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SOC 19-2021
Atmospheric scientists, including meteorologists, study atmospheric phenomena and interpret meteorological data collected by surface and upper-air stations, satellites, and radar to prepare reports and forecasts for the public and other uses. On the U.S. side this corresponds to O*NET 19-2021.00 (the current official name is Atmospheric and Space Scientists; this page uses Atmospheric Scientists, Including Meteorologists per the frozen table), in Job Zone Four (SVP 7.0 to <8.0), with education mostly at the bachelor's level; Mainland China statistics are aggregated by industry category, do not list this occupation separately, and do not cover duty allowances, project funding, or performance pay, and forecast and warning publication is governed by the unified publication system of the Meteorology Law of the People's Republic of China.
Model impact index for three equally weighted representative core tasks; not a measured share of working time or a job-loss probability. floor((75+75+25)/3+0.5)=58; fermatmind-ai-impact-v1; 2026-10-18.
One line: this is an occupation centered on studying atmospheric phenomena, interpreting meteorological data, and forming reviewable reports and forecasts, and meteorologists and forecasters are its main position forms. Whether you can do it depends on input verification, quality control, model comparison, and the expression of uncertainty, and on whether you can hold the review and publication boundaries, not on an interest in weather or proficiency with a single tool.
Education and authority must be verified separately: O*NET lists 19-2021.00 as Job Zone Four (SVP 7.0 to <8.0), and among respondents 60% believe a bachelor's degree is required, 20% believe a master's degree is required, and 15% believe a doctorate is required; the BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook also lists a bachelor's degree as the typical entry-level education for this occupation, and those doing research mostly hold a master's or a doctorate. Coursework, data analysis, internal institutional drafts, operational duty, public-facing publication, and warning authorization are different capabilities and authorities, and must be verified item by item according to employer, position, and location; in Mainland China the unified publication system of the Meteorology Law of the People's Republic of China must also be observed. This page does not provide real weather forecasts, warnings, or on-site response instructions.
Career direction comparison
The table below compares atmospheric scientists, including meteorologists, with five adjacent directions on the same set of dimensions: occupation direction, core work and outputs, key differences, and which choice better suits each preference.
| Career direction | Core work and output | Key differences | Best-fit choice |
|---|---|---|---|
| Atmospheric scientists, including meteorologists, and astronomers | Observing celestial bodies and cosmic radiation, building and testing physical models, with outputs mainly observation results and academic papers. | Takes the observation and study of celestial bodies and cosmic phenomena as its object, focusing on stars, galaxies, and cosmology; atmospheric scientists, including meteorologists, take Earth's atmospheric processes and weather forecasting as their object. | If you would rather study celestial bodies and cosmic phenomena, compare astronomers first; if you would rather interpret meteorological observations and form forecasts, then atmospheric scientists, including meteorologists, suit you. |
AI impact on this career
Insufficient evidence: this round did not obtain research on generative AI adoption rates, replacement rates, or employment causation for this occupation. Intake, flagging, comparison, mapping, and drafting are editorial trial candidates whose effects were not verified; the ILO exposure index introduction and extended abstract and the NIST risk brief are only cross-occupational background and do not give a replacement conclusion for this occupation. Both O*NET and BLS currently use 19-2021 for this occupation: about 10,700 in 2025, growth of 3% over 2025—2035, about 10,900 in 2035, an official net increase of about 300, and about 800 openings per year (growth and replacements). The values are rounded independently, and the net increase is not changed by subtracting the endpoints; this is not a guarantee of individual hiring or generative AI causation. AI Impact Score 58% is an editorial estimate. Model impact index for three equally weighted representative core tasks; not a measured share of working time or a job-loss probability. floor((75+75+25)/3+0.5)=58; fermatmind-ai-impact-v1; 2026-10-18.The three tasks, ratings and sources are listed in the FermatMind method source record on this page.
FermatMind AI Impact Score estimation method v1
FermatMind / 费马测试 · 2026-10-18
Chinese mainland salary reference
The 2022 occupational classification dictionary 2-02-25 meteorological engineering technicians covers observation, weather forecasting, climate monitoring and prediction, and services and overlaps in duties with this occupation; it is not an item-by-item U.S.-China equivalence and does not provide national wages for this occupation. The United States is still 19-2021.00, and an overlapping name does not prove a 1:1 relationship or Chinese statistics for the occupational wage.
The 2022 occupational classification dictionary 2-02-25 meteorological engineering technicians covers observation, weather forecasting, climate monitoring and prediction, and services and overlaps in duties with this occupation; it is not an item-by-item U.S.-China equivalence and does not provide national wages for this occupation. Article 22 of China's Meteorology Law provides that public weather forecasts and severe weather warnings are issued by observatories under the competent meteorological agencies according to their duties, with timely supplementation and correction, and no other organization or individual may publish them to society on their own; observatories under other departments may issue special forecasts for their own system. Article 25 covers media dissemination using timely information from observatories with the time and name noted, and dissemination does not equal publishing on one's own.
U.S. salary reference
Direct answer: the public U.S. data give hourly and annual wage percentiles and employment projections for occupation 19-2021.00; what can be verified are the percentiles, the median, and the projection figures, along with their respective definitions and data periods.
| Wage statistical position | Annual wage reference | Conversion boundaries | How to understand this position |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10th percentile | 53,060 USD/year (10th percentile) | Official annual wage, not personal monthly income | The 10th percentile is an annual wage of 53,060 USD; this is the low end of the distribution, does not represent all newcomers, and does not constitute an income promise. |
| Median (50%) | 99,070 USD/year (median) | Official annual wage, not an individual's actual take-home pay |
Career fit guide
Editorial observation question: verify the station, time zone, units, validity period, and missing observations, and explain model disagreement and uncertainty. When authority or input problems affect the editorial analysis, pause that trial or the affected conclusions and report according to the real protocol; do not unilaterally stop statutory observations or timely warnings because data on this page is incomplete. This page did not verify the predictive weights of these observation questions and the tests.
You may be better suited to： You can verify the station, time zone, units, and validity period, keep missing observations unknown and explicitly flagged, explain model disagreement, state uncertainty and applicable boundaries clearly, and, when authority or input problems arise, pause the affected editorial analysis trials or conclusions and report according to the real protocol; do not unilaterally stop statutory observations or timely warnings because data on this page is incomplete, and accept peer review and correction.
These situations require caution： You just want to give conclusions as quickly as possible and are unwilling to verify metadata and versions; you treat a single model chart as established fact; or you continue external publication when data is incomplete or authority is unclear; situations requiring caution also include difficulty taking on shift duty and emergency response.
Do an entry-level exercise：
Work pressures, risks, and occupational boundaries
The following six categories are editorial scenarios, not a measured ranking of main risks; verify inputs, model disagreement, and records. Article 22 of the Meteorology Law requires publication by statutory observatories with timely supplementation and correction, and Article 25 separately covers media dissemination; incomplete materials on this page cannot justify stopping lawful observations or warnings.
The actual basis is the O*NET task context, the BLS background, and the relevant provisions of the Meteorology Law; the full set of meteorological business processes was not read. The specific scenarios, possible consequences, and verification measures are editorial suggestions and do not grant uniform authority to suspend, report, or resume.
Typical scenario：Mixing different time zones or units, citing outdated data, or comparing variables from different sources directly.
Roles most affected：The individual and the duty team
Getting started, qualifications, and career development
O*NET JobZone4/SVP7 to <8, with 60 bachelor's, 20 master's, and 15 doctorate, are respondent proportions; BLS typical entry is a bachelor's and research often requires a master's or doctorate. The federal OPM 1340 series separately requires specific meteorology, mathematics, and physics coursework, and combined education and experience still requires the same courses, and this does not represent all U.S. or Chinese entry requirements.
Career prospects and related occupation transitions
Both O*NET and BLS currently use 19-2021 for this occupation: about 10,700 in 2025, growth of 3% over 2025—2035, about 10,900 in 2035, an official net increase of about 300, and about 800 openings per year (growth and replacements). The values are rounded independently, and the net increase is not changed by subtracting the endpoints; this is not a guarantee of individual hiring or generative AI causation. NBS wages are statistically based on the nature of the unit's payments, and bonuses, allowances and subsidies, and overtime pay may be included; duty allowances and performance pay are not excluded as a whole. Project budgets or funding are not automatically equal to individual wages; this round did not obtain precise occupational income and employment for China. The eight directions are editorial comparisons, and a transfer is not guaranteed.
United States · exact
10,700 people
Employment size
Both O*NET/BLS currently give about 10700 employed in this same 19-2021 occupation, no longer one old occupation and another newly combined group.
They collect and ingest meteorological data from surface and upper-air stations, satellites, and radar, verify the station, time zone, units, and validity period and perform quality control; use or develop mathematical and computer models to interpret data, maps, and charts, analyze weather or climate processes, and compare model disagreement; prepare forecasts, briefings, maps, or reports for the public, industry, government, or other groups, explaining uncertainty and the applicable boundaries; and, within the authorized scope, issue weather information and alerts, write scientific reports, or design observation equipment and methods. It is not simply looking at a model screenshot and reporting the weather, but closing input verification, model comparison, the expression of uncertainty, and publication authorization into a chain of responsibility.
The current official name for O*NET 19-2021.00 is Atmospheric and Space Scientists; the BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook and the frozen table use Atmospheric Scientists, Including Meteorologists, which is this page's "atmospheric scientists, including meteorologists". Both point to the same O*NET occupation code, and the wage, employment, and task definitions come from the same source; this page presents the frozen table's name and also notes the current O*NET official name in fields involving U.S. data, so that readers do not take the two names for two occupations. Frozen table 0076 (slug atmospheric-and-space-scientists) and this page point to the same occupation and are written independently.
Choose a real task from this page for a small practice project or a conversation with someone in the field. Use the planning guides to set a date, an output and feedback questions before deciding whether to continue.
Signals to keep exploring: you can verify stations, coordinates, time zones, variables, and units, keep missing observations as unknown instead of filling them in, explain clearly why models disagree, distinguish the different data timeliness requirements of short-range forecasts and nowcasting, are willing to accept peer review and to stop at a draft when publication authority or data completeness is unclear, and are also willing to state conclusions, scope, and uncertainty separately.
Conditions to pause investment first: you have not yet completed a full observation intake, quality control, and briefing process under any supervised conditions, or you can only explain your interest by "liking weather"; also, do not treat course grades, a single model output, or one internship as proof that you can independently publish forecasts or warnings. In Mainland China, public weather forecasts and severe weather warnings are published uniformly by the meteorological observatories under the competent meteorological agencies at each level according to their duties, and no other organization or individual may publish them to society; publishing beyond your authority is prohibited under any circumstances.
One-line judgment: atmospheric scientists, including meteorologists, are not about "looking at a model chart and reporting the weather", but about closing spatial and temporal scope, observation timeliness, quality flags, model disagreement, uncertainty, review, and publication authority into a traceable chain; in Mainland China, public weather forecasts and severe weather warnings are also constrained by the unified publication system. People who just want to give conclusions directly and are unwilling to verify inputs and authority item by item are not suited to it.
Atmospheric scientists, including meteorologists (U.S. side O*NET 19-2021.00; the current O*NET official name is Atmospheric and Space Scientists, while the BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook and the frozen table use Atmospheric Scientists, Including Meteorologists, and this page presents the same occupation under the latter) study atmospheric phenomena and interpret meteorological data collected by surface and upper-air stations, satellites, and radar to prepare reports and forecasts for the public and other uses, including weather analysts and forecasters whose functions require detailed knowledge of meteorology. The original official duties text is "Investigate atmospheric phenomena and interpret meteorological data, gathered by surface and air stations, satellites, and radar to prepare reports and forecasts for public and other uses. Includes weather analysts and forecasters whose functions require the detailed knowledge of meteorology."; typical tasks include developing or using mathematical and computer models to make weather forecasts, interpreting data and charts to predict weather at long and short time scales, conducting research on atmospheric and climate processes, collecting surface and upper-air observations, analyzing climate datasets, preparing forecasts and briefings, issuing weather information and alerts to the public or the media, writing atmospheric or climate reports, and designing new observation equipment and methods. This occupation is in Job Zone Four (SVP 7.0 to <8.0) in the United States; Mainland China statistics are aggregated by industry category and do not list this occupation separately, so industry figures can only serve as a broad reference. On the Mainland China side, Article Twenty-Two of the Meteorology Law of the People's Republic of China provides that the state operates a unified publication system for public weather forecasts and severe weather warnings, issued to society by the meteorological observatories under the competent meteorological agencies at each level according to their duties, and no other organization or individual may publish them to society, which is the main jurisdictional and authorization boundary for this occupation in Mainland China. Frozen table 0076 (slug atmospheric-and-space-scientists) and this page point to the same O*NET occupation 19-2021.00, and the two are written independently as their own assets, so this page does not reuse 0076's asset results as a basis. This page does not constitute a real weather forecast, warning, on-site response, or safety instruction.
The work of atmospheric scientists, including meteorologists, can be divided into three categories: observation and data tasks (collecting and ingesting meteorological data from surface and upper-air stations, satellites, radar, and related sources, labeling location, time zone, units, validity period, and quality status, and performing quality control); analysis and modeling tasks (using or developing mathematical and computer models, interpreting data, maps, and charts, analyzing weather or climate processes, comparing model disagreement, and assessing applicability); and communication, publication, and recording tasks (preparing forecasts, briefings, maps, or reports for the public, industry, government, or other groups, explaining uncertainty and the applicable boundaries, and keeping the process and versions on file). All three categories are premised on publishing within the authorized scope and stopping and escalating when data or authority is unclear.
Observation and data tasks
Analysis and modeling tasks
Atmospheric scientists, including meteorologists, interpret meteorological observations and form forecasts or research, and are responsible for conclusions and publication boundaries; astronomers take the observation and study of celestial bodies and cosmic phenomena as their object; geographers focus on surface processes and spatial distribution; data scientists turn raw data into information through programming and modeling; statisticians focus on statistical theory and methods; geographic information systems technicians build or maintain spatial databases; geoscientists focus on rocks, strata, and Earth processes. Adjacent occupations share data and modeling skills, but their objects, deliverables, and responsibilities differ.
| Dimension | Primary track | Comparison track |
|---|---|---|
| Core purpose | Within the authorized scope, turn observations and models into forecasts, briefings, or research reports that state the scope, uncertainty, and applicable boundaries, and keep a reviewable process record. | A traceable forecast or research report |
| Main objects and basis | The objects are surface and upper-air stations, satellites, radar, and related environmental data, numerical models and analysis methods, and charts, maps, and briefing formats; the basis is institutional quality control protocols, model documentation, physical and statistical principles, and publication authorization rules. |
Ingest data from surface and upper-air stations, satellites, radar, and other sources, label location, time zone, units, validity period, and quality status, and keep missing observations explicitly retained rather than filling them in.
Flag anomalies, missing observations, and timeliness according to the actual procedures; this page does not approve stopping observations or warnings, and the specific anomaly process is verified separately.
Use or develop mathematical and computer models, interpret data, maps, and charts, compare model disagreement, assess physical consistency and local impacts, and distinguish the different predictability of short-range forecasts and nowcasting.
State the central judgment, scope, uncertainty, applicable boundaries, and scenario changes, and avoid writing a single model maximum as a definite conclusion.
Article 22 of China's Meteorology Law provides that public weather forecasts and severe weather warnings are issued by observatories under the competent meteorological agencies according to their duties, with timely supplementation and correction, and no other organization or individual may publish them to society on their own; observatories under other departments may issue special forecasts for their own system. Article 25 covers media dissemination using timely information from observatories with the time and name noted, and dissemination does not equal publishing on one's own. The specific review and reporting procedures are found in the operational rules, and ordinary internal authorization cannot replace the statutory observatory.
Record observations, model versions and run times, reasons for choices, manual modifications, and review status, and manage data and internal materials according to institutional rules.
Before starting, verify at least six items: the occupation definition and employer entity (O*NET 19-2021.00 is the U.S. definition, and in Mainland China the position and employer must be identified); degree and major requirements; internal institutional position qualifications and training; the scope of duty and publication authorization; data and information security requirements; and shift, duty, and emergency response arrangements.
Occupation definition
Education and major pathway
| Atmospheric scientists, including meteorologists, and statisticians | Designing statistical models and methods and assessing the reliability of inferences, with outputs mainly methods and analytical conclusions. | Centered on statistical theory and methods, dealing with numerical data from all walks of life; atmospheric scientists, including meteorologists, also need atmospheric physics, observations, and interpretation of meteorological impacts. | If you would rather develop statistical theory and methods, compare statisticians first; if you would rather apply methods to atmospheric processes and forecasting, then atmospheric scientists, including meteorologists, suit you. |
|---|
| Atmospheric scientists, including meteorologists, and data scientists | Cleaning and modeling data, building and evaluating models, and delivering data products, with outputs mainly models and data products. | Turns raw data into information through programming, modeling, and visualization, spanning many industries; atmospheric scientists, including meteorologists, have more specialized objects, physical constraints, and forecasting responsibility. | If you would rather do general data modeling and engineering delivery, compare data scientists first; if you would rather study the atmosphere under physical constraints and take on forecasting responsibility, then atmospheric scientists, including meteorologists, suit you. |
|---|
| Atmospheric scientists, including meteorologists, and geographers | Carrying out regional surveys and spatial analysis and interpreting human-environment relationships, with outputs mainly regional studies and spatial analysis reports. | Focuses on surface processes, spatial distribution, and human-environment relationships, attending to regional and human factors; atmospheric scientists, including meteorologists, focus on atmospheric physical processes and forecasting. | If you would rather study surface processes and spatial distribution, compare geographers first; if you would rather study atmospheric processes and form forecasts, then atmospheric scientists, including meteorologists, suit you. |
|---|
| Atmospheric scientists, including meteorologists, and geographic information systems technicians | Building and maintaining spatial databases and writing queries and mapping support, with outputs mainly spatial data products and user support. | Mainly building and maintaining spatial databases and spatial analysis tools, usually supporting others' decisions; atmospheric scientists, including meteorologists, are responsible for meteorological conclusions and publication. | If you would rather do spatial data engineering and tool support, compare geographic information systems technicians first; if you would rather make meteorological judgments and take on publication responsibility, then atmospheric scientists, including meteorologists, suit you. |
|---|
| Atmospheric scientists, including meteorologists, and geoscientists | Field and geophysical observation and stratigraphic and structural analysis, with outputs mainly geological surveys and research results. | Takes rocks, strata, and Earth's internal processes as its object, over long time scales; atmospheric scientists, including meteorologists, focus on atmospheric processes from short time scales to the climate scale. | If you would rather study rocks, strata, and Earth's evolution, compare geoscientists first; if you would rather study atmospheric processes and weather and climate forecasting, then atmospheric scientists, including meteorologists, suit you. |
|---|
All six directions are premised on "handling data and modeling", but the objects of study, deliverables, and responsibility boundaries differ; the same experience in data analysis or programming cannot be directly converted into another direction's professional qualification or publication authorization, nor into the forecast or warning publication rights of Mainland China, and this page only compares responsibility differences under public definitions.
Conclusion: the basis for choosing a direction is the object of study, the deliverables, and the responsibility boundaries, not whether data and models are used; after settling on a direction, verify item by item the degree, professional training, and institutional authorization requirements of the target direction, and note that the right to publish forecasts and warnings in Mainland China does not automatically transfer with a position title.
Editorial ratings use the existing occupational responsibilities and AI task analysis on this page. They are not adoption rates, measured effects, job-disappearance or personal-unemployment probabilities, or official scores from Stanford or another external institution. No measured time weights or future robot deployment are assumed.
The editorial candidates are intake and flagging, model comparison, mapping, and drafting, and their errors and misses, review time, and recovery need to be tested; this round did not verify rollback or technical performance, so candidates are not presented as already adopted.
Editorial verification items include actual data permissions, the toolchain, information systems, and the division of review; this round did not obtain adoption rates or deployment progress, and a uniform date cannot be inferred.
Task exposure, adoption, productivity, and employment are different measurement objects; both O*NET and BLS currently use 19-2021 for this occupation: about 10,700 in 2025, growth of 3% over 2025—2035, about 10,900 in 2035, an official net increase of about 300, and about 800 openings per year (growth and replacements). The values are rounded independently, and the net increase is not changed by subtracting the endpoints; this is not a guarantee of individual hiring or generative AI causation.
| Work area | Task | Current change | Human control point |
|---|---|---|---|
| Input verification and quality control | Ingest observation data and verify the station, time zone, units, validity period, and quality status. | Editorial candidate: test metadata comparison or anomaly prompts and check misses and false positives; the specific handling follows position authority and is not entirely the individual's. | Judge whether the inputs are credible and whether the spatial and temporal scope and the units are consistent. |
| Model comparison and selection | Compare the versions and results of multiple models and record the disagreement, assumptions, and reasons for the choice. | Editorial candidate: try batch comparison and check differences in input, versions, and output; effects and actual adoption were not measured, and blending and review are found in the position rules. | Judge whether a model is applicable to the current question and region, and how disagreement should be handled. |
| Physical interpretation and scenarios | Interpret data, maps, and charts, assess physical consistency, and explain scenarios and the applicable range. | Editorial candidate: try statistical chart generation and check the physical interpretation, data, and scope; system performance and adoption were not verified. | Judge physical consistency, local impacts, and scenario scope. |
| Uncertainty and review | State the scope of judgment and the uncertainty; the actual reviewers, process, and independence requirements must be checked against institutional protocols. | Editorial candidate: compare the facts and uncertainty statements in the draft; the actual reviewers follow the division of labor, and the time-saving effect was not measured. | Judge how uncertainty should be stated and whether the conditions for publication are met. |
| Publication and authorization | Article 22 of China's Meteorology Law provides that public weather forecasts and severe weather warnings are issued by observatories under the competent meteorological agencies according to their duties, with timely supplementation and correction, and no other organization or individual may publish them to society on their own; observatories under other departments may issue special forecasts for their own system. Article 25 covers media dissemination using timely information from observatories with the time and name noted, and dissemination does not equal publishing on one's own. The actual institutional anomaly process is verified separately, and this page does not grant authority to suspend issuance or recovery. | Editorial verification: the authority, versions, and timely information for digital distribution; in China statutory publication and media dissemination are separate, and system features are not a publication permit. | Check the actual jurisdiction and publishing body; in China, public forecasts and disaster warnings cannot obtain publication rights through ordinary internal authorization. |
| Public communication | Explain weather information and uncertainty to the public or the media, using the institution's wording. | Editorial candidate: try preparing materials and distribution records and check the original text and timing; media dissemination and publishing on one's own are separated by law; actual effects were not measured. | Judge whether the external messaging is consistent with institutional authorization. |
| Records and archiving | Record observations, model versions, reasons for choices, manual modifications, and review status, and keep them on file. | Editorial candidate: try permitted record summaries and archiving and check errors and omissions and permissions; completeness is handled according to the actual responsibilities and is not guaranteed by a tool or an individual's statement. | Judge whether the records are complete and available for review and audit. |
The five evidence cards state the source, the object of study, the conclusions, and the usage limits respectively; they support the official duties, task definitions, industry distribution, and technology signals, and are not automation replacement rates or position count forecasts.
The following are editorial trial candidates for the three task categories, not measured automation effects or adoption differences across directions.
AI primarily changesEditorial candidate: use fictional or permitted materials to try intake, flagging, comparison, mapping, and drafting, checking facts and errors item by item; effects were not measured.
Human responsibility remainsJudge the credibility of inputs and choose models and scenarios, and take responsibility for how the scope of conclusions and uncertainty are stated.
AI primarily changesEditorial candidate: try metadata comparison and missing-observation and anomaly prompts, checking false positives and misses against the original records; automatic completion of operational quality control was not verified.
Human responsibility remainsUse physical consistency and local impacts to judge how to handle missing observations and anomalies, and do not treat automatic flags as the final conclusion.
AI primarily changesEditorial candidate: try model run records, version comparison, and chart archiving, checking versions and run times; actual recovery capability is tested separately.
Human responsibility remainsVerify model selection and interpretation and the actual position duties; whether to suspend or escalate follows the real operating procedures, and this page does not approve stopping observations or warnings across the board.
The following five steps are editorial verification suggestions, not verified institutional business processes; specific authority, anomaly handling, and recovery are verified separately.
First confirm the purpose of this analysis, the spatial and temporal scope, the variables and units, the data timeliness and quality status, and your own responsibilities and authorized boundaries.
Editorial trial suggestion: limit permitted materials and steps and record errors and misses, manual review, and recovery tests; do not claim rollback capability from this page or approve expanded formal operational use.
Editorial review suggestion: verify physical consistency, local impacts, and the applicable range and state what is unknown; the actual reviewers and procedures follow position rules and are not exclusively the individual's.
Editorial record suggestion: verify the original data, model run times, versions, and the basis for modifications; a paper trail does not guarantee full traceability or reproducibility, and the retention system is verified separately.
Article 22 of China's Meteorology Law provides that public weather forecasts and severe weather warnings are issued by observatories under the competent meteorological agencies according to their duties, with timely supplementation and correction, and no other organization or individual may publish them to society on their own; observatories under other departments may issue special forecasts for their own system. Article 25 covers media dissemination using timely information from observatories with the time and name noted, and dissemination does not equal publishing on one's own. Data anomalies follow the real protocols, and this page cannot be used to broadly stop lawful observations, timely forecasts, or warning corrections.
Treating model output or a single chart directly as a definite conclusion lets unverified judgments enter forecasts and warnings.
Control: Mark tool outputs as reference and adopt them only after combining physical judgment, model disagreement, and scope statements.
Editorial material verification: observation materials, model results, and internal briefings are handled according to the actual classification, access permissions, and confidentiality rules, and not all data can be listed as secret; the specific legal and institutional rules are verified separately.
Control: Handle it according to institutional information security rules, and do not provide internal materials or unpublished data to unauthorized channels.
Observation and model results need to be traceable; outputs without version and run time statements will be hard to review.
Control: Keep raw data and model version records, noting run times and traces of manual modification.
Misaligned stations, time zones, units, and validity periods may mislead analysis, and the specific impact was not measured; handling follows the real protocols, and this page cannot be used to broadly stop operations.
Control: Editorial suggestion: check against the original metadata and model documentation and record inconsistencies and the basis for handling; suspension, reporting, and recovery follow the real operating procedures, and lawful observations cannot be stopped across the board because data on this page is incomplete.
Editorial suggestion: check the actual review and statutory publication duties and keep the basis; the record itself does not guarantee fully traceable responsibility or grant authority.
Control: Editorial suggestion: verify the actual anomaly reporting channels and the division of review and handle the matter under the real protocols; no uniform reporting and recovery procedure was obtained this round.
First practice input verification, quality control flags, model comparison, and expressing uncertainty on fixed fictional data before talking about positions; at the same time verify the degree, professional training, and duty and publication authorization requirements of the target position, and do not treat course grades, a single model output, or one internship as proof that you can independently publish forecasts or warnings.
Editorial trial suggestion: use permitted fictional materials to compare intake, anomaly flagging, model comparison, and chart errors and omissions; efficiency, rollback, and system effects were not tested. Physical judgment and delivery follow the actual position, and China's statutory publishing body is verified separately under the law and is not wholly the individual's.
Editorial tool introduction suggestion: check data and model permissions, version records, and the real division of review; in China public forecasts and disaster warnings are issued by statutory observatories in the performance of their duties, and ordinary institutions' internal authorization cannot replace them.
Focus teaching on mathematics and physics foundations, observation and quality control, model comparison and expressing uncertainty, and technical writing and communication, while training critical use of model outputs and avoiding the use of a single chart to replace physical judgment and scope statements.
This round did not obtain occupation-level causal evidence of wholesale replacement or non-replacement; existing teaching and operational duties do not prove that nothing will ever change in the future. China's statutory publication boundaries for public forecasts and disaster warnings are found in the Meteorology Law, and technical performance is verified separately.
Source: O*NET occupation summary / detailed informationOriginal source ↗
The BLS typical related bachelor's coursework may include computer programming, and the tasks also include writing programs; the federal OPM 1340 series separately has specific meteorology, mathematics, and physics coursework. Specific position requirements are verified separately, and one cannot say broadly that entry does not require code.
Source: O*NET technology list / training and education informationOriginal source ↗
Editorial trial candidates: intake and flagging, comparison, mapping, or drafting. Actual product errors and misses, recovery, and review must be tested, and the exposure ranking of each task or rollback capability was not measured.
Source: O*NET detailed informationOriginal source ↗
Both O*NET and BLS currently use 19-2021 for this occupation: about 10,700 in 2025, growth of 3% over 2025—2035, about 10,900 in 2035, an official net increase of about 300, and about 800 openings per year (growth and replacements). The values are rounded independently, and the net increase is not changed by subtracting the endpoints; this is not a guarantee of individual hiring or generative AI causation.
Source: O*NET occupation summary (employment and projection fields)Original source ↗
There is no evidence this round sufficient to confirm that tools replace all forecasting judgment, nor does it predict that they will never replace it. China's statutory publishing body for public forecasts and disaster warnings is set out in Article 22 of the Meteorology Law and cannot grant publication rights to the individual or an ordinary institution; system effects and actual review rules are verified separately.
Source: O*NET occupation summary / detailed informationOriginal source ↗
This round did not obtain the year this occupation will disappear. The overall employment projection and the ILO task exposure do not provide an individual unemployment probability or a uniform disappearance date.
Source: Method statement for this pageOriginal source ↗
Prioritize mathematics and physics foundations, observation and quality control, model comparison and expressing uncertainty, and technical writing and communication; tool skills rank after physical judgment and publication boundaries. Specific requirements are set by the employer.
Source: O*NET training and education informationOriginal source ↗
The above distinguishes automation capability, actual deployment, and employment outcomes; the next section lets you view the statistical scope and gap statement of the Mainland China salary reference.
Insufficient evidence: a national occupational monthly salary distribution precisely corresponding to atmospheric scientists, including meteorologists, was not obtained.
Insufficient evidence: verifiable city-level occupational income data were not obtained, and this page does not present city rankings.
Insufficient evidence: no official or verifiable source supports a monthly salary range for atmospheric scientists, including meteorologists, in other cities.
Scenario comparison requires consistent employer nature, position sequence, business direction, and pay definition; industry proxies cannot replace written compensation terms.
| Preparation categories and conditions to be verified | Editorial exploration direction | Explanation and verification suggestions |
|---|---|---|
| Majors such as atmospheric science, meteorology, and applied meteorology | Research and operational positions in meteorological departments, research institutes, and universities. | Education and the position sequence are two different paths; a degree does not equal duty or publication authorization. |
| Majors related to computer science, mathematics, and remote sensing (some positions) | Positions in numerical model development, data analysis, and remote sensing applications. | The professional directions differ, and the position title and duties must be confirmed in the employment terms. |
| Position qualifications and duty authorization | Positions involving operational duty, external publication, and warnings. | Article 22 of China's Meteorology Law provides that public weather forecasts and severe weather warnings are issued by observatories under the competent meteorological agencies according to their duties, with timely supplementation and correction, and no other organization or individual may publish them to society on their own; observatories under other departments may issue special forecasts for their own system. Article 25 covers media dissemination using timely information from observatories with the time and name noted, and dissemination does not equal publishing on one's own. Internal duty responsibilities and the specific training system are verified separately. |
| Data and information security requirements | Positions involving the handling of observation data, model outputs, and internal materials. | Editorial verification: Article 15 of the Meteorology Law provides for the timely release of basic data, and Article 18 provides that non-basic data requiring confidentiality follows the relevant confidentiality rules; not all observation and model data is uniformly internal. Actual use permissions are verified separately. |
Verify the actual unit, duties, contract, and pay period, and distinguish wages, allowances, and performance pay paid by the unit from total project funding; do not infer individual income from broad industry averages or overseas figures.
The scientific research and technical services industry can serve as background, and the specific unit is verified by its main activity and cannot all be classified by position title; the 2025 non-private 182064/private 83560 yuan annual average is not an occupational wage.
Public administration and others 2025 non-private 119465 yuan annual average is only background; government departments, public institutions, and specific activities are classified differently, and not all meteorological positions are assigned to this category.
Education 2025 non-private 133539/private 63908 yuan annual average is only background; the specific unit is verified by its main activity and does not represent the wages of meteorological research positions.
There is no causal evidence this round on whether AI affects wages or the statistical system; reading wages still requires checking the data period, population, unit, and definition at the same time.
| The median is an annual wage of 99,070 USD and an hourly wage of 47.63 USD; it describes the midpoint of the whole distribution and does not represent an individual's take-home income. |
| 90th percentile | 161,890 USD/year (90th percentile) | Official annual wage, not an individual's actual take-home pay | The 90th percentile is 161890 USD/year, not an income ceiling or a guarantee of managerial qualifications. |
|---|
Salary · 10th percentile：53,060 USD/year (10th percentile)；The 2025 annual wage P10 is 53060 USD and the corresponding hourly wage P10 is 25.51 USD； a percentile point is not the lowest value of the distribution or the starting pay for all newcomers.
Salary · 25th percentile：73,350 USD/year (25th percentile)；On the same definition this is the 25th percentile annual wage, corresponding to a 25th percentile hourly wage of 35.26 USD；BLS 2025 wage percentiles shown by O*NET
Salary · median：99,070 USD/year (median)；This is the median annual wage on the 19-2021.00 occupation definition (2025 OEWS), corresponding to a median hourly wage of 47.63 USD； the median does not equal the entry-level wage；BLS 2025 wage percentiles shown by O*NET
Salary · 75th percentile：129,960 USD/year (75th percentile)；On the same definition this is the 75th percentile annual wage, corresponding to a 75th percentile hourly wage of 62.48 USD；BLS 2025 wage percentiles shown by O*NET
Salary · 90th percentile：161,890 USD/year (90th percentile)；The 2025 annual wage P90 is 161890 USD and the hourly wage P90 is 77.83； the percentile does not prove causation from personal qualifications or managerial duties.
The median is not a starting salary; the P10/P25 percentiles do not represent all newcomers, and the wages and pay conditions for specific positions are verified separately.
For this occupation the annual and hourly wages come from the same source percentiles; the OEWS2080 hour standard is not an individual's hours, and take-home pay cannot be inferred by multiplying hourly pay by personal overtime; statistical coverage and contracts are kept separate.
The wages are 2025 OEWS, and current employment 2025 and the 2025—2035 projection both use the same 19-2021, no longer an old occupation or a newly combined group.
Editorial wage verification: check the actual contract period, duties, experience, allowances, and overtime pay separately; percentiles and industry differences cannot prove causation for individual income.
| Industry | Median wage for this occupation within the industry | How to understand this value |
|---|---|---|
| Federal government (excluding postal service) | 122,700 USD/year (2025 median for this occupation's detailed employer) | This BLS detailed employer accounts for 26% of employment; it does not equal the O*NET broad government 29%, and the wage is the median for this occupation's detailed employer. |
| Scientific research and development services | 127,960 USD/year (2025 median for this occupation's detailed employer) | This BLS detailed employer accounts for 10%; it does not equal the broad professional, scientific, and technical 34%. |
| State colleges and professional schools | 103,970 USD/year (2025 median for this occupation's detailed employer) | This BLS detailed employer accounts for 14%; the separately published broadcasting content providers category accounts for 14% with a median of 80060 USD, which does not equal the broad education 16% or information 15%. |
| Other professional, scientific, and technical services | 78,610 USD/year (2025 median for this occupation's detailed employer) | This BLS detailed employer accounts for 18% and is separate from research and development, and does not represent the entire broad industry. |
BLS provides median wage differences across this occupation's detailed employers, which is a group description and does not prove that employer category alone causes differences in individual income.
Editorial comparison: check the target position's specialty, experience, research and management division of labor, and wages; this round has no causal evidence that a specialty or managerial responsibility necessarily commands a higher salary.
BLS notes some positions involve shifts and longer hours in severe weather; extra pay or compensatory leave must be verified in the contract, and no uniform rule for this occupation was obtained this round.
Both O*NET and BLS currently use 19-2021 for this occupation: about 10,700 in 2025, growth of 3% over 2025—2035, about 10,900 in 2035, an official net increase of about 300, and about 800 openings per year (growth and replacements). The values are rounded independently, and the net increase is not changed by subtracting the endpoints； this is not a guarantee of individual hiring or generative AI causation.
Both O*NET and BLS currently use 19-2021 for this occupation: about 10,700 in 2025, growth of 3% over 2025—2035, about 10,900 in 2035, an official net increase of about 300, and about 800 openings per year (growth and replacements). The values are rounded independently, and the net increase is not changed by subtracting the endpoints； this is not a guarantee of individual hiring or generative AI causation.
Average annual openings include growth and replacements such as occupational transfers and exits, not a net increase of 300 or a personal guarantee.
Which Holland interest type is closer to atmospheric scientist, including meteorologist?
The Holland interest code is IRC (Investigative + Realistic + Conventional): Investigative corresponds to researching, analyzing, and interpreting phenomena, with subcategories including physical science and mathematics and statistics; Realistic corresponds to using tools and equipment and handling physical objects and data; Conventional corresponds to the regulated handling of data, files, and processes, with subcategories including mathematics and statistics and information technology. O*NET lists this occupation as primarily Investigative, consistent with work that requires physical and mathematical modeling, long-term analysis, and regulated record-keeping; it describes the interest characteristics of the occupational group, not an individual's competence.
Do not use it this way: Note: a match between interest test results and the occupational interest code only indicates a similar direction; it does not mean you already have the mathematical and physical foundations, observation and quality control ability, or awareness of uncertainty expression and publication boundaries, nor does it mean you can obtain duty or publication authorization for a position.
Test my Holland career interestsWhich Big Five traits are more relevant to this job?
Editorial self-check: verifying metadata and records, how to handle the unknown, and how to accept feedback; this round did not obtain research validating Big Five scores and performance for this occupation, so these behaviors are not written as personality causation.
Do not use it this way: Note: treating personality scores as ability or hiring conclusions is a common misuse; this page does not provide score thresholds or type lists.
View my Big Five personality traitsCan MBTI be used to judge whether I am suited to atmospheric science, including meteorology?
The O*NET/BLS and federal qualification materials this round give no MBTI type threshold; no validity research for this occupation was obtained, and type is not used to judge suitability.
Do not use it this way: Note: this page does not list any "best suited" type and does not endorse their use for selection or screening.
Can the Enneagram show whether I am suited to this occupation?
This round did not obtain Enneagram prediction or admission materials for this occupation; it can serve as an editorial self-check question, and type is not used to judge competence.
Do not use it this way: Note: this page does not provide a correspondence between types and positions.
Explore my Enneagram patternIf I am not good at math, can I be an atmospheric scientist, including a meteorologist?
This occupation requires relatively strong mathematical and physical foundations: understanding fluid and thermodynamic processes, interpreting statistical results, and checking inputs by priority and making judgments under time pressure; O*NET's abilities list includes deductive and inductive reasoning, mathematical reasoning, information ordering, written and oral comprehension, and problem sensitivity.
Do not use it this way: Note: this page does not treat any test score as a basis for admission or elimination.
Explore my intelligence and reasoning performanceDoes being an atmospheric scientist, including a meteorologist, require high emotional intelligence?
Editorial preparation: practice stating what is unknown under pressure and follow-up questions, and verify communication against the actual tasks; this round did not obtain validation of emotion scales and performance in this occupation.
Do not use it this way: Note: this page does not provide emotional ability thresholds, nor does it equate high scores with competence.
Explore my emotional intelligence abilityFits better when: Willing to use programming and modeling to turn raw data into deliverable data products, spanning many industries.
Watch for: Need to add data engineering and productization delivery training; meteorological analysis experience does not equal general data product ability.
Explore related career: Data scientistsFits better when: Willing to develop statistical theory and inference methods and to assess the reliability of estimates and tests rigorously.
Watch for: Need to add professional statistics training; using statistical tools does not equal the ability to research statistical methods.
Explore related career: StatisticiansFits better when: Geoscience research may include the interior, the atmosphere, and the oceans, not only rocks and strata; the target specialty may also involve field training, and the actual gaps are verified separately.
Watch for: Editorial comparison: verify the target geoscience field's coursework and methods; a meteorological background does not establish that all adjacent capabilities are already present.
Explore related career: Geoscientists (excluding hydrologists and geographers)Fits better when: Willing to study celestial bodies and cosmic phenomena, process telescope and space observation data, and test physical models.
Watch for: Need to add professional astronomy training; experience in processing atmospheric data does not equal the ability to do celestial observation and cosmology research.
Explore related career: AstronomersFits better when: Willing to study surface processes, spatial distribution, and human-environment relationships and to do regional and spatial analysis.
Watch for: Need to add professional geography training; meteorological data experience does not equal the ability to research surface processes and human-environment relationships.
Explore related career: GeographersFits better when: Willing to build and maintain spatial databases, write queries, and support others' decisions.
Watch for: Need to add spatial data engineering and toolchain training; meteorological modeling experience does not equal the ability to deliver spatial data products.
Explore related career: Geographic information systems technologists and techniciansRather than a certain personality, it is a certain way of working: able to verify inputs according to protocol, keep missing observations unknown, explain model disagreement, state uncertainty clearly, and, when authority or input problems arise, pause the affected editorial analysis trials or conclusions and report according to the real protocol; do not unilaterally stop statutory observations or timely warnings because data on this page is incomplete.
This page does not judge fit from introversion or extroversion labels. This occupation requires both long periods of independent analysis and duty collaboration and public-facing communication; whether one can stay accurate under time pressure can be listed as an editorial observation question, and the effectiveness ranking relative to type labels was not verified. This page did not verify the occupational predictive validity or weights of these clues and does not treat them as a validated screening standard.
Introversion or extroversion does not guarantee competence; independent analysis and team communication are verified by position, and group tasks do not prove that any personality type can do the job well.
The official occupational materials this round did not give a best-suited MBTI type, and no validity research for this occupation was obtained; type is not used to predict analysis or duty performance.
O*NET lists the interest code for this occupation as IRC (Investigative + Realistic + Conventional): a preference for research and analysis, for using tools and equipment to handle physical objects and data, and for the regulated handling of data and processes. A matching interest only indicates a similar direction and does not mean having the mathematical and physical foundations, quality control ability, or awareness of publication boundaries.
This round did not obtain the validity of personality interest scales for this occupation and cannot predict individual performance from this page; use self-check questions together with course and actual task records.
BLS and the federal OPM 1340 series have mathematics and physics course requirements; existing weaknesses should be checked against the coursework and training gaps, and one should not eliminate candidates outright based on "not being good at math" or quantify what they can take on.
Editorial preparation suggestion: explain what is unknown under pressure and accept feedback; this round has no evidence of causation between emotion scores and performance in this occupation.
This round did not obtain Enneagram prediction or admission evidence for this occupation, and no occupational conclusion is drawn by type.
Judge by reviewable outputs: a fictional analysis record containing an input table, time and unit verification, missing-observation and quality control flags, model comparison, and uncertainty and status judgments, plus a complete review and handover statement.
Possible consequence：Can cause directional errors in conclusions and affect subsequent forecasts and external publication.
How to reduce risk：Editorial verification suggestion (the actual business procedures are verified separately): verify the station, coordinates, time zone, variables, units, and validity period, and when they are inconsistent, pause the affected conclusions and record the correction.
Evidence：O*NET 19-2021.00 occupation summary · O*NET 19-2021.00 detailed information (work context)
Typical scenario：Treating missing observations as zero, skipping quality control flags, or carrying over old conclusions without explanation when data is late.
Roles most affected：The individual, the duty team, and data operations staff
Possible consequence：Can cause conclusions to rest on unreliable data and amplify the consequences in warning scenarios.
How to reduce risk：Editorial verification suggestion (the actual business procedures are verified separately): late, missing, or quality-control-failed data must be explicitly flagged and must not be defaulted to normal or zero, and the scope of impact must be stated.
Evidence：O*NET 19-2021.00 occupation summary · O*NET 19-2021.00 detailed information (work context)
Typical scenario：Mixing model results from different versions or configurations, or keeping only the final conclusion and discarding the process records.
Roles most affected：The individual and the analysis team
Possible consequence：Can make conclusions unreviewable and make it impossible to explain the basis in a dispute.
How to reduce risk：Editorial verification suggestion (the actual business procedures are verified separately): keep the versions and results of each model, record the reasons for selection or blending, and do not pass off a single output as consensus.
Evidence：O*NET 19-2021.00 occupation summary · O*NET 19-2021.00 detailed information (work context)
Typical scenario：Editorial scenario: a non-statutory body publishes China's public forecasts or disaster warnings on its own, or the actual observatory fails to supplement and correct in a timely manner; lawful media dissemination differs, and not all weather information is broadly banned.
Roles most affected：The individual, the institution, and the public
Possible consequence：Can cause non-compliant publication and public misinformation, or delay warnings through hesitation; in Mainland China, publishing public weather forecasts or severe weather warnings to society without authorization also involves the unified publication system of Article Twenty-Two of the Meteorology Law of the People's Republic of China.
How to reduce risk：Article 22 of China's Meteorology Law provides that public weather forecasts and severe weather warnings are issued by observatories under the competent meteorological agencies according to their duties, with timely supplementation and correction, and no other organization or individual may publish them to society on their own; observatories under other departments may issue special forecasts for their own system. Article 25 covers media dissemination using timely information from observatories with the time and name noted, and dissemination does not equal publishing on one's own. Specific anomaly handling follows the real operating procedures, and this page cannot uniformly suspend issuance or replace the duty of timely correction.
Evidence：O*NET 19-2021.00 occupation summary · China's Meteorology Law: statutory publication and media dissemination
Typical scenario：Giving only a single definite conclusion, hiding uncertainty, or going beyond the authorized wording in public communication.
Roles most affected：The individual, the media, and the public
Possible consequence：Can cause public misjudgment, or reduce warning effectiveness through excessive caution.
How to reduce risk：Editorial verification suggestion (the actual business procedures are verified separately): state the central judgment, scope, uncertainty, and scenario changes, and avoid writing a single model maximum as a definite conclusion.
Evidence：O*NET 19-2021.00 occupation summary · China's Meteorology Law: statutory publication and media dissemination
Typical scenario：Backfilling records afterward, confusing versions, or having records inconsistent with external conclusions.
Roles most affected：The individual and the institution
Possible consequence：Can make the process unreviewable, leave responsibility unclear, and affect subsequent audit and improvement.
How to reduce risk：Editorial verification suggestion (the actual business procedures are verified separately): record observations, model versions and run times, reasons for choices, manual modifications, and review status, and keep them on file.
Evidence：O*NET 19-2021.00 occupation summary · O*NET 19-2021.00 detailed information (work context)
| Position direction | Starting tasks | Key preparation verification points (editorial suggestion) | Evidence that can be submitted with zero experience | Boundaries that need to be distinguished |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Public meteorological operations position | Ingest observations under supervision, verify metadata, and make quality control flags, and learn duty and handover procedures. | BLS specifies training for new NWS hires; check the specific degree, coursework, and shifts in the target announcement, and no real recruitment in China was obtained. | Submit a fictional analysis record containing an input table, time and unit verification, missing-observation flags, and status judgments, without using real operational data. | Article 22 of China's Meteorology Law provides that public weather forecasts and severe weather warnings are issued by observatories under the competent meteorological agencies according to their duties, with timely supplementation and correction, and no other organization or individual may publish them to society on their own; observatories under other departments may issue special forecasts for their own system. Article 25 covers media dissemination using timely information from observatories with the time and name noted, and dissemination does not equal publishing on one's own. |
| Research position at a research institute or university | Participate in model development and verification, data assimilation, or climate analysis, and write research reports. | BLS research positions often require a master's or doctorate; the specific research tasks and recruitment are verified separately, and a degree is not a guarantee of being hired. | Submit a fictional research statement containing the method, data sources, uncertainty, and conclusion boundaries. | Research conclusions are not operational forecasts; external publication must comply with data and information security requirements. |
| Industry application and technical services position | Organize meteorological materials according to client and industry needs and produce briefings or risk assessment support materials. | BLS lists industry-customized services; the specific client business, entry requirements, and contracts are verified separately, and no real recruitment was obtained. | Submit a fictional briefing containing an understanding of the requirements, the data scope, and an uncertainty statement. | Industry briefings are not official warnings; external wording must conform to institutional and contractual agreements. |
| Data analysis and model development position | Participate in data processing pipelines, model runs, and result visualization development. | BLS/O*NET include program and model development; check the specific technology stack and experience conditions in the target position. | Submit a fictional statement containing the data pipeline design, version management, and review arrangements. | Tool and model development ability does not equal physical judgment and publication authorization. |
| Teaching and science outreach position | Take on course teaching, internship supervision, or science outreach content production. | O*NET has teaching and outreach tasks; specific teaching appointments, general dissemination, and statutory publication boundaries are kept separate. | Submit a fictional course design containing the teaching objectives, cases, and boundary statement. | Teaching and science outreach in China do not automatically grant the right to publish public forecasts or disaster warnings; media dissemination follows Article 25 of the law, and not all weather information is broadly banned. |
This occupation usually requires a bachelor's degree in meteorology or a related field; those doing research mostly require a master's or a doctorate.
The 2022 occupational classification dictionary 2-02-25 meteorological engineering technicians covers observation, weather forecasting, climate monitoring and prediction, and services and overlaps in duties with this occupation; it is not an item-by-item U.S.-China equivalence and does not provide national wages for this occupation.
Article 22 of China's Meteorology Law provides that public weather forecasts and severe weather warnings are issued by observatories under the competent meteorological agencies according to their duties, with timely supplementation and correction, and no other organization or individual may publish them to society on their own; observatories under other departments may issue special forecasts for their own system. Article 25 covers media dissemination using timely information from observatories with the time and name noted, and dissemination does not equal publishing on one's own.
Data and information security requirements vary by institution and must be confirmed before starting, including the access scope and compliance obligations.
All materials are fictional and contain no real operational data, internal materials, or personally identifiable information.
All materials and scenarios are fictional; real operational data, internal institutional materials, or personally identifiable information must not be used.
Complete within 90—120 minutes; public methodological materials may be consulted, but real operational data must not be used.
In the record, write raw data, judgments, and conclusions separately and mark the parts that need review.
Write raw data, judgments, and conclusions separately, and mark anything uncertain as needing review.
After finishing, ask an experienced person to review the analysis and the wording, and keep the reasons for revisions.
Do not handle real operational data or issue any weather information in the exercise; such matters must be handled by authorized personnel according to protocol.
Note the source and data period for each item; leave items that cannot be verified blank and mark them as insufficient evidence rather than filling them in with speculation.
List "degree", "coursework and training", "institutional position qualifications", "duty qualifications", and "external publication and warning authorization" separately to avoid conflating them.
Keep the review comments together with the reasons for the revisions, as evidence of whether you can accept review of analysis and records.
Submit the debrief to a peer for review, and keep the review comments and the reasons for revisions as reviewable evidence.
Archiving observation data and model outputs requires prior authorization, and the access scope, retention period, and destruction arrangements must be recorded.
| Stage | Possible assessment methods | Observable evidence | Boundaries |
|---|---|---|---|
| Before the interview | Verify the position's business scope, duty arrangements, publication authorization, data security requirements, and continuing training mechanisms, and prepare analysis and review records. | A requirements checklist with sources and data periods; able to explain clearly how this occupation differs from adjacent directions in the object of study and responsibility. | Do not treat course grades or a single model output as proof that you can independently publish forecasts or warnings. |
| During the interview | Scenario question: how to handle a situation where one of three sets of wind speed data is missing and the run times differ by one hour. |
Output: a one-page terminology reference table noting the source of each item.
Output: a data dictionary and unit verification checklist.
Output: a quality control and missing-observation record.
Output: a statement of model comparison and the reasons for the choice.
Output: a sample briefing.
| Qualification / certificate | Who it applies to | Role in the position | Whether it is a universal threshold | Conditions | Investment | Boundaries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A degree in meteorology or a related field | People who wish to enter this occupation | BLS typical entry is a related bachelor's degree; specific coursework is verified against the target position | Usually required for entry-level positions. | Must complete core coursework in meteorology, mathematics, and physics. |
Typical scope：Take on input verification and recording, and report anomalies.
Readiness evidence：Supervised analysis and quality control records.
Credential boundary：A degree in a related field and basic training.
Next moves：Participate in observation intake, quality control, and recording under supervision.
Typical scope：Take responsibility for analysis quality and record completeness.
Readiness evidence：Analysis and review records for one complete cycle.
Credential boundary：NWS training and the actual institutional duty conditions are verified separately; no uniform examination across the occupation is inferred, nor does completion grant China's statutory publication rights.
Next moves：Independently take on routine analysis and briefing drafts.
Typical scope：Take responsibility for review and coordination.
Readiness evidence：Protocol and review records.
Credential boundary：Has experience with multi-source data and model application.
Next moves：Participate in developing quality control and review protocols and in duty coordination.
Typical scope：Take responsibility for mentoring, quality, and management.
Readiness evidence：Mentoring and quality improvement records.
Credential boundary：Has mentoring and management experience.
Next moves：Take on mentoring, quality improvement, and departmental management.
Typical scope：Complete data processing according to standards and record truthfully.
Readiness evidence：Data processing and research records.
Credential boundary：Undergraduate professional foundations and research methods training.
Next moves：Participate in project data processing and literature work.
Typical scope：Take responsibility for research design and conclusions.
Readiness evidence：Research plan and results records.
Credential boundary：Obtain a master's or doctoral degree.
Next moves：Independently take on model development, data assimilation, or climate analysis.
Typical scope：Take responsibility for projects, teaching, and funding.
Readiness evidence：Project and teaching records.
Credential boundary：Has publication and project experience.
Next moves：Take on the role of project lead or teaching work.
Typical scope：Process data according to standards and record versions.
Readiness evidence：A data processing and mapping record.
Credential boundary：Coursework foundations related to data or spatial information.
Next moves：Take on data cleaning, mapping, and tool maintenance work.
Typical scope：Take responsibility for toolchain quality and traceability.
Readiness evidence：A pipeline design and version management record.
Credential boundary：Has command of spatial databases or a modeling toolchain.
Next moves：Take on data pipeline, spatial analysis, and visualization development.
Typical scope：Take responsibility for external messaging according to the contract and authorization.
Readiness evidence：Industry briefing or application records.
Has industry application and communication experience.
Able to complete observation intake, metadata verification, and quality control flags under supervised conditions, and to pause the affected conclusions when data or units are inconsistent.
Able to independently complete input verification, model comparison, and expressing uncertainty, accept review according to protocol, and keep records truthfully.
Able to mentor newcomers, participate in developing quality control and review protocols, and take on coordination responsibilities in multidisciplinary collaboration and emergency response.
Move into research and teaching, data science, remote sensing, or spatial information directions (requires the corresponding professional training and qualifications).
Does not establish：Group employment and independently rounded projections do not represent a guarantee of individual positions, and broad industries differ from detailed employers.
United States · exact
3% (about 800 openings per year)
Growth rate and average annual openings
Both O*NET and BLS currently use 19-2021 for this occupation: about 10,700 in 2025, growth of 3% over 2025—2035, about 10,900 in 2035, an official net increase of about 300, and about 800 openings per year (growth and replacements). The values are rounded independently, and the net increase is not changed by subtracting the endpoints; this is not a guarantee of individual hiring or generative AI causation.
Does not establish：Growth is shown as a whole number, and average annual openings include growth and replacements rather than a net increase; AI causation is not inferred from the overall projection.
Mainland China · industry_proxy
Insufficient evidence: national income and employment distribution for this occupation were not obtained
Average wage by industry category (reference definition)
The National Bureau of Statistics aggregates by industry category and broad occupation group: scientific research and technical services 182,064 yuan/year (non-private), 83,560 yuan/year (private); public administration, social security, and social organizations 119,465 yuan/year (non-private); education 133,539 yuan/year (non-private); professional and technical personnel in above-scale enterprises 155,491 yuan/year.
Does not establish：NBS wages are statistically based on the nature of the unit's payments, and bonuses, allowances and subsidies, and overtime pay may be included; duty allowances and performance pay are not excluded as a whole. Project budgets or funding are not automatically equal to individual wages; this round did not obtain precise occupational income and employment for China.
These are capability relationships, not automatic promotions or credential waivers.
Transfers：Editorial preparation comparison (does not prove exemption from training or a successful transfer): transferable are data analysis, modeling, and expressing uncertainty.
Build next：Editorial preparation comparison (does not prove exemption from training or a successful transfer): need to add professional astronomy training; experience in processing atmospheric data does not equal the ability to do celestial observation and cosmology research.
View career profileTransfers：Editorial preparation comparison (does not prove exemption from training or a successful transfer): transferable are climate science and scenario analysis foundations.
Build next：Editorial preparation comparison (does not prove exemption from training or a successful transfer): need to add climate policy and management knowledge; natural science analysis does not equal policy evaluation and institutional design.
View career profileTransfers：Editorial preparation comparison (does not prove exemption from training or a successful transfer): transferable are statistics, modeling, and programming ability.
Build next：Editorial preparation comparison (does not prove exemption from training or a successful transfer): need to add data engineering and productization delivery training; meteorological analysis experience does not equal general data product ability.
View career profileTransfers：Editorial preparation comparison (does not prove exemption from training or a successful transfer): transferable are spatial analysis and mapping ability.
Build next：Editorial preparation comparison: verify training in natural-cultural surface interactions and in regional and spatial research; a meteorological background does not automatically provide the target competence.
View career profileTransfers：Editorial preparation comparison (does not prove exemption from training or a successful transfer): transferable are hydrometeorological crossover knowledge and numerical methods.
Build next：Editorial preparation comparison (does not prove exemption from training or a successful transfer): need to add professional hydrology training; although meteorology and water cycle processes overlap, the methods and objects differ.
View career profileTransfers：Editorial preparation comparison (does not prove exemption from training or a successful transfer): transferable is experience processing satellite and radar data.
Build next：Editorial preparation comparison (does not prove exemption from training or a successful transfer): need to add professional remote sensing training; experience using satellite data does not equal sensor and remote sensing retrieval ability.
View career profileTransfers：Editorial preparation comparison (does not prove exemption from training or a successful transfer): transferable are earth system science and numerical method foundations.
Build next：Editorial preparation comparison: geoscience includes the interior, the atmosphere, or the ocean, and the target field's coursework and methods are verified separately, so one cannot uniformly require only geology.
View career profileTransfers：Editorial preparation comparison (does not prove exemption from training or a successful transfer): transferable are professional theory and research methods.
Build next：Editorial preparation comparison (does not prove exemption from training or a successful transfer): need to add teaching and curriculum design ability; research ability does not equal teaching ability.
View career profileLook at observable behavior: whether you can verify the station, time zone, units, and validity period, keep missing observations unknown and explicitly flagged, explain model disagreement, state uncertainty and applicable boundaries clearly, distinguish the data timeliness requirements of short-range forecasts and nowcasting, and stop to escalate when authority or data is incomplete. O*NET lists the interest code for this occupation as IRC (Investigative + Realistic + Conventional), but a matching interest only indicates a similar direction and cannot replace mathematical and physical foundations and quality control ability.
Steps that may be assisted: observation intake, anomaly flagging, batch model comparison, and drafting charts and briefings. The International Labour Organization's Generative AI and Jobs (ILO Working Paper 140, 2025) classifies such effects as task exposure and job transformation rather than replacement conclusions; physical consistency judgments, model applicability assessment, uncertainty and scenario statements, and publication and warning authorization are still carried out by people. The degree of task automation and the number of positions are different questions.
Judging input credibility, model selection and blending, explaining physical consistency and local impacts, uncertainty and scenario statements, and formal forecasts, warning issuance, and external messaging. These steps are undertaken by the individual and authorized personnel according to institutional protocols; tool outputs must pass human review before entering formal conclusions.
U.S. side: O*NET lists 19-2021.00 as Job Zone Four (SVP 7.0 to <8.0), and among respondents 60% believe a bachelor's degree is required, 20% a master's, and 15% a doctorate; the BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook lists a bachelor's degree as the typical entry-level education, and research positions mostly require a master's or a doctorate. Mainland China mainly trains people in atmospheric science, meteorology, and applied meteorology. Coursework, analysis, internal drafts, operational duty, external publication, and warning authorization are different capabilities and authorities, and specific standards are set by employers and regulatory authorities.
Article Twenty-Two of the Meteorology Law of the People's Republic of China (adopted in 1999 and amended three times in 2009, 2014, and 2016) provides that the state operates a unified publication system for public weather forecasts and severe weather warnings; the meteorological observatories under the competent meteorological agencies at each level shall publish them to society according to their duties and shall supplement or correct them in a timely manner as weather conditions change; no other organization or individual may publish public weather forecasts or severe weather warnings to society. Therefore a degree, coursework, or position experience does not constitute the right to publish externally, and actual authorization is determined by the institution and the position.
Six types of risk need to be judged in advance: input misalignment and quality failures, data gaps and quality control failure, model disagreement and mixing versions, overstepping publication authorization and delayed warnings, uncertainty expression and public communication, and missing records and traceability. The controls are to verify and keep records according to protocol, record model disagreement explicitly, and stop publication and escalate when authority or data is incomplete; in Mainland China the unified publication system must also be observed.
The BLS data shown by O*NET gives, on this occupation's own definition, about 9,400 people employed in 2024, growth of 1%—2% over 2024—2034 (slower than average), and about 700 openings per year on average; the BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook gives, for 2025—2035, about 10,700 employed, growth of 3% (about average), a net increase of about 300 positions, and about 800 openings per year on average. Directions one can move into include astronomers, climate change policy analysts, data scientists, geographers, hydrologists, remote sensing scientists and remote sensing technologists, geoscientists, and postsecondary atmospheric, earth, marine, and space sciences teachers.
The 2025 wage percentiles shown by O*NET are on the 19-2021.00 occupation definition and publish both hourly and annual wages: the median hourly wage is 47.63 USD and the median annual wage is 99,070 USD, with the 10th and 90th annual percentiles at 53,060 and 161,890 USD; the same chapter of the BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook gives a May 2025 median annual wage also of 99,070 USD. Mainland China publishes average wages by industry category, does not list this occupation separately, and does not include duty allowances, project funding, or performance pay, so the statistical definitions, populations covered, and data periods of the two markets all differ.
FermatMind career content editorial team: compiled from public materials from O*NET and the National Bureau of Statistics of Mainland China, with each item labeled with its definition, data period, and usage limits.
Verified 2026-10-09; 2025 wages, employment, and recruitment, the 2025—2035 projection, and the O*NET2026 update are kept separate. China's classification is the 2022 edition, the Meteorology Law is the 2016 amendment, and the wage provisions were published in 1990; the old 2020 URL is not treated as the publication year. Unread historical link access records are retained.
This item verified the 19-2021.00 original text and the consumer paragraph by paragraph; it reused the same-window same-day same-version O*NET six pages and the ten adjacent definition original texts and does not inherit 0076's author PASS. It re-read the BLS task environment and education, five detailed employer wages and projections, the relevant articles of the Meteorology Law, and OPM1340; the 2022 dictionary meteorological entry, NBS wages, and the same-day original texts of the wage provisions and OEWS methods were reused. The ILO introduction and extended abstract and the NIST brief are only background, and the complete occupational mapping was not read; the old CMA/NPC/MOHRSS addresses were not re-read, and certification, training, and custom were not output.
Limitations：U.S. occupational classification; does not directly prove China's position sequences or operational authorization.
Limitations：The task list describes group work and does not mean every position carries out all tasks.
Limitations：Employment and projection on this occupation's standalone definition; the size is relatively small and cannot be extrapolated to a broader occupational group.
Limitations：This occupation publishes both hourly and annual wage percentiles; the median is not a starting wage, nor an income promise.
Limitations：NBS wages are statistically based on the nature of the unit's payments, and bonuses, allowances and subsidies, and overtime pay may be included; duty allowances and performance pay are not excluded as a whole. Project budgets or funding are not automatically equal to individual wages; this round did not obtain precise occupational income and employment for China.
Limitations：Historically actually read articles 3/4/5/7/11; the nature of wage payment must be verified item by item; does not represent this occupation's wage distribution or a case-specific contract's pay
Limitations：The work context field is a respondent percentage and cannot be used to infer individual job conditions.
Limitations：The education composition is a respondent percentage, not a uniform statutory threshold.
Limitations：Employment and projection on this occupation's definition, not an individual's probability of being hired.
Limitations：Technology signals are not adoption rates or automation shares.
Limitations：The article-by-article interpretation is used to explain the unified publication system and does not constitute a determination of an individual's position authorization. This round did not re-read this historical address, and new claims use the sources actually read, without refreshing the historical access date.
Limitations：The legal text is used to verify the scope of publication authority under Article Twenty-Two and does not constitute a determination of an individual's position authorization. This round did not re-read this historical address, and new claims use the sources actually read, without refreshing the historical access date.
Limitations：The link is an O*NET summary, and the editorial-use label does not prove that a separate public editorial team record exists.
Limitations：Does not constitute a license, appointment, or publication authorization. This round retained only the historical entry point and did not output a complete training or custom report.
Limitations：The official profile provides only occupational identity and duty descriptions. This round retained only the historical entry point and did not output a complete training or custom report.
Limitations：Provides a global research definition of task exposure and job transformation and does not give this occupation's adoption rate or replacement date.
Limitations：Used for the work activity and skill definitions.
Limitations：27 group tasks; details include Importance ratings of 88/85/83, not frequency or an individual threshold.
Limitations：Hourly and annual wages come from the same source and cannot be mixed with Chinese monthly salaries or subsidies.
Limitations：Education composition does not constitute a uniform licensure standard.
Limitations：Used for the work context and work style definitions.
Limitations：No one-to-one national wage distribution for this occupation has been established; it is used only to explain China's public wage definitions and gaps. This round did not re-read this historical address, and new claims use the sources actually read, without refreshing the historical access date.
Limitations：Used to confirm field completeness.
Limitations：Hourly and annual wage percentiles on the OEWS definition for this occupation.
Limitations：2025 employment and 2025—2035 use this same occupation, not a newly added combined group or AI causation.
Limitations：Historically actually read articles 3/4/5/7/11; the nature of wage payment must be verified item by item; does not represent this occupation's wage distribution or a case-specific contract's pay
Limitations：Wage and salary workers, excluding the self-employed; incentive pay differs from non-production bonuses, and this is not the total income of all atmospheric scientists
Limitations：The 2022 occupational classification dictionary 2-02-25 meteorological engineering technicians covers observation, weather forecasting, climate monitoring and prediction, and services and overlaps in duties with this occupation; it is not an item-by-item U.S.-China equivalence and does not provide national wages for this occupation.
Limitations：Only background on a cross-occupational task exposure method, not research on this occupation's adoption, wage and employment causation, or individual authority.
Limitations：A cross-industry organizational risk reference; does not provide this occupation's authorization, technical capability, actual adoption, or causal effects.
Limitations：Task environment and coursework, detailed employer wages, and the overall projection; not a personal guarantee
Limitations：34 professional / 29 government / 16 education / 15 information / 6 other; not detailed employers or Chinese industries
Limitations：China's public forecast publication and dissemination are separate; does not provide the complete operating rules
Limitations：Only the specific federal series courses; combined education and experience still requires the same courses, and this does not represent all of the United States or China
Limitations：The definition serves only as a duty boundary, not a transfer guarantee or a uniform distance.
Limitations：The definition serves only as a duty boundary, not a transfer guarantee or a uniform distance.
Limitations：The definition serves only as a duty boundary, not a transfer guarantee or a uniform distance.
Limitations：The definition serves only as a duty boundary, not a transfer guarantee or a uniform distance.
Limitations：The definition serves only as a duty boundary, not a transfer guarantee or a uniform distance.
Limitations：The definition serves only as a duty boundary, not a transfer guarantee or a uniform distance.
Limitations：The definition serves only as a duty boundary, not a transfer guarantee or a uniform distance.
Limitations：The definition serves only as a duty boundary, not a transfer guarantee or a uniform distance.
Limitations：The definition serves only as a duty boundary, not a transfer guarantee or a uniform distance.
Limitations：The definition serves only as a duty boundary, not a transfer guarantee or a uniform distance.
NBS wages are statistically based on the nature of the unit's payments, and bonuses, allowances and subsidies, and overtime pay may be included; duty allowances and performance pay are not excluded as a whole. Project budgets or funding are not automatically equal to individual wages; this round did not obtain precise occupational income and employment for China. The 2022 occupational classification dictionary 2-02-25 meteorological engineering technicians covers observation, weather forecasting, climate monitoring and prediction, and services and overlaps in duties with this occupation; it is not an item-by-item U.S.-China equivalence and does not provide national wages for this occupation. Article 22 of China's Meteorology Law provides that public weather forecasts and severe weather warnings are issued by observatories under the competent meteorological agencies according to their duties, with timely supplementation and correction, and no other organization or individual may publish them to society on their own; observatories under other departments may issue special forecasts for their own system. Article 25 covers media dissemination using timely information from observatories with the time and name noted, and dissemination does not equal publishing on one's own. AI performance effect causation, scale validity, target contracts, and uniform duty anomaly recovery were not obtained; shared identity definitions, facts/FAQ, and exercises are frozen, and no whole-page consistency or formal acceptance is signed.
Big Five (English) · MBTI (English) · Enneagram (Chinese) · IQ (Chinese)
| Observation data, models, and spatial and temporal scope |
| Core process | Define scope → verify observations and quality control → compare models and record disagreement → form a draft and explain uncertainty → independent review → publish or escalate according to authorization. | Define scope—verify observations—compare models—produce a draft—review |
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| Main outputs | Observation and timestamp lists, quality control and missing-observation flags, model versions and comparison records, uncertainty and applicable range statements, and review and publication status records. | Reviewable observation and model records |
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| Accountable party | Analysis, records, and draft quality are the individual's responsibility; formal forecasts, warning issuance, and external messaging are decided by the institution according to authorization and protocols, and when authority is exceeded or data is incomplete you must stop at the draft and escalate. | The individual and the institution with publication authorization |
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| Authority and approval | O*NET lists 19-2021.00 as Job Zone Four (SVP 7.0 to <8.0), and among respondents 60% believe a bachelor's degree is required, 20% believe a master's degree is required, and 15% believe a doctorate is required; in the United States this occupation usually requires a bachelor's degree in meteorology or a related field, and those doing research mostly hold a master's or a doctorate. Mainland China mostly trains people in atmospheric science, meteorology, and applied meteorology, and specific standards are set by employers and regulatory authorities. | Education and preparation |
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| Conclusion boundaries | Degree, coursework and training, internal institutional position qualifications, operational duty qualifications, public-facing publication rights, and warning authorization are different statuses: a degree does not automatically bring duty qualifications, and duty qualifications do not equal external publication or warning authorization; in Mainland China, the right to publish public weather forecasts and severe weather warnings is determined by the unified publication system provided in Article Twenty-Two of the Meteorology Law of the People's Republic of China. | Not interchangeable |
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Position qualifications and duty authorization
Data and information security boundaries
Scheduling and emergency response
Continuing training and review
Key skills include reading comprehension, critical thinking, science, mathematics, and writing; key knowledge includes mathematics, physics, geography, and computers and electronics.
The interest code is IRC (Investigative + Realistic + Conventional); work styles include tolerance for ambiguity, achievement orientation, curiosity, attention to detail, and dependability. These fields describe occupational group characteristics and do not constitute an individual competence threshold.
In 2025 U.S. unique job posting mentions associated with this occupation: Office5%, Python3%, Excel3%, PowerPoint2%, R1%; of the 19 items, the remaining 14 are Not available, meaning the share was not given, not that they are not applicable, 0, or unused, and this is not an on-the-job adoption rate.
Before using automatic intake and batch comparison tools in a business process, confirm that versions are traceable, along with data permissions and review arrangements.
The exercise does not replace institutional protocols and authorization, nor does it constitute any weather warning, on-site response, or safety instruction.
| Able to first explain the process of verifying metadata, flagging missing observations, comparing model disagreement, and pausing submission for review, before discussing follow-up arrangements. |
| Do not promise publication and warning arrangements beyond your authority, and do not give definite conclusions when data is incomplete. |
| Probationary period | Complete input verification, quality control flags, and briefing drafts according to protocol, and accept peer review of judgments and records. | Records are complete and traceable; missing observations and anomalies are explicitly flagged; model versions and the reasons for choices are retained. | Do not skip quality control, and do not publish externally when authority is unclear. |
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| First 90 days on the job | Verify position qualifications, duty authorization, data permissions, and whether continuing training is in place. | Able to independently complete routine analysis and drafts and accept review; authorization and training status has been confirmed in writing. | Authorization and permissions must be confirmed in writing, and verbal promises are not a substitute. |
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Output: a set of review comments and a revision explanation.
Output: a one-page decision statement with an evidence list.
| A degree does not equal position qualifications or publication authorization. |
| A master's or doctoral degree | People who wish to pursue research | BLS research positions often require a master's or doctorate; being able to take on all research tasks is not guaranteed | Mostly required for research positions. | Must complete research training and a thesis. | Complete according to the program length and research direction. | A degree does not equal operational duty or external publication qualifications. |
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| Position pre-job training and assessment | Operational position staff | Determines whether you can independently take on operational duty. | BLS specifically states the NWS training requirement; no uniform assessment is inferred for all operational positions | The actual target institution's training and assessment are verified separately | Complete according to institutional arrangements. | Passing training does not equal external publication or warning authorization. |
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| Specific duty responsibilities and China's statutory publishing body | Positions that carry duty shifts | Internal duty and statutory public forecast publication qualifications are separate | The actual shift conditions are verified separately; in China publication falls under Article 22 of the law | Ordinary internal authorization cannot replace the duty of China's statutory observatories | No uniform review cycle was obtained this round | In China statutory publication, system-specific forecasts, and media dissemination are separate, and this page does not grant authority |
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| Data and information security training | Positions involving internal data and systems | Serves as the basis for data compliance and safe operation. | Verify against the actual data classification and position requirements; not all data is uniformly confidential | Complete according to institutional and regulatory authority requirements. | Continuously or periodically updated. | Training does not mean exemption from responsibility; violations are still handled according to protocol. |
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| Teaching and research training | Those planning to move into teaching and research | Serves as proof of teaching and research ability. | Not a threshold for operational positions. | Must be combined with teaching and research practice. | Training and practice time. | Recognition of specific teaching and research qualifications must be checked with the target institution; do not conclude that no institution recognizes them |
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Before starting work and taking up the post, verify item by item the degree, coursework and training, position qualifications, duty authorization, and data security requirements, and keep written confirmation.
Typical scope：Take responsibility for discipline development and management.
Readiness evidence：Team and standards work records.
Credential boundary：Has influence in a discipline direction.
Next moves：Move into discipline development, team management, and standards development.
Next moves：Move into industry services, remote sensing applications, or science outreach content.
Typical scope：Take responsibility for project, platform, and personnel management.
Readiness evidence：Project and management records.
Credential boundary：Has management and project experience.
Next moves：Move into project management, platform development, or team management.
Limitations：Editorial ratings use the existing occupational responsibilities and AI task analysis on this page. They are not adoption rates, measured effects, job-disappearance or personal-unemployment probabilities, or official scores from Stanford or another external institution. No measured time weights or future robot deployment are assumed.
