one: food and tobacco roasting and drying equipment operators and tenders, food cooking equipment operators and tenders, metal and plastic grinding, polishing and buffing machine operators and tenders, metal smelting furnace operators and tenders, and metal and plastic heat treating equipment operators and tenders and cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders. The four columns answer the same kind of question: what this direction does, where the key difference from this occupation lies, and what kind of person is better suited to choosing it.
Food and tobacco roasting and drying equipment operators and tenders control roasting and drying curves to process food and tobacco ingredients; this occupation handles objects such as barrels and glassware and tin plate and plastics or rubber and manages cleaning and pickling solutions.
People willing to control temperature and time to a curve when processing food ingredients suit that direction; people willing to manage solutions and agents and clean various objects suit this occupation.
Mainly the roasted and dried food and tobacco products and the process records.
Food and tobacco roasting and drying equipment operators and tenders
Food cooking equipment operators and tenders operate cooking and sterilising equipment to process food and follow food hygiene requirements; this occupation operates cleaning and pickling equipment and manages agents and tank liquids, so the media and hygiene requirements differ.
People willing to do food cooking and sterilising and accept hygiene rules suit that direction; people willing to do industrial cleaning and pickling and agent management suit this occupation.
Mainly the cooked and sterilised food products and the hygiene and process records.
Food cooking equipment operators and tenders
Metal and plastic grinding, polishing and buffing machine operators and tenders use abrasives to remove surface material and control dimensions and finish; this occupation uses cleaning and agents to remove impurities and does no dimensional machining.
People willing to do grinding and polishing and control dimensional accuracy suit that direction; people willing to manage solutions and cleaning processes suit this occupation.
Mainly the machined dimensions and finish and the inspection records.
Metal and plastic grinding, polishing and buffing machine operators and tenders
Metal smelting furnace operators and tenders control the melting and refining process and metal composition; this occupation only handles the cleaning and pickling stage and does not change metal composition or structure.
People willing to control furnace temperature and the melting process suit that direction; people willing to do surface cleaning and solution management suit this occupation.
Mainly melting batches and composition testing and output records.
Metal smelting furnace operators and tenders
Metal and plastic heat treating equipment operators and tenders control the structure and properties of metals and plastics through heating and cooling; this occupation removes impurities by cleaning and does not carry process responsibility for structure and property control.
People willing to control heat treating curves and structure and properties suit that direction; people willing to do cleaning and pickling and solution management suit this occupation.
Mainly heat treating batches and hardness and structure testing records.
Metal and plastic heat treating equipment operators and tenders
Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders control refrigeration and freezing processes and maintain cold-chain temperatures; this occupation controls the temperature and concentration of cleaning and pickling tank liquids, so the objectives and media differ.
People willing to control refrigeration equipment and cold-store temperatures suit that direction; people willing to manage chemical solutions and cleaning processes suit this occupation.
Mainly the temperature and running records of cold stores and frozen products.
Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders
Moving from this occupation to an adjacent direction usually means adding new processes and qualifications: the food direction needs food hygiene and sterilising process knowledge, the grinding and polishing direction needs dimensional and abrasive and finish control capability, the smelting and heat treating directions need metallurgical and heat treating processes and the corresponding qualifications, and the cooling and freezing direction needs refrigeration equipment and cold-chain management training. Equipment operation and parameter monitoring and recording skills transfer, but each direction's process specifications and authorisation system must be obtained afresh.
Students and career changers preparing to enter
Build solid foundations in solution mixing, concentration control, equipment operation and safety protection first, then learn to use production records and statistical software; do not let alarms or automatic control stand in for understanding process specifications and anomaly handling.
Posts that operate and tend cleaning and pickling equipment
Editorial trial candidates: checking specified-amount calculations, record drafts and inspection reminders; formulas, compatibility, concentration, anomaly handling and release are checked against real post duties and authority, and are not uniformly treated as fully within the worker's and team leader's authority.
Posts responsible for equipment maintenance and safety
Editorial trial suggestion: anomaly flags must be tested for false positives, missed detections and handling cost, and there is no validation this round that this occupation improves anomaly detection; danger signals mean protecting personnel promptly under the actual plan, not waiting for tool confirmation.
Posts responsible for quality and process release
Editorially trial the completeness and consistency of the records and the total review cost, without treating automatically generated records as improved quality.
Task, software and recruiting-term material was obtained, but no speed-up trial for this occupation or production automation adoption trend was obtained; instruments, control systems, mechanisation and generative AI are checked separately, and no technology trend is inferred from the task list.
O*NET OnLine 51-9192.00 occupation details
Used to check the official occupational identity, 11 tasks, work activities and work context
BLS data for occupations not detailed separately: includes the exact 51-9192 entry
The actual entry lists duties, 2025 employment, May 2025 wages, the 2025—2035 projection and typical education and training; it is not the case that only the front page of the production occupational group is usable.
ILO working paper Generative AI and Jobs: A Refined Global Index of Occupational Exposure
Used to explain the approach to measuring task exposure and the limits of its sample and indicators
NIST AI Risk Management Framework 1.0
Used as a governance and recording framework for AI risk, not as evidence of occupational adoption rates
O*NET Hot Technologies (employer recruiting technology keyword statistics)
Used to describe the technology keywords appearing in employer recruiting, which do not represent proficiency or usage rates
O*NET OnLine 51-9192.00 occupation summary
Used to check knowledge, abilities, work styles and the interest code RC
O*NET national employment trends page (51-9192.00, showing the BLS employment projection)
BLS Table 1.2 for exact 51-9192: 3.4% growth over 2025—2035 and 1,700 openings a year
The editorial trial directions below are given for three task groups: solution and agents, equipment monitoring, and sampling and recording and loading and unloading; no adoption rate or effect validation was obtained this round. Industrial data collection, automatic control and mechanisation are not lumped together as generative AI.
Editorially trial the specified-formula amount check, trend prompts and reminders; correctness, omissions and review cost must be checked, and the output does not directly become a dosing instruction or an on-site parameter.
Agent compatibility, materials, tank liquid and quality confirmation are checked against the specific process and actual post duties, and tool output does not automatically expand the authority of the individual or the team leader.
Editorially trial instrument record tidying and deviation prompts, with on-site parameters and maintenance intervals following the actual equipment procedures and inspections; acquisition and control systems do not automatically count as generative AI.
Protect personnel under the actual plan and report promptly; isolation, fault handling and resumption require trained authorisation and actual safe conditions and cannot be permitted directly by a model prompt.
Editorially trial production log drafts, sampling, testing and output record tidying and document checking; the original readings and batches must be verified, and no efficiency or reliability validation was obtained.
Confirming that the records match the actual batch and can be traced, confirming that anomalies and deviations have been reported as required, and being accountable for what must be disclosed to quality and competent authorities.
The five evidence cards each state the source, the object of study, the conclusion and the limits of use. They answer what evidence exists, not whether this occupation will be replaced.
Covers only the tasks and work context listed on the O*NET occupation page; excludes specific jurisdictions' regulatory requirements for hazardous chemicals and special operations
O*NET-SOC 51-9192.00 occupation details (page updated 2026)
The official task list, work activities and work context for this occupation
All 11 current tasks have an importance score: 8 core and 3 supplemental; dosing 81, monitoring 78, setting controls 77, and sampling 77, which is supplemental. Importance is not hours worked or an AI replacement rate, and the task list grants no authority for hazardous work.
The percentile data describe wage-and-salary jobs and exclude self-employed and owner income; it is a US national basis
Exact 51-9192, BLS OEWS May 2025 wages, shown via O*NET, with the month confirmed by the OOH entry that is not detailed separately.
US national wage distribution for employed cleaning, washing and metal pickling equipment operators
The annual 10/50/90 percentiles are 33,790, 43,530 and 58,570 US dollars; the median hourly wage is 20.93 US dollars
It is an exposure measure, not an adoption rate, an automation rate or a probability of unemployment; it does not apply to a single organisation or a single post
ILO《Generative AI and Jobs: A Refined Global Index of Occupational Exposure》
Cross-economy occupational-level generative AI exposure index
The study provides an exposure ranking and a measurement method, and cannot be rewritten as a replacement timetable for any occupation
It is a governance framework without occupational-level adoption data; citing it does not constitute a quantitative conclusion about this occupation's risk
NIST AI Risk Management Framework 1.0
Risk governance and management processes for AI systems
NIST AI RMF1.0 is a voluntary general risk framework, and this page borrows its use, measurement and management ideas for editorial suggestions; it is not a statutory cleaning procedure, an operating authorisation or an effect trial.
Recruiting keyword statistics change with technology fashion and cannot be treated as skill proficiency or the scale of job demand
O*NET Hot Technologies page (recruiting technology keywords for this occupation)
Statistics on the technology keywords appearing in employer recruiting postings
The complete software table has 2 categories, Excel/Word; Hot Technologies2 terms, with the 2025 US recruiting share at Excel4% and the Word share Not available, not filled with 0. Keywords are not proficiency or a factory adoption rate.
Editorially testable: calculation checking, parameter records and log drafts, but there is no reliability validation for this occupation; formulas, compatibility, equipment conditions and shutdown safety must not adopt model suggestions directly without verification against actual procedures.
No automation adoption rate or trend survey for this occupation was obtained; tasks, office software and recruiting terms do not prove gradual automation, and industrial control and generative AI are kept separate.
The 2025—2035 projection for BLS exact 51-9192 of 3.4% growth and 1,700 openings a year is a projection, not an observed outcome, and provides no share of employment change caused by AI.
The task, wage and projection material this round cannot support the inference that this occupation will be replaced wholesale. Compatibility, equipment anomalies, safety and process confirmation need actual training and documents; responsibility is allocated by real post rules and AI output does not grant operating or release authority.
O*NET51-9192.00 tasks; this answer is an editorial task analysis, not an AI replacement rate projection
Editorial suggestion: check the programming and software requirements against the target post; on O*NET programming importance is 3 with 2 office software items, which does not prove that all posts need no code. BLS typical entry is high school or equivalent with medium-term on-the-job training, and the three O*NET new-entrant requirement categories have no percentages and are not merged into a uniform threshold.
Programming in the O*NET51-9192.00 details; typical high school and medium-term on-the-job training for the exact BLS occupation are given separately in this page's exact OOH entry and EP
Editorially broken down, dosing calculation checks, instrument records and log drafts can be trialled; no timing of which tasks are affected or replacement probabilities were obtained. Mechanised loading and industrial in-line inspection do not automatically count as generative AI.
O*NET 51-9192.00 task list; ILO exposure index methodology
Exact 51-9192: 3.4% growth over 2025—2035, a net increase of about 500 and 1,700 openings a year; the O*NET detail shows 3—4% and the trend/OOH round to 3%. Openings include growth and replacement and are not equal to net growth; not labelling a Bright Outlook is not the same as no demand.
O*NET national employment trends page (51-9192.00, showing the BLS employment projection)
Tools do not replace on-site processes, personnel protection, post training and actual operating permits; danger signals mean protecting personnel promptly under the plan. In China qualifications are checked against the actual industry, equipment and work item: hazardous chemicals process operation in the 2026 special operations catalogue does not equal all use of cleaning agents; the market-regulation pressure vessel items include quick-opening operation R1, mobile filling R2 and oxygen chamber maintenance R3, and not all tanks require the same certificate. Confined-space safety management and the specific certification items for supervision are separate, and the two supervision items in the catalogue have assessments implemented from 2028-06-01.
China's MEM Order No. 19 and the 2026 catalogue for special operations and the industrial and trade confined-space rules, and SAMR's special equipment law and operation items, are checked separately; the exact documents are given in this page's safety source, and NIST is not a Chinese legal source
This page makes no such prediction and cites no source that fixes a year. What can be verified is only the projection period and projected values under the statistical basis; extrapolating a projection period into a disappearance year is an inference unsupported by evidence.
BLS Table 1.2 exact 51-9192: the 2025—2035 projection and annual average openings
Priority suggestion: first build solid foundations in solution mixing, concentration control, equipment operation and chemical safety, then learn to use production records and statistical and inspection tools, and understand the requirements of your organisation and locality for hazardous chemicals and pressure vessels and special operations; at the same time limit the use of generative AI to calculation, records and prompts, not to replacing compatibility judgement and shutdown and release.
O*NET Hot Technologies51-9192.00 technology keywords; editorial learning suggestions; the NIST general framework is given separately in this module's entry
The five steps below are the editorial arrangement given on this page to show who is responsible at which stage; they are not a mandatory process laid down by a source and do not replace an organisation's own process specifications or the local regulatory requirements for hazardous chemicals and special operations.
Define the object of the job (which batch of products, which cleaning or pickling line, which solution and specification), the agents and equipment parameters and safety conditions used, and the release or rework requirements this job is to support.
The equipment or tools perform dosing calculations, instrument data collection, inspection and management and log drafts, and the tools and versions and data scope used are recorded.
The worker and team leader review: the type and compatibility of the agents, whether the material is suitable, whether solution and equipment anomalies have been identified and reported to procedure, and whether the work exceeds authorisation.
Record the batch, amounts used, parameters, test results, anomalies and handover; for hazardous work, additionally keep the applicable records of approval, briefing, testing and supervision under the actual rules, without classifying all chemicals or tanks under a single permit.
Posts with the appropriate authority confirm the release and the decision to rework or stop use; equipment and tools do not carry that responsibility and do not remove the worker's duty to stop and report to procedure and to record faithfully.
Parameter suggestions may conflict with the process or the chemical data sheet, and adopting them without checking may damage equipment, quality or people; there is no incident rate this round.
Base it only on the process card and the chemical labels and the equipment manual; confirm anything uncertain before feeding the line, and keep the confirmation process and conclusion.
Formulas and process parameters and batch information may be trade secrets, and uploading them to an external service may cause leaks and compliance risk.
Check the tools available against the actual confidentiality rules, data permissions and service terms; de-identification or an internal system does not automatically create upload and processing authority, and once permitted by law and agreement, protect the information and keep access and export records.
Missing equipment, programme-version and time records make quality tracing harder, without asserting that it necessarily becomes impossible.
Record the equipment model, programme version, parameter values, job times and review comments, and bring them into process-record management.
Treating an anomaly determination produced by a model or algorithm directly as the basis for rework or a line stop or an allocation of responsibility leaves the organisation at risk of insufficient evidence during quality tracing and safety inspections.
Danger signals mean promptly stopping the affected work, protecting personnel and reporting under the plan, and completing a tool-determination review first is not made a precondition for protecting personnel; responsibility for the anomaly is established separately on the facts, and resumption follows the actual approval and safe conditions.
When the process is split into the system producing parameters and a person clicking confirm, gaps easily appear in which nobody is accountable for solution condition and conformity with the process specification.
Make clear in the process who performs, reviews and approves each stage, and let the record answer who made this judgement and on what basis.
Confirm that the solution concentration and equipment condition meet specification, and be accountable for this batch's cleaning result.
Add specified amounts of chemical agents to the equipment at set times to maintain solution level and concentration
Solution and agent management
Editorially trial the correctness of dosing calculation checks and top-up reminders and the review cost; compatibility, concentration and parameters are confirmed against the actual post duties.
Confirm that equipment and solution anomalies have been recorded and reported to procedure, and keep the handover record.
Watch the machine run and the instruments and adjust the controls as needed to hold the specified conditions
Equipment operation and monitoring
Trend prompts and alarms can assist; the anomaly determination and the shutdown decision remain with people
Confirm that instrument readings and processing-time records are true and complete, and be accountable for traceability of the process.
Enter instrument readings and materials used and processing times and test results in the production log
Sampling and recording
Data collection and log generation can be automated; the truthfulness of the original record remains with people
Confirm that sampling and testing are carried out on schedule and meet specification, and that deviations have been handled to procedure.
Draw samples for laboratory analysis or test whether the solution meets specification
Sampling and recording
In-line testing can assist; the representativeness of the sample and the handling of deviations remain with people
Confirm that loading and unloading caused no product damage or batch mixing, and leave a batch record.
Load objects into the machine and unload them after washing and place them on conveyors or racks
Loading, unloading and output
Loading and conveying can be mechanised; responsibility for damage and batch mixing remains with people
Trained and authorised personnel complete emptying, cleaning and topping up to the equipment procedures and record it; maintenance, tank entry or hazardous energy require the corresponding conditions to be met separately.
Empty and clean and refill machines or tanks at designed intervals
Equipment operation and monitoring
Interval reminders can be automated; the judgement of tank-liquid condition remains with people
Trained and authorised personnel inspect, clean and lubricate to the equipment energy control and maintenance procedures; faults are handled or referred on under the actual duties, and an inspection item alone cannot grant maintenance authority.
Check and patrol the machines and adjust and clean and lubricate mechanical parts with tools
Equipment operation and monitoring
Inspection checklists can be digitised; fault judgement and referral to maintenance remain with people
Editorial suggestion to trial calculation checks, parameter records and log drafts; no significant efficiency gain for this occupation, adoption trend or causal AI employment share was obtained this round. Industrial control and generative AI are kept separate, and process, personnel protection, quality and authority still follow real duties.
Manufacturing: 2025 urban non-private 113,594 yuan/year and private 76,055 yuan/year (average annual wage)
Background only for employers whose main activity falls under manufacturing, covering every occupation in the whole manufacturing category; it is not the pay of a cleaning or pickling equipment operator and is not applied to specialist cleaning or outsourced units classified in other categories.
Exact-occupation mapping: this round did not establish a one-to-one correspondence between a China national occupational wage and 51-9192, and it is not asserted that all official classifications lack a separate entry.
Different statistical releases differ in classification basis, coverage and data period; this page does not mix them or convert between bases.
The NBS survey covers legal entities with 5 or more people in urban areas and excludes sole proprietors and freelancers; non-private does not mean government. Coverage and industry classification are checked against the actual unit.
When comparing opportunities, first confirm the form of employment, the type of organisation, the shift arrangements and the safety responsibility before discussing income differences, otherwise institutional differences are misread as job differences.
2025 wages, published 2026-05-15, checked on 2026-10-09 this round; the data period, publication date and retrieval date are kept separate.
Different data periods affect comparability; this page does not splice across periods or present a year's industry average as an occupational median.
The exact-occupation wage gap is retained alongside the manufacturing background of matching employers, and no monthly salary or city ranking is published for this occupation.
Not obtaining data does not mean the authorities never published it, nor that the role does not exist in mainland China; this page states only that this round did not obtain a national occupational wage basis exactly matching O*NET-SOC 51-9192.00.
Job-mapping boundary: this evidence route did not establish an occupational sub-category corresponding one-to-one with O*NET-SOC 51-9192.00
Related roles may fall across surface treatment and cleaning operations, chemical production, metal products and food processing sequences, and must be classified by the actual duties of the post, the type of organisation and local rules; a Chinese page name does not constitute an equivalent Chinese occupation or a wage mapping.
Changes in tools cannot fill this round's mapping and wage-sample gaps, nor can they support the claim that China's statistical basis will never change.
In China qualifications are checked against the actual industry, equipment and work item: hazardous chemicals process operation in the 2026 special operations catalogue does not equal all use of cleaning agents; the market-regulation pressure vessel items include quick-opening operation R1, mobile filling R2 and oxygen chamber maintenance R3, and not all tanks require the same certificate. Confined-space safety management and the specific certification items for supervision are separate, and the two supervision items in the catalogue have assessments implemented from 2028-06-01.
Middle school or high school and below
Cleaning and pickling equipment operating and tending posts direction
Editorial arrangement, not wage statistics: education is one of the conditions for entering a post, the job direction is determined by the type of organisation and the duties of the post, and income cannot be inferred from it.
High school or vocational secondary school with a vocational training background
Team leading and multi-machine operation direction, process parameter adjustment direction
Editorial job-direction suggestion: check against the target organisation's training, grades and duties, and do not infer higher pay from education or training alone; there is no causal income estimate this round.
Vocational skill grade and post training (chemical or surface treatment direction)
Process control and quality inspection direction
Editorial arrangement: reference training hours are not directly linked to promotion, actual recognition follows the rules of the organisation and the competent authorities, and this page does not replace the eligibility conditions for examinations.
Safety management and certification conditions for specific operations (checked against the applicable items in the catalogue)
Hazardous chemicals, pressure vessels and confined-space work direction
In China qualifications are checked against the actual industry, equipment and work item: hazardous chemicals process operation in the 2026 special operations catalogue does not equal all use of cleaning agents; the market-regulation pressure vessel items include quick-opening operation R1, mobile filling R2 and oxygen chamber maintenance R3, and not all tanks require the same certificate. Confined-space safety management and the specific certification items for supervision are separate, and the two supervision items in the catalogue have assessments implemented from 2028-06-01.
Metal products and surface treatment manufacturers
Editorial arrangement: mainly cleaning and pickling operations and tank-liquid management, usually scheduled to the line pace and shifts and constrained by quality and safety indicators.
Food, beverage and packaging manufacturers
Editorial arrangement: mainly cleaning and hygiene of containers and equipment and products, with food safety and chemical use requirements both applying.
Professional cleaning and equipment maintenance service companies
Editorial arrangement: mainly on-site cleaning and cleaning in place (CIP) and equipment maintenance, with the work location changing with the client's site and work carried out to both the client's and the organisation's procedures.
NBS2025 average annual wage of urban units, Tables 2/5 and the survey notes｜https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/zxfb/202605/t20260515_1963707.html
Mainland China salary reference: official statistical basis and gaps
No exact China occupational wage was obtained this round; the industry average of matching manufacturing units is listed separately as background, and the search gap is not treated as never published.
When comparing opportunities, confirm the form of employment (manufacturing process, professional cleaning service, outsourced), the line and chemical and safety responsibility actually carried, and whether hazardous chemicals or special operations qualifications are required, and note that this page does not provide an occupational-level wage figure for this role in mainland China.
The China occupational mapping was not established this round; a MOHRSS home page is not used to prove a one-to-one correspondence or that all classifications lack a separate entry.
This page provides no monthly salary range or city ranking for this role in mainland China; the type of organisation, region and shift vary widely, and comparisons should put the process type, shift arrangements, chemicals management responsibility and form of employment into written confirmation.
Mainland China exact-wage gap and matching manufacturing background
Evidence insufficient: no mainland China national occupational monthly salary distribution exactly matched to this role was obtained; this page publishes no substitute figure and does not extrapolate from pay quoted for adjacent roles.
Cities and concentrated urban areas
Evidence insufficient: no verifiable regional occupational monthly salary data was obtained, and this page shows no regional ranking.
Other regions
Evidence insufficient: no verifiable monthly salary distribution for this occupation in other regions was obtained this round, and it is not inferred that the source never published one.
Occupational comparison: US O*NET-SOC 51-9192.00 (Cleaning, Washing, and Metal Pickling Equipment Operators and Tenders); for mainland China this evidence route did not establish a one-to-one corresponding occupational sub-category, and related roles may fall across surface treatment and cleaning operations, chemical production, metal products and food processing sequences, which must be classified by actual duties and the type of organisation; the page language does not constitute occupational equivalence or a wage mapping.
NBS2025 wage Tables 2/5 and the survey notes｜https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/zxfb/202605/t20260515_1963707.html; the exact China occupational mapping was not established this round.
Growth 3.4% (2025—2035, exact 51-9192; OOH rounds to 3%)
43,530 US dollars/year (median)
37,310 US dollars/year
25th percentile. A percentile describes a position in the distribution, not a seniority level.；O*NET national wage percentile page (51-9192.00)｜https://www.onetonline.org/link/localwages/51-9192.00
43,530 US dollars/year
A median annual wage of 43,530 US dollars, on the May 2025 wage-and-salary basis for exact 51-9192, not starting pay or self-employed earnings; a percentile position does not represent an individual's total compensation.
49,320 US dollars/year
75th percentile. Higher income does not automatically correspond to a team-leading or technical post.；O*NET national wage percentile page (51-9192.00)｜https://www.onetonline.org/link/localwages/51-9192.00
58,570 US dollars/year
The 90th percentile is a position in the wage-and-salary distribution; what OEWS includes and excludes follows the methodology notes, and it is not an individual's overtime, shift allowance or total compensation.
16,200 people (2025)
BLS Table 1.2: 2025 employment 16.2 thousand, projected 16.8 thousand in 2035, a net increase of 0.5 thousand, growth 3.4%, self-employed 6.2%; the table values are each rounded, and the net increase cannot be recomputed by subtracting the two endpoints.
The 2025—2035 projection for exact 51-9192; OOH and the trend round to 3%, and the O*NET detail gives a 3—4% range. A projection is not an actual value for each year.
Annual average openings over 2025—2035 include growth and replacement, and are not a ten-year cumulative figure or a net increase; an annual average of 1,700 is not compared with a ten-year net increase of about 500 as the same period.
Exact 51-9192: the May 2025 OEWS wage-and-salary data and the 2025—2035 EP including self-employed employment are kept separate. The OOH page not detailed separately has an entry for this occupation; no industry or regional wage breakdown for this occupation was obtained this round, and it is not asserted that the material does not exist.
On May 2025, the median annual and hourly wage is 43,530 US dollars / 20.93 US dollars, and the annual 10th and 90th percentiles are 33,790/58,570; 2025 employment is 16,200, projected 16,800 in 2035, growth 3.4% and 1,700 openings a year. Wages exclude the self-employed, the projection includes 6.2% self-employed, and no individual take-home income is inferred.
BLS shows 6.2% self-employed in the base period, and OEWS excludes their income; the editorial suggestion is to check the form of employment, paid hours, shifts and the components of a quote, and not to treat wage-and-salary percentiles as self-employed revenue or profit.
Form of employment and shift arrangements
O*NET72% report a typical 40-hour week and 28% work more than 40 hours, with 48% saying that equipment speed determining the pace is very important; these are respondent answers, not a shift schedule, overtime or night-shift commitment for every post.
Work pace and line scheduling
On O*NET manufacturing is 76% and other 24% (including administrative and support services); the category employment share is not wages, and comparing income requires checking the same occupation, region, period and the components of the quote.
Region and industry structure
Growth 3.4% (2025—2035, exact 51-9192)
Manufacturing
Employment share for this industry 76% (O*NET industry distribution)
This line is an employment share rather than an industry wage; the O*NET occupation page does not provide an industry median wage.
Other industries
Employment share 24% (including administrative and support services, not wages)
Other industries is a combined item and the current page lists no sub-item shares; no occupational wage breakdown for it was obtained this round.
Upper limit of the industry breakdown
Evidence insufficient: the O*NET industry distribution gives only two shares, manufacturing and other industries
When breakdown values are missing, an industry average or data for an adjacent occupation is not used as a substitute.
Wage breakdown by industry and region
Evidence insufficient: no median wage broken down by industry or region was obtained for this occupation
When breakdown values are missing, an industry average or data for an adjacent occupation is not used as a substitute; for comparison, the OEWS industry and area query entries can be consulted.
No. The median describes the middle position of all wage-and-salary workers in the statistical period, and the 10th percentile of 33,790 US dollars cannot be treated as entry-level starting pay either; entry pay also depends on the region, the process type and the shift arrangements.
No. OEWS annual wages are derived under the statistical methodology and do not reflect each person's actual paid hours; without an individual's hours, overtime and night-shift arrangements, an annual salary, monthly income or after-tax earnings cannot be inferred.
The editorial suggestion for comparing a target offer is to check the type of organisation, the specific process, shifts, seniority and team-leading or maintenance duties and the pay conditions; this round has no income differences by factor or causal estimate, and no individual income is predicted.
The type of organisation (manufacturer or professional cleaning service company), the process type (routine cleaning or pickling and surface treatment), shifts and seniority and whether there are team-leading or maintenance duties all affect actual income; this page does not predict individual income.
43,530 US dollars/year (median)
This percentile is used to understand the lower end of the distribution and is not used to judge entry-level pay.
The median is the midpoint of the distribution, which is not the same as the average and does not represent the actual income of most people.
This percentile describes the upper end of the distribution and cannot be used to infer the income of team-leading or technical posts.
The O*NET occupational interest code is RC (Realistic, Conventional): Realistic corresponds to working hands-on with equipment and tools and handling physical objects, and Conventional to completing repeatable work by procedure and specification. The leading work activities for this occupation are inspecting equipment and materials, documenting information, communicating with supervisors and co-workers, obtaining information and monitoring processes and materials; the interest code describes the interest characteristics of the occupation's work content, not a conclusion about an individual's fit.
Evidence level: the O*NET interest code and work activities are official occupational assessment data describing the interest characteristics of the occupation's work content; they are not a conclusion about an individual's fit and not a hiring standard.
The complete work styles list has 12 items, with dependability 73, attention to detail 65 and caution 57 leading; it is not only the dependability item. The editorial self-check covers procedure, checking and reporting in time, and the scores are not an individual threshold or a probability of a safety incident.
The editorial self-check covers procedure compliance, checking details and reporting anomalies; O*NET work styles are not a Big Five scale, and this round has no validity evidence for converting between them or predicting individual performance.
O*NET work styles describe occupational content; this page does not use Big Five scores as a hiring threshold, and no selection validity validation applicable to this occupation was obtained.
Worth noting: putting finishing this batch first ahead of confirming solution and equipment condition shows up as a problem during quality tracing and safety inspections.
Interest orientation: the interest code for this occupation's content is RC (Realistic, Conventional), and daily tasks are mainly mixing solutions and maintaining concentration, setting and monitoring equipment, and inspection and sampling and testing and production log recording.
This round obtained no predictive validity or hiring threshold for MBTI in this occupation; this page does not rank by type or judge hiring, and a preference cannot grant post entry or operating authority.
This round did not check whether specific employers use MBTI; this page offers no advice on screening posts by type.
This round obtained no predictive validity for the Enneagram in this occupation; the editorial suggestion is to use fictional process cards, label and protection analysis and anomaly report records to check specific behaviour, and not to judge hiring or authority from the Enneagram.
Evidence level: editorial note, not an occupation fact supported by a source.
Worth noting: Enneagram interpretations easily slide into personality diagnosis, and this page does not use it to judge fit.
The complete table has basic skills 10: listening/critical thinking/monitoring/speaking 47 and reading 44; transferable skills 25, with operations control 56 and operations monitoring 53; knowledge 33, with production 73, English 50, chemistry 35 and mathematics 25; abilities 52, with near vision 56 and arm-hand steadiness/control precision/information ordering/perceptual speed 53. Importance is not IQ, individual ability or a hiring threshold.
O*NET skills and knowledge are occupational data, not IQ thresholds; this round obtained no IQ validity, threshold or full employer entry conditions applicable to this occupation, and this page makes no hiring judgement.
Worth noting: dosing from experience or skipping inspections over the long term shows up as a problem during quality tracing and safety inspections; fixing the mix ratios and inspections and anomaly reporting is the sustainable approach.
Work context: 48% hold face-to-face discussions weekly or more often but not daily, 34% consider team collaboration important, and 24% report limited responsibility for the health and safety of others; a respondent distribution does not remove a specific post's statutory duties.
Evidence level: O*NET work activities and work context are official occupational data; this page draws no causal conclusion about the relationship between emotional intelligence and job performance.
Worth noting: hiding anomalies to avoid a line stop turns personal risk into risk for the organisation and the next shift.
Boundary: all of the above are descriptions of this occupation's tasks and work context plus editorial suggestions, and do not constitute a personality diagnosis, a hiring prediction or a judgement about career destiny; no assessment score can replace completing one round of parameter monitoring and anomaly handling under supervision.
Direct answer: the signals that match this occupation's tasks best are being willing to repeat work to specification and using chemicals and equipment to procedure and recording faithfully; the interest code is RC, but the code describes the occupation's work content and does not determine whether an individual is suited.
Food and tobacco roasting and drying equipment operators and tenders
Suitable signal: you are willing to control temperature and time to a roasting and drying curve and accept the hygiene requirements for food ingredients.
Caution signal: that direction centres on curve control for food and tobacco ingredients, which differs from the solution and agent management of this occupation.
Food cooking equipment operators and tenders
Suitable signal: you are willing to do cooking and sterilising work and strictly follow food hygiene and cleaning rules.
The food cooking direction focuses on heating and the cooking process; this occupation may also wash food, so food versus non-food is not used as the boundary. The target equipment, hygiene and parameter requirements must be checked separately.
Metal and plastic grinding, polishing and buffing machine operators and tenders
Suitable signal: you are willing to use abrasives and machine tools to remove surface material and control dimensions and finish.
Grinding and polishing focus on abrasives, dimensions and surface quality; this occupation centres on machine washing to remove impurities, without asserting that cleaning has no dimensional or surface-quality limits at all.
Metal smelting furnace operators and tenders
Suitable signal: you are willing to control furnace temperature and the melting process and carry responsibility for metal composition and output.
Editorial comparison: that direction involves furnace conditions and high-temperature metal processing and needs additional process training; this round has no quantitative comparison of the entry threshold between the two occupations.
Metal and plastic heat treating equipment operators and tenders
Suitable signal: you are willing to control heating and cooling to a heat treating curve and pay attention to structure and property results.
Caution signal: that direction needs metallurgical and heat treating knowledge, which differs from the cleaning and solution control of this occupation.
Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders
Suitable signal: you are willing to operate refrigeration equipment and maintain cold-store and product temperatures.
Caution signal: that direction centres on low temperatures and refrigeration systems, and the media and safety requirements differ from this occupation.
No. Reducing the occupation to one best-fit personality hides real differences: a manufacturing process and a professional cleaning service company differ greatly in equipment, shifts and safety requirements. A more useful approach is to test with one deliverable process and protection plan.
Being introverted does not in itself rule out this occupation; the O*NET23% who report spending about half their time in contact with others and the 72% who report a typical 40-hour week do not prove how introverts perform. The editorial suggestion is to check communication and handover, inspection records and the actual post conditions.
Yes. Being extroverted is neither an advantage nor a disadvantage in itself; what matters is whether you can work to procedure and record faithfully; if you prefer collaboration, you can lean towards processes that need handover and crew coordination.
This round obtained no predictive validity of MBTI for fit or performance in this occupation, and this page does not rank by type.
The O*NET interest code for this occupation is RC (Realistic, Conventional). This means the occupation's content aligns more with these two interest areas, but the code is not a conclusion about an individual's fit and still needs to be tested with actual tasks.
This round obtained no validity validation applicable to personality test scores and performance in this occupation; scores are not used to predict individual fit or as a hiring threshold.
Mathematics importance is 25 (knowledge and basic skills), and quantitative understanding can be used for specified mix ratios and checking readings; a low ranking does not establish that mathematics is entirely unnecessary, and actual working methods must be checked against training and procedures.
In the work context 100% report common protection every day, 70% report noise every day, 41% report contaminants every day and 31% report very serious consequences of error; these are respondent descriptions, not an individual health risk assessment. The editorial suggestion is to check actual exposure, protection, anomaly reporting and post training.
Drawing a fit conclusion from the Enneagram is not advised. No predictive validity applicable to this occupation was obtained this round, and this page checks task behaviour and actual requirements instead.
Judge with deliverables: whether you can write a dosing and mix-ratio and parameter-setting plan from a fictional process card; whether you can write a compatibility and protection and spill-handling checklist from a fictional chemical label and explain the shutdown conditions; whether you can write a shutdown and report record for an equipment anomaly. Whichever type of task you are willing to repeat is the direction more worth trying.
People willing to repeat work to process specifications, able to wear protection strictly and handle chemicals and equipment anomalies as required, and willing to record parameters and test results faithfully.
People unwilling to wear protection to procedure, inclined to skip inspections or hide anomalies under output pressure, or unable to accept a noisy environment with chemicals and high temperatures.
Use the fictional material in the entry, qualifications and career development section of this page to complete one closed loop from the process card to parameter setting to anomaly records, then judge whether you would be willing to repeat it.
Used to check the official occupational identity, 11 tasks and work activities
Used to check the complete knowledge 33, abilities 52, work styles 12, basic skills 10 and transferable skills 25 and the content interest RC, not an individual assessment score.
Used to check the 2025—2035 employment projection and annual average openings
Used to check the percentage distribution of the work context (exposure, posture, responsibility and pace)
Used to explain the approach to measuring task exposure and the limits of its sample and indicators
Used to check the job zone (Job Zone 1-2) and the education requirement notes given on the occupation page
Used to describe the technology keywords appearing in recruiting for this occupation, which do not represent proficiency or usage rates
Used to check the industry distribution and employment structure
Interest code RC: Realistic (R) first and Conventional (C) second; together they describe an orientation towards working hands-on with equipment and completing repeatable work to requirements.
Realistic focuses on working hands-on with equipment and tools and physical objects, and Conventional on completing work by procedure and specification; this occupation covers both interest areas.
RC (Realistic, Conventional)
RC
The six cards are summarised from tasks, exposure and real working scenarios; the consequences are possibilities and no incidence rate is stated. Process measures, duties, training and permits are confirmed against the equipment, chemicals, actual industry and jurisdiction.
Risks are checked by scenario: dosing and tank liquid may carry corrosion or inhalation hazards; heating and steam may cause scalds; maintenance of conveyors and agitators may cause entanglement or release stored energy; actually entering a tank may involve oxygen deficiency or harmful gases. Not every post has every exposure, and hazards should be reported promptly to protect personnel.
O*NET supports US tasks and respondent work context; OSHA chemical hazards and hazardous energy provide US general risk background and are not treated as Chinese law. China's industrial and trade confined spaces, the 2026 special operations catalogue and the special equipment law and qualification catalogue apply within their actual scope, and a ministry home page does not prove a specific procedure.
Posts that mix agents and manage tank liquid
Corrosive or otherwise hazardous agents, when mixed or used at improper concentration, may cause skin or eye damage, inhalation hazards or equipment corrosion; the hazard is checked against the actual agent label and safety data sheet, without asserting that all cleaning agents are the same.
Editorial check: confirm compatibility, ventilation, engineering controls, emergency rinsing and waste-liquid arrangements using the actual process documents, labels and safety data sheets; the applicable protection is determined by the actual hazard assessment, and a respirator or any single glove type is not written as a universal list for all posts.
Dosing by feel or pouring different agents into the same tank without reading the labels.
Posts that operate heated tank liquids and steam lines
Hot tank liquid and steam leaks or opening under pressure can cause severe scalds and equipment damage.
Editorial check on equipment procedures, maintenance training, hazardous energy control, temperature and level protection and anomaly plans; opening under pressure, warming lines or depressurising are carried out by trained and authorised personnel to the specific procedure, and on finding a leak personnel are protected first and the leak reported, with generic phrases not treated as operating steps.
Opening a tank lid or dismantling a line directly while under pressure or at high temperature.
Posts working near rotating equipment and conveying devices
Rotating parts such as drums, conveyor belts and agitators can cause entanglement, winding and limb injuries.
Maintenance and cleaning must be carried out and confirmed by trained and authorised personnel to the specific hazardous energy control procedure, and shutdown or power-off does not automatically eliminate mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic or thermal stored energy; guards are not bypassed and no bare-handed cleaning is done next to running parts. OSHA is a US reference and other jurisdictions are checked separately.
Reaching in to clear a wrap while the equipment is running or stepping across a guard.
Posts that enter tanks, pits and confined spaces
Harmful gases or oxygen deficiency may accumulate in sealed tanks and pits, and entering without testing and supervision can cause poisoning or asphyxiation.
For industrial and trade industries in China where confined spaces apply: check the risk, approval, training, supervision and rescue first; ventilate, then test, then work, with continuous ventilation and testing during the work, evacuate on an anomaly and never attempt blind rescue. The supervisor keeps contact outside; respiratory and fall-protection equipment is provided according to risk, and wearing it does not authorise entry. Other industries are checked separately.
Entering a tank or pit alone to clean without testing and supervision.
All equipment operating and tending posts
Hiding or delaying the report of an anomaly may let a fault grow, cause quality failures or injure people, without asserting that an accident occurs every time.
On finding an anomaly, stop the affected work under the plan, protect personnel and report and record it; isolation and handling must be within the scope of training and authorisation. After an abnormal special equipment fault, the user unit may continue to use it only after a full inspection that eliminates the hazard, and resumption cannot wait merely for a handling result.
Silencing an alarm with a temporary fix or leaving an anomaly to the shift handover.
All cleaning and pickling work posts
Noise, chemical contact, continuous standing and bending point to health exposures that need assessment; O*NET is not dose or disease incidence material, and this round does not predict an individual's hearing, skin or musculoskeletal disease from percentages.
Editorial check on actual exposure, engineering controls, protection fit, assistive tools and posture arrangements; occupational health checks and monitoring required by law are carried out according to the actual hazards and jurisdiction, and ordinary equipment does not prove that exposure is acceptable.
Using overtime and toughing it out to mask fatigue and cumulative exposure.
Used to check the official occupational identity, 11 tasks and work activities
Used to check the exposure, posture, responsibility and pace distribution in the work context
Used to check knowledge, abilities, work styles and the interest code RC
Used to check the industry distribution and employment structure
Used to explain the approach to measuring task exposure and the limits of its indicators
Boundary: the three directions and four skill stages below are an editorial structure for skill development, not a uniform organisational grade, and no promotion timeline is promised; qualifications and authorisation for hazardous chemicals, special operations and equipment operation must be confirmed separately against the organisation's rules and local requirements.
Can complete charging and loading and unloading and equipment cleaning and inspection under guidance, check parameters against a checklist and wear protection to procedure, and report when uncertain or when something is abnormal.
Can complete equipment operation and inspection and recording under guidance
Can independently operate and tend routine cleaning and pickling equipment, set and monitor temperature and cycle time to the process card, and identify equipment and solution anomalies.
Can independently operate and monitor routine cleaning and pickling equipment
Can take on multi-machine and changeover and team-leading duties, guide new colleagues and check the safety measures for high-risk work.
Can take on changeover, team-leading and safety review duties
Can take part in improving process parameters and tank-liquid management and equipment maintenance plans and safety rules, and holds the corresponding qualifications and authority.
Can take part in improving processes and tank liquid and equipment maintenance and safety rules
BLS for exact 51-9192: typical entry requires high school or equivalent, no related experience and medium-term on-the-job training; the three O*NET new-entrant education requirement categories have no percentages, and Job Zone1—2 is a broad preparation grouping. The editorial development suggestion is to build up from supervised operation and inspection records, then learn changeover, team leading and process review under actual authorisation, with no uniform route or timeline promised.
Education, on-the-job training and skill grade, statutory work item qualifications, and organisational operating and release duties are kept separate. The certification search currently returns no entries, which does not prove that no certification exists; training does not automatically create hazardous-work, maintenance or release authority. In China qualifications are checked against the actual industry, equipment and work item: hazardous chemicals process operation in the 2026 special operations catalogue does not equal all use of cleaning agents; the market-regulation pressure vessel items include quick-opening operation R1, mobile filling R2 and oxygen chamber maintenance R3, and not all tanks require the same certificate. Confined-space safety management and the specific certification items for supervision are separate, and the two supervision items in the catalogue have assessments implemented from 2028-06-01.
The United States (O*NET and BLS basis) and mainland China are described side by side, and the two have different rule systems
US typical education and training follow BLS exact 51-9192, while the O*NET broad preparation group and the education survey are listed separately; China's one-to-one occupation was not established this round. In China qualifications are checked against the actual industry, equipment and work item: hazardous chemicals process operation in the 2026 special operations catalogue does not equal all use of cleaning agents; the market-regulation pressure vessel items include quick-opening operation R1, mobile filling R2 and oxygen chamber maintenance R3, and not all tanks require the same certificate. Confined-space safety management and the specific certification items for supervision are separate, and the two supervision items in the catalogue have assessments implemented from 2028-06-01.
Used to check the 2025—2035 employment projection and annual average openings
Used to check the job zone (Job Zone 1-2) and the education requirement notes
Used to check the official occupational identity and task structure
The BLS exact 51-9192 entry supports typical high school or equivalent and medium-term on-the-job training; the O*NET national certification search currently returns no entries, separate entry: https://www.onetonline.org/link/localcert/51-9192.00, which does not mean no certification exists.
Basic safety and process training is usually required; the organisation may have further supervised on-post requirements.
Turn the inspection items and parameter ranges into a fixed checklist.
Can show one complete inspection and production record.
Complete charging and loading and unloading and equipment cleaning and inspection under guidance and record faithfully.
Complete charging and loading and unloading and inspection under guidance
Must be familiar with the process specification and the chemicals and protection requirements.
Practise writing parameter and concentration records as traceable items.
Can show operation and test records covering a period of time.
Independently operate and tend routine cleaning and pickling equipment and monitor temperature and cycle time.
Independently operate and monitor routine equipment
Editorial stage suggestion: preparation for changeover and team leading is checked against the target organisation's assessment and authorisation, and there is no general sample of employer thresholds this round.
Fix the changeover steps and check items as a work card.
Can show changeover records and batch consistency records.
Complete changeover and multi-line operation and ensure parameter consistency and no batch mixing.
Take on changeover and multi-line operation
Editorial stage suggestion: for maintenance and standard setting, first check the organisation's duties, training and authorisation; there is no uniform length of experience this round.
Organise common faults into judgement points.
Can show maintenance and standard documents and effectiveness records.
Take part in setting equipment maintenance plans and work standards and inspection standards.
Take part in setting equipment maintenance and work standards
The editorial suggestion is to check basic chemistry training and the actual media safety requirements; statutory training is carried out under the applicable items.
Build a comparison table of agents and methods and specifications.
Can show mix-ratio and test records.
Master the mix ratios and concentrations of common agents and acidity or specific gravity test methods.
Master basic mix ratios and testing
Must be familiar with the process specification and solution life management.
Fix deviation situations and handling steps as a process card.
Can show tank-liquid management records and deviation-handling records.
Independently manage tank-liquid concentration and temperature and cycle and handle deviations.
Independently manage tank-liquid condition
The editorial suggestion is to check process experience, operating tasks and authority, with no uniform experience threshold.
Keep the optimisation results and cost data on file together.
Can show the optimisation plan and release and inspection records.
Take part in process parameter optimisation and batch release decisions.
Take on process optimisation and release
The editorial suggestion is to check process management duties and the organisation's responsibilities, and to check specific experience conditions with the employer.
Turn practical judgements into teachable rules.
Can show process documents and training and audit records.
Take part in building process documents and inspection standards and training material.
Take part in building process documents and standards
Safety training is checked against the actual agents and items; specific qualifications are checked separately against the applicable catalogue, and not all cleaning agents require the same certificate.
Be familiar with the key points of protective equipment and the shutdown process.
Can show protection and inspection and anomaly records.
Wear protection to procedure and complete inspections and anomaly reporting.
Protection and inspection to procedure
Must be familiar with the permit, isolation and reporting processes.
Fix abnormal situations and handling steps as a process card.
Can show anomaly handling and handover records.
Identify and report equipment and solution anomalies to the plan within the scope of training and authorisation; protect personnel, record and hand over, and handling and resumption must meet the specific procedural conditions.
Report, handle or hand over anomalies within the scope of authority
The editorial suggestion is to check safety training duties, experience and the applicable statutory qualifications, with no uniform promotion conditions.
Organise near-miss and deviation cases into teaching material.
Can show safety review and training records.
Check the safety measures for high-risk work and mentor new colleagues.
Take on safety review and training
The editorial suggestion is to check system-building duties and the organisation's responsibilities, with specific experience conditions checked separately.
Turn accident and deviation data into improvement items.
Can show rules and traceability and inspection records.
Take part in building safety rules and quality traceability and inspection standards.
Take part in building safety and quality systems
| Entry posts | What you mainly do in the early period after joining | Post conditions the editorial suggestion recommends checking | How to prove it without experience | Difference from other directions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operator assistant (under guidance) | Complete charging and loading and unloading and equipment cleaning and inspection under guidance and record faithfully. | Whether protection is worn to procedure, whether parameters are checked against the checklist, and whether anomalies are reported. | Prove it with inspection and production records and team-leader evaluations. | Assistant duties are checked against the actual authority; being an assistant does not remove the duty to report hazards promptly and protect personnel. |
| Independent operation and tending post | Independently operate and tend routine cleaning and pickling equipment and monitor temperature and cycle time. | Applying the process specification, maintaining solution concentration, identifying equipment anomalies, and record quality. | Prove it with operation and test records covering a period of time. | The equipment, changeover and hazardous work that may be operated independently are checked against the actual authorisation and are not uniformly demarcated by job title. |
| Changeover and team-leading post | Take on changeover and multi-line operation and lead the crew in scheduling work and handover. | Changeover quality, parameter consistency, implementation of safety measures, and crew record standards. | Prove it with changeover records and team-leading and handover records. | Compared with an operator post, it adds quality and safety review responsibility. |
| Safety and quality inspection post | Organise spot-checks of process and safety and records and guide new colleagues. | Spot-check coverage and issue detection rate, implementation of corrections, and the team's record standards. | Prove it with spot-check records and correction and training records. | Compared with a front-line operator post, it adds inspection and assessment responsibility. |
| Process and equipment improvement post | Take part in tank-liquid management and equipment maintenance plans and process parameter optimisation. | Tank-liquid life and equipment availability, parameter optimisation results and records. | Prove it with improvement plans and results and maintenance records. | Compared with an operator post, it focuses on processes and equipment rather than a single shift's work. |
BLS typical entry requires high school or equivalent, no related work experience and medium-term on-the-job training;
the three O*NET new-entrant education requirement categories have no percentages, and Job Zone1—2 and an SVP below 6 are broad preparation groupings;
Team-leading and process directions are checked against the target organisation's post duties, training and actual authorisation, with no uniform promotion promised.
The actual safety training, equipment process procedures and post duties must be met;
In China qualifications are checked against the actual industry, equipment and work item: hazardous chemicals process operation in the 2026 special operations catalogue does not equal all use of cleaning agents; the market-regulation pressure vessel items include quick-opening operation R1, mobile filling R2 and oxygen chamber maintenance R3, and not all tanks require the same certificate. Confined-space safety management and the specific certification items for supervision are separate, and the two supervision items in the catalogue have assessments implemented from 2028-06-01.
No uniform background verification requirement was obtained this round; health checks are checked against the actual hazards, applicable law and post conditions.
The complete work styles list has 12 items, dependability 73, attention to detail 65 and caution 57;
transferable skills 25, with operations control 56 and operations monitoring 53 leading;
the leading activities are inspecting equipment and materials, recording, communicating and monitoring; occupational importance is not a personal threshold.
Cleaning and pickling lines and tanks and pumps and conveying and agitation equipment;
measuring tanks and calibrated rods and pipettes and hand tools and grease guns and protective equipment;
The complete software list has 2 categories, Excel/Word; the 2025 US recruiting share is Excel4% and the Word share Not available, and a factory adoption rate is not inferred from this.
Fictional task: using a fictional process card and the specification of a fictional cleaning and pickling machine, produce a plan for dosing and parameter setting and job records and write the anomaly handling.
Fictional materials: a fictional process card (including the tank-liquid concentration range and the temperature and cycle duration ranges), a fictional chemical label (including mix ratio and compatibility limits and protection requirements) and a fictional equipment manual extract (including the parameter upper limits that must not be exceeded).
Fictional condition: a fictional crew schedule (including the batch order and the handover deadline).
Fictional constraint: a fictional chemicals and confined-space management requirement (including protective equipment and waste-liquid disposal and entry permits and anomaly reporting).
Step one: write the dosing and mix-ratio plan (agent types and amounts and top-up water and concentration targets and measurement methods) and list the protective equipment needed.
Step two: from the process card, write the parameter setting and monitoring plan (temperature and cycle duration and sampling interval), and point out the two places most likely to go wrong (such as agent compatibility or over-temperature or over-pressure) and the corresponding checking method.
Step three: write the anomaly-handling and recording template (the conditions for shutdown and isolation and reporting and resuming work), and state which matters exceed your operating authority and must be referred to the team leader or a safety post.
Reference deliverables: one dosing and mix-ratio plan, one parameter setting and monitoring plan, and one anomaly-handling and recording template.
Assessment basis: whether the mix ratio and concentration are verifiable, whether parameters are within the equipment's permitted range, whether protection and compatibility are stated, whether the anomaly handling includes shutdown and reporting and resumption conditions, and whether matters inside and outside your authority are distinguished.
Several reasonable formulations are allowed; if you consider some information insufficient to judge, state clearly which parts are insufficient and what additional information is needed.
All materials in this exercise are fictional and must not be used for work on a real production line or tank; real work must be carried out by personnel with the appropriate authority and qualifications under the process documents, the operating procedures and local requirements.
The process parameters and chemical mix ratios given in the prompt are fictional values, to be used only to practise process planning and safety judgement methods.
One table: break the post requirements (education and training, equipment operating and solution management experience, chemicals and safety knowledge, protection and recording habits, qualifications and authority) into condition, provable experience and where the evidence sits, item by item.
The forms of evidence include redacted operation and inspection records, anomaly and handling records, sampling and test records, and training and qualification records.
For items with no evidence, mark them clearly as to be supplied and give a plan for supplying them.
Review someone else's production log and inspection record (using fictional or redacted material) and list whether the elements you checked are complete (process parameters, dosing and concentration, inspection and lubrication, sampling and testing, anomalies and trail).
Write down where you disagree or what needs to be added, and state the basis.
A one-page shift summary: the batch and products, the solution and parameters, the inspection results and anomalies, and handling and follow-up.
A handover summary: the key handover points with the next shift and the equipment and tank-liquid conditions to watch.
A tool record: the equipment, instruments and recording tools you used and what for, and how you protect the formula and process information.
A collaboration note: how you report and hand over to the team leader and to the equipment maintenance and safety posts, and how you leave a trail.
| Stage | What may be assessed | Observable evidence | Limits of use |
|---|---|---|---|
| CV and initial screening | Whether there is equipment operating or chemical or surface treatment or physical work experience, and whether the noise and chemicals and shifts are acceptable. | Whether the experience matches the post's duties, and acceptance of protection and shift arrangements. | Initial screening sees written information only; hazardous chemicals and special operations qualification requirements must be checked against local and organisational rules. |
| Interview and situational questions | How to handle an abnormal solution concentration or an equipment leak, and how to confirm the process specification. | Whether the person knows to protect personnel and report promptly under the plan, and that isolation and handling must meet the training and authorisation requirements; untrained people are not required to approach the fault. | Interview answers are not the same as actual ability; the editorial suggestion is to check the target organisation's supervised on-post, training and assessment arrangements. |
| Hands-on or situational exercise | Under the given process card, write the dosing and mix-ratio and parameter setting plan and explain the basis. | Mix-ratio calculation, parameter ranges, protective equipment, anomaly identification and recording awareness. | An exercise environment differs from real line conditions, so the result is for reference rather than conclusive. |
| Probation or supervised on-post period | Complete real work under mentoring and review and undergo process and safety inspections. | Whether work follows procedure, whether records are faithful, and how quickly problems are corrected once pointed out. | Performance during the supervised period is not the ceiling of long-term ability, and the process type and the quality of mentoring matter greatly. |
Day 1: understand the process card
Turn the fictional process card's tank-liquid concentration and temperature and cycle duration and sampling interval into a checklist.
Day 2: preparation and mix ratios
From the fictional chemical label, write the mix-ratio and compatibility checklist plus the protective equipment and waste-liquid disposal list.
Day 3: set out the order of work
Arrange dosing and setting and monitoring and sampling and loading and unloading into ordered steps and mark the safety checkpoints.
Day 4: set and monitor parameters
From the process card, write the temperature and cycle duration and sampling interval and state the upper limits that must not be exceeded.
Day 5: write the anomaly handling
Write an anomaly-handling process (shutdown and isolation and reporting and resumption conditions and entry permits).
Day 6: write the records and handover
Write the production log and inspection sheet templates and the handover points, and state which matters must be reported or referred on.
Day 7: make your judgement
Answer three questions: whether you are willing to repeat this; which step engaged you most; and which capability you will add next week (equipment operation and monitoring, solution and agent management, chemicals and confined-space safety, or records and handover).
| Qualification / status | Mainly suited to whom | Practical role in job seeking | Whether it is a general entry threshold | Conditions for applying/registering | Level of investment | Important limits |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| US typical high school or equivalent | People wanting to understand typical US entry conditions | Typical education for the exact BLS occupation, not a uniform requirement of all employers | No (a typical value is not a statutory national threshold) | The target post's actual requirements are checked separately; the O*NET education survey has no percentages | Checked according to individual circumstances | Education, ability, on-the-job training and operating authority are kept separate. |
| High school or vocational secondary school with a vocational training background | People hoping to move into team leading or process work | As a reference for post level and direction | No (training is not the same as a qualification or authorisation) | Complete the training required by the organisation and pass the assessment | Low to medium | Reference training hours are not directly linked to promotion, and actual recognition follows the organisation's rules. |
| Vocational skill grade (chemical or surface treatment direction) | People seeking recognition for a direction | As reference evidence of skill level | No (a skill grade is not the same as a statutory qualification) | Take the assessment as required by the assessment body | Medium | Assessment bodies and the validity of certificates vary, and must be checked against the organisation and locality. |
| 2026 catalogue hazardous chemicals process operation qualification | People actually performing hazardous chemicals process operations covered by the catalogue | Meet the certification conditions of the applicable items | Applies according to the actual item, not to all contact with agents | Complete the training and examination under the applicable rules; the qualification does not replace on-site safety measures | No uniform investment figure was obtained this round | A cleaning job title does not automatically fall under hazardous chemicals process operation. |
| Special equipment and specific confined-space supervision qualifications (kept separate by item) | People actually meeting the corresponding equipment or supervision item | Certification is checked against the applicable catalogue and implementation period | Not a uniform threshold for all pressure tanks or all confined-space participants | Pressure vessel R1/R2/R3 according to the SAMR catalogue; the two 2026 confined-space supervision items have assessments implemented from 2028-06-01 | No uniform investment figure was obtained this round | The current industrial and trade confined-space requirements, namely approval, training, supervision, ventilation and testing, must still be met; special equipment and special operations are not the same system. |
| Internal organisational process and operation authorisation | People who set parameters and make release judgements | Determines the equipment and process scope that may be operated independently | Checked against the actual organisation, equipment and duties, not a nationally uniform threshold | Check the training, assessment and authorisation scope required by the organisation; more experience does not automatically expand authority | Low to medium | The scope of authority is tied to individual ability and assessment and must follow the organisation's rules. |
Education, on-the-job training and skill grade, statutory work item qualifications and actual operating and release duties are kept separate; education does not automatically determine the whole job ladder, and no training automatically grants maintenance or hazardous-work authority.
United States: BLS exact 51-9192 typical entry requires high school or equivalent, no related experience and medium-term on-the-job training; the O*NET broad preparation grouping is listed separately and the three education categories have no percentages, and a certification search returning no entries does not mean there is no certification.
In China qualifications are checked against the actual industry, equipment and work item: hazardous chemicals process operation in the 2026 special operations catalogue does not equal all use of cleaning agents; the market-regulation pressure vessel items include quick-opening operation R1, mobile filling R2 and oxygen chamber maintenance R3, and not all tanks require the same certificate. Confined-space safety management and the specific certification items for supervision are separate, and the two supervision items in the catalogue have assessments implemented from 2028-06-01.
Whether training and certificates are recognised by the target employer must be checked against the actual rules, and written material does not replace on-site qualification, safety conditions or operating authority.
On recruiting samples: this page does not use quotes from job platforms as a wage basis, nor writes a single job advert as a uniform threshold; the education, process type, equipment and safety requirements in a job advert vary with the organisation and region.
On job titles: such posts may use titles such as washer, pickler, surface treatment operator or cleaning in place (CIP) operator, and comparison should follow the actual duties, process type and safety requirements rather than the title.
BLS exact 51-9192: 2025 employment 16,200, projected 16,800 in 2035, a net increase of about 500, growth 3.4%, and 1,700 openings a year; the values in the table are each rounded. A national projection cannot infer the opportunities in a particular city or unit, and provides no share of job change caused by AI.
United States
Exact growth 3.4%; the O*NET detail gives a 3—4% range and the trend/OOH round to 3%. A projection has assumptions and error and is not an actual value for each year.
It is a national occupational-level projection that does not distinguish region or type of organisation, and cannot be used to infer the number of opportunities at a particular organisation or in a particular city.
Employment change rate
O*NET-SOC 51-9192.00 exact occupational basis (United States)
Growth 3.4% (2025—2035, exact 51-9192)
Global (cross-economy)
Time of the study's release (2025 public version)
The study provides an occupational-level generative AI exposure index for comparing how exposed different occupations' tasks are, and does not provide a projection of job gains or losses.
It is an exposure measure, not an adoption or automation rate; the cross-economy basis differs from national statistical bases and cannot be converted directly into US or Chinese job changes.
Generative AI occupational exposure index
Cross-economy occupational level (not a single country's official statistics)
Exposure ranking and measurement method
Mainland China
NBS2025 wages, published 2026-05-15, checked on 2026-10-09 this round
No exact China occupational wage was obtained this round; for matching manufacturing units, the 2025 non-private/private industry annual averages of 113,594/76,055 yuan can be consulted as whole-category all-occupation background, not this occupation's wage.
Industry background does not replace an exact wage, a city monthly salary or a job change projection; units outside manufacturing are checked under another category, and recruiting quotes were not used to fill the gap this round.
Exact-occupation wage basis
Mainland China (no one-to-one occupational sub-category established)
Evidence insufficient: no mainland China national occupational wage basis for this role was obtained
Used to check the employment projection and annual average openings
Used to explain the measurement approach for task exposure and its limits
Used to register the statistical basis and gap for mainland China
Used to check the official occupational identity and task structure
Editorial self-check suggestion: whether you have experience with curve control and hygiene requirements for food and tobacco roasting and drying; if you do not yet have the relevant training or experience, add it, without asserting that every reader lacks it.
Shared skills: equipment operation and parameter monitoring, temperature and time control, process records.
Editorial comparison (not a success rate or uniform threshold): transfer distance: medium. That direction needs knowledge of food and tobacco ingredients and hygiene rules. The actual distance varies with the target post, existing training and authority.
Editorial self-check suggestion: whether you have experience with food cooking and sterilising processes and food hygiene management; if you do not yet have the relevant training or experience, add it, without asserting that every reader lacks it.
Shared skills: equipment operation, temperature and time control, cleaning and hygiene awareness.
Editorial comparison: the cooking direction requires separate checks on processing, sterilising and hygiene training; this occupation may also wash food, so food versus non-food is not used as the boundary.
Editorial self-check suggestion: whether you have experience with abrasive selection and dimension and finish control and inspection; if you do not yet have the relevant training or experience, add it, without asserting that every reader lacks it.
Shared skills: machine tool operation, machining to parameters, equipment maintenance and recording.
Editorial comparison (not a success rate or uniform threshold): transfer distance: medium. The grinding and polishing direction needs dimensional accuracy and surface quality control capability. The actual distance varies with the target post, existing training and authority.
Editorial self-check suggestion: whether you have experience with metallurgical and smelting processes and judging furnace conditions; if you do not yet have the relevant training or experience, add it, without asserting that every reader lacks it.
Shared skills: equipment operation, temperature and process monitoring, safety and recording.
Editorial comparison (not a success rate or uniform threshold): transfer distance: greater. The smelting direction needs metallurgical knowledge and carries responsibility for composition and output. The actual distance varies with the target post, existing training and authority.
Editorial self-check suggestion: whether you have knowledge of heat treating curves and the control of metal structure and properties; if you do not yet have the relevant training or experience, add it, without asserting that every reader lacks it.
Shared skills: controlling temperature and time to a curve, equipment operation, process records.
Editorial comparison (not a success rate or uniform threshold): transfer distance: greater. The heat treating direction needs judgement of metallurgy and structure and properties. The actual distance varies with the target post, existing training and authority.
Editorial self-check suggestion: whether you have experience with refrigeration systems and cold-chain temperature management; if you do not yet have the relevant training or experience, add it, without asserting that every reader lacks it.
Shared skills: equipment operation, temperature control, safety and running records.
Editorial comparison (not a success rate or uniform threshold): transfer distance: medium. The cooling and freezing direction needs refrigeration equipment and cold-chain management training. The actual distance varies with the target post, existing training and authority.
Editorial self-check suggestion: whether you have experience with changeover and metering control on packaging and filling equipment; if you do not yet have the relevant training or experience, add it, without asserting that every reader lacks it.
Shared skills: equipment operation and parameter setting, quality inspection, production records.
Editorial comparison (not a success rate or uniform threshold): transfer distance: smaller. The packaging and filling direction shares equipment operation and recording skills with this occupation. The actual distance varies with the target post, existing training and authority.
Editorial self-check suggestion: whether you have knowledge of chemical unit operations and reactions and material balance; if you do not yet have the relevant training or experience, add it, without asserting that every reader lacks it.
Shared skills: chemical use and protection, parameter monitoring, sampling and recording.
Editorial comparison (not a success rate or uniform threshold): transfer distance: medium. The chemical equipment direction needs chemical process and safety knowledge. The actual distance varies with the target post, existing training and authority.
That cannot be inferred. The core tasks of this occupation include judging the compatibility of agents and materials, identifying equipment and solution anomalies and stopping and reporting to procedure, and being accountable for conformity with the process specification and the safety boundaries for which the worker and the team leader are responsible; tool output can neither replace on-site confirmation nor remove the duty to work to procedure and record faithfully.
The earlier-affected stages are those that can be structured and automated: dosing calculations and mix-ratio records, instrument data collection and production log generation, and inspection and maintenance reminders. The later-affected stages are those requiring on-site judgement and accountability: judging agent and material compatibility, identifying equipment and solution anomalies, shutdown and isolation handling, and deviation and release judgements.
Reading the process card and chemical labels, judging agent compatibility and material suitability, identifying solution and equipment anomalies and stopping and reporting to procedure, and making traceable work and release judgements within delegated authority. These skills depend on on-site training and the constraints of process documents.
The O*NET occupation page shows a 2025 median hourly wage of 20.93 US dollars and a median annual wage of 43,530 US dollars for this occupation, with the 10th, 25th, 75th and 90th percentiles of annual wage at 33,790, 37,310, 49,320 and 58,570 US dollars. The statistic excludes self-employed and owner income; this occupation is not detailed separately in the BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook, and the figures for its occupational group cannot be treated as figures for this occupation. For mainland China this page publishes no figure and registers only the statistical basis and the gap.
The occupation page gives no percentages for the education distribution, listing only three post requirements: some posts require high school or equivalent, some require below high school, and some require some college but no degree; the job zone is Job Zone 1-2, on-the-job training ranging from a few days to a year is usually provided, and most posts put more weight on equipment operation and safety awareness and work discipline.
The O*NET occupation page lists no national certification. In the United States, posts involving hazardous chemicals, pressure vessels and special operations may have statutory safety requirements; in mainland China, the use of hazardous chemicals and special operations have their own separate safety and qualification requirements. Educational background, on-the-job training, statutory qualifications and the organisation's process and operating authority serve different purposes and cannot replace one another.
It is feasible: people with equipment operating, chemical, surface treatment or physical work experience can transfer their parameter monitoring and safety protection skills and start from an operator post to build equipment, solution and safety experience. But they need to learn the process specifications, chemical safety, equipment operation and anomaly-handling requirements systematically.
It depends on whether you are willing to repeat work to process specifications and bear noise and chemicals and shift arrangements. The BLS employment projection shown on the O*NET occupation page is average growth from 2024 to 2034 (Average, 3% to 4%), with about 1,600 openings a year (including replacement demand); the occupation page does not label a Bright Outlook. It is worth first using the seven-day exercise on the page to test whether you would be willing to repeat this process.
This evidence route registers the exact-occupation wage as verified unavailable (data state: no data that can be safely used for now), and the handling note is that the NBS industry wage source has been opened but there is no exact national wage basis for this occupation. This page therefore gives no monthly salary range or city ranking, and does not extrapolate from pay quoted for adjacent roles.
The US wage and employment figures on this page come from the BLS OEWS 2025 wage data and the BLS employment projection (2024 to 2034) shown on the O*NET occupation page, and describe wage-and-salary jobs, excluding self-employed and owner income; the O*NET occupation page does not provide median wages broken down by industry or region, and this page registers that gap; this occupation is not detailed separately in the BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook, and this page does not infer an individual annual income from it.
The exercises and the seven-day schedule are fictional material designed by Fermat Test editors to help readers judge whether they would be willing to repeat this workflow; they are not research findings or industry facts and must not be used for work on a real production line or tank. Real work must be carried out by personnel with the appropriate authority and qualifications under the process documents, the operating procedures and local requirements.
This round is based on O*NET exact 51-9192.00 tasks, context, skills and interests; US wages are BLS OEWS May 2025 and the projection is the 2025—2035 BLS Table 1.2; the OOH page not detailed separately has an entry for this occupation. An exact China wage is still missing, and the industry background of matching manufacturing units is listed separately. Not labelling a Bright Outlook and a certification search returning no entries are not conclusions about all posts; editorial suggestions do not pretend to be research findings.
The sources include the O*NET exact occupation table, recruiting keywords and the certification search, the BLS exact projection and not-detailed-separately data, the OEWS methodology, and NBS2025 Tables 2/5; Chinese law checks cover special operations, industrial and trade confined spaces, the special equipment law and the qualification catalogue. Region, period, statistics and scope of application are retained, and a ministry home page is not used to prove a specific claim.
These nine modules were searched and revised this round on 2026-10-09; the old source records are kept for consumers outside the scope, without claiming that the whole page was updated in the same period.
Usage note: this page is an occupational information service and does not constitute safety, chemical or legal advice; decisions about hazardous chemicals, pressure vessels, special operations and equipment operation must follow the applicable laws, the original process documents, the organisation's operating procedures and the views of personnel with the appropriate qualifications.
Official occupation details
Tasks, work activities and work context
O*NET OnLine
United States
Page updated 2026; retrieved 2026-09
official source
Occupation-specific
Supports the exact occupational identity, 11 tasks, work activities and work context; excludes mainland China's safety and qualification requirements.
2026-09-17
Official occupation summary
Knowledge, abilities, work styles and the interest code RC
O*NET OnLine
United States
Page updated 2026; retrieved 2026-09
official source
Occupation-specific
Supports occupational characteristics, knowledge (2 items), abilities (10 items), work styles (1 item: dependability) and the interest code RC; the occupation page does not label a Bright Outlook; the labels are not hiring thresholds or personality diagnoses.
2026-09-17
Official industry distribution
US employment industry structure
O*NET OnLine
United States
Current page; retrieved 2026-09
official source
Occupation-specific
Supports the US employment industry structure (manufacturing 76%, other industries 24% combined, including administrative and support services and wholesale trade); not a guarantee of individual income.
2026-09-17
Official technology list
Employer recruiting technology keyword statistics
O*NET OnLine
United States
Current page; retrieved 2026-09
official source
Occupation-specific
Supports software skill keywords (Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word, both flagged as hot technologies); keywords are market signals and do not equal proficiency or adoption rates.
2026-09-17
Official job zones and education requirements
Job Zone and education requirement notes
O*NET OnLine
United States
Current page; retrieved 2026-09
official source
Occupation-specific
Supports the job zone (Job Zone 1-2, SVP below 6.0) and the education requirement notes (the page gives no percentages, listing only that some posts require high school or equivalent, some require below high school and some require some college but no degree); the occupation page lists no national certification, and this page does not replace mainland China's job requirements.
2026-09-17
Official occupation group note (occupation not detailed separately)
Official publication note for an occupation without a separate page
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
United States
Current page; retrieved 2026-09
official source
combined_official
This occupation is not detailed separately in the BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook and has no separate page; the US figures on this page follow the data shown on the O*NET occupation page, and group figures are not used in place of figures for this occupation.
2026-09-17
Official wage percentiles (shown via O*NET)
2025 wage percentiles
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics / O*NET OnLine
United States
2025
official source
Occupation-specific
Supports this occupation's annual and hourly wage percentiles (median annual wage 43,530 US dollars, median hourly wage 20.93 US dollars); the statistic excludes self-employed and owner income and cannot be used to infer individual income.
2026-09-17
Official employment projection
2024 to 2034 projection and annual openings
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics / O*NET OnLine
United States
2024 to 2034 projection
official source
Occupation-specific
Supports the employment projection (about 14,600 people in 2024, average growth (Average, 3% to 4%), about 1,600 openings a year); projections contain assumptions and error.
2026-09-17
Official statistics entry
Aggregated by industry category and broad personnel group
National Bureau of Statistics (People's Republic of China)
Mainland China
Materials published in 2025 and earlier
official source
Industry reference
It is aggregated by industry category and broad personnel group, not an exact basis for this occupation; this page therefore registers only the gap and publishes no figure.
2026-09-17
Official classification information
Occupational classification and job-mapping boundaries
Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security
Mainland China
2022 edition publication information; retrieved 2026-09
official source
contextual
Supports the note on job-mapping boundaries; this page does not use it to establish a one-to-one correspondence with O*NET-SOC 51-9192.00.
2026-09-17
Official regulatory information entry
Safety requirements for hazardous chemicals and special operations
Ministry of Emergency Management
Mainland China
Public information entry; retrieved 2026-09
official source
contextual
Supports the statement that the use of hazardous chemicals and pressure vessels and special operations have separate statutory safety and qualification requirements; this page does not replace the specific requirements of the competent authorities.
2026-09-17
Research paper
Generative AI occupational exposure index
International Labour Organization
Global
2025 public version
research
market_signal
It is an exposure measure, not an adoption rate, an automation rate or a job-loss projection; cross-economy measures cannot be converted directly into national job changes.
2026-09-17
Editorial material
Editorial summaries and fictional exercises
Fermat Test career content editorial team
Editorial design for this page
2026-09
editorial synthesis and fictional exercise
Editorial synthesis
These are editorial summaries and fictional material, not research findings or industry facts; they must not be used for work on a real production line or for safety judgements.
2026-09-17
Official Work Context fields
Work Context percentage distribution
O*NET OnLine
United States
Current page; retrieved 2026-09
official source
Occupation-specific
Supports the percentage distribution of the work context (exposure, posture, responsibility, pace and collaboration); it is a respondent distribution, not a guarantee for an individual post.
2026-09-17
Official wage percentile page
Annual and hourly wage percentiles
O*NET OnLine / U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
United States
2025 wage data
official source
Occupation-specific
Supports the 10th, 25th, median, 75th and 90th percentiles of annual and hourly wage; it cannot be used to infer an individual's annual or take-home pay.
2026-09-17
Official related occupations list
Adjacent occupations comparison
O*NET OnLine
United States
Page updated 2026; retrieved 2026-09
official source
Occupation-specific
Supports the notes on adjacent occupations (food and tobacco roasting and drying equipment operators, food cooking equipment operators, grinding, polishing and buffing machine operators, metal smelting furnace operators, heat treating equipment operators, cooling and freezing equipment operators and others); the comparison is an editorial arrangement.
2026-09-17
Official methodology
Wage statistics coverage and conversion basis
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
United States
Methodology (not a data period)
official source
contextual
Supports the coverage of the wage statistics, the items included and excluded, and the standard work-year conversion basis; not to be used to infer individual income.
2026-09-17
Tasks/context/JobZone/education/skills/knowledge/abilities/work styles/interests/adjacent occupations
O*NET OnLine
United States
2026 update, 2026-10-09 search
official occupational database
Occupation-specific
11 tasks with 8 core and 3 supplemental all having importance scores; 41 activities, 15 detailed activities, 57 context items, basic skills 10, transferable 25, knowledge 33, abilities 52, work styles 12; interests are content ratings, not population distributions
2026-10-09
Annual/Hourly complete percentile table
BLS / O*NET
United States
May 2025 wages, month confirmed by the exact OOH item
official statistical table
Occupation-specific
Annual 10/25/50/75/90 percentiles 33790/37310/43530/49320/58570 US dollars; hourly 16.25/17.94/20.93/23.71/28.16; wage-and-salary pay, not an individual's total compensation or starting pay
2026-10-09
Industry and details Top industries
O*NET OnLine
United States
2025 structure, current page
official occupational database
Occupation-specific
Manufacturing 76% and other 24%, where other currently cites administrative and support services; not wages or sub-item shares, and no wholesale breakdown is shown
2026-10-09
Technology terms/share/method
O*NET / Lightcast
United States
2025 US recruiting January 1 to December 31
job posting keyword statistics
Occupation-specific
Excel4% and Word Not available; the 2 terms matching the complete table's 2 categories do not prove proficiency, factory usage rates or an automation trend
2026-10-09
Search results and source notes
O*NET / CareerOneStop
United States
This round's search
official source
Occupation-specific
No certification entry is currently found, which does not prove that there is no certification, licence or training at all
2026-10-09
Cleaning, washing and metal pickling entry
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
United States
2025 employment / May 2025 wages / 2025—2035 projection
official occupational statistical summary
Occupation-specific
Contains this occupation's duties, 16200 employment, a median of 43530 a year and a net increase of about 500 / rounded 3%; typical entry high school or equivalent, no experience, medium-term on-the-job training; not the production parent-level data
2026-10-09
Table 1.2 column headers and the 51-9192 row
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
United States
2025 base period / 2025—2035 projection
official statistical table
Occupation-specific
16.2→16.8 thousand, net 0.5 thousand, 3.4%, self-employed 6.2%, annual average 1.7 thousand; each rounded and not recomputed from the two endpoints; typical entry high school or equivalent / no experience / medium-term training
2026-10-09
Tables 2/5 manufacturing rows, column headers and survey scope
National Bureau of Statistics
Mainland China
2025 wages / published 2026-05-15; the same edition already stored in this task was reused
official statistical release
Industry reference
Manufacturing: non-private 113594 and private 76055 yuan a year on average, whole category and all occupations; serves only as background for units actually classified under manufacturing, not the pay of a pickling operator; the survey covers urban legal entities with 5 or more people and excludes sole proprietors and freelancers
2026-10-09
Articles 2—6/9/49, the same edition verified earlier was reused
Ministry of Emergency Management
Mainland China
Order No. 19, in force 2026-06-01
official legal text
contextual
Catalogue-covered items require training, examination and certification, not one uniform certificate for all industrial cleaning; kept separate from special equipment
2026-10-09
9/11.1/20.1 and the related note four (two), the same edition verified earlier was reused
Ministry of Emergency Management and others
Mainland China
Emergency Management [2026] No. 45, in force 2026-06-01; assessment for some items from 2028-06-01
official regulatory catalogue
contextual
Hazardous chemicals process operation is not all use of agents; the 11.1/20.1 confined-space supervision items are limited to specified industries and risks and have assessments implemented from 2028-06-01, and do not refer to all entrants
2026-10-09
Articles 2—15/18, the same edition verified earlier was reused
Ministry of Emergency Management
Mainland China
Order No. 13, in force 2024-01-01
official regulatory text
contextual
Limited to industrial and trade industries; approval, training and supervision, ventilating first then testing before work, continuous ventilation and testing, evacuating on an anomaly and no blind rescue; PPE does not authorise entry
2026-10-09
The announcement repeals the 2019 catalogue and Annex 2
State Administration for Market Regulation
Mainland China
2021 No. 41, in force 2022-06-01
official regulatory catalogue
contextual
Annex 2 pressure vessel R1 quick-opening operation / R2 mobile filling / R3 oxygen chamber maintenance; not a universal certificate for all tanks and separate from MEM special operations
2026-10-09
Articles 2/13/14/41/42
Public law text published by the State Administration for Market Regulation
Mainland China
Adopted 2013, in force 2014
official legal text
contextual
Catalogue management, unit duties and training, qualifications under national rules, reporting hazards and effective measures, and full inspection to eliminate the hazard after an anomaly before use continues; untrained people are not authorised to approach the fault
2026-10-09
Overview and authorised-person training
OSHA
United States
Current page, checked on 2026-10-09
official safety guidance
contextual
Stored energy and unexpected start-up can cause injury, and targeted training and authorisation and energy control are needed; the US framework is not treated as Chinese law and is not a generic shutdown procedure
2026-10-09
Health/physical hazards and Hazard Communication
OSHA
United States
Current page, checked on 2026-10-09
official safety guidance
contextual
Chemical hazards, labels and SDS, training and exposure assessment; the assessment is media-specific, and a generic PPE list is not treated as a safety guarantee or as Chinese law
2026-10-09
Introduction/Govern/Map/Measure/Manage
NIST
General
2023-01 AI100-1, the same edition verified earlier was reused
official framework
contextual
A voluntary framework, not a process operating authorisation, a mandatory procedure or an occupational adoption/effect study
2026-10-09