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SOC 13-2053
Insurance underwriters review individual insurance applications, assess the degree of risk involved, and decide whether to accept applications. Work includes reviewing applications and supporting documents, assessing health and financial risks, checking coverage amounts and accumulated risks, deciding according to rules and specifying endorsements and rates, and documenting and replying to agents. U.S. wages and employment use the precise BLS 13-2053.00 occupational category presented by O*NET (2025 median annual pay of $81,370; approximately 127,000 employed in 2024, a declining outlook for 2024—2034, and 8,200 projected openings; the main industry is finance and insurance). Mainland China official wage sources did not establish a corresponding national occupational wage distribution; this is recorded as a visible evidence gap.
Model impact index for three equally weighted representative core tasks; not a measured share of working time or a job-loss probability. floor((75+75+50)/3+0.5)=67; fermatmind-ai-impact-v1; 2026-10-18.
Taking responsibility for judgments | Fit depends on whether you can do three things within the same assignment: establish risk assessments and decisions thoroughly (review applications and supporting documents, assess health and financial risks, check coverage amounts and accumulated risks, decide on coverage or reductions and endorsements according to rules, and produce reviewable underwriting records); manage rules and compliance (follow organizational and regulatory requirements for rate and endorsement versions, reinsurance and authorization levels, grounds and audit trails for rejection and coverage reduction, and client and medical information handling boundaries); and accept clearly defined job responsibilities (take responsibility for your underwriting decisions and their basis, and seek guidance or refer risks beyond authorization or retention limits through the required process). Test this through a verifiable exercise, such as preparing a risk assessment and underwriting decision explanation using entirely fictional application materials, rather than relying only on an interest questionnaire.
Caution signals | This page corresponds to O*NET-SOC 13-2053.00, Insurance Underwriters. The official scope is to review individual insurance applications, assess the degree of risk involved, and decide whether to accept applications. Typical tasks include judging risk from health, financial standing and value, and property conditions; rejecting excessive risks; reviewing effective coverage for a single risk or a group of related risks; reducing coverage or adding endorsements and rates for substandard risks; authorizing reinsurance when necessary; and answering agents' coverage questions. The core deliverable is an explainable, reviewable underwriting decision and its basis, rather than simply approving an application. Risks include incomplete risk information, incorrect rates and endorsements, unidentified excess or accumulated risks, and decisions beyond underwriting authority. U.S. wages and employment use the precise BLS occupational category presented by O*NET (median annual pay of $81,370; approximately 127,000 employed in 2024, a declining outlook for 2024—2034, and 8,200 projected openings; the main industry is finance and insurance). Exact occupational wages for mainland China were not obtained and are recorded as a visible evidence gap. If intensive desk analysis, deadline pressure, and decision responsibility are difficult for you to tolerate, treat them as practical costs requiring serious consideration.
Insurance underwriters correspond to U.S. O*NET-SOC 13-2053.00, Insurance Underwriters. The official scope is to review individual insurance applications, assess the degree of risk involved, and decide whether to accept applications. A typical complete workflow is to review applications and supporting documents, assess health and financial risks, check coverage amounts and accumulated risks, decide on coverage or reductions and endorsements according to rules, and document the decision and reply to agents. Current U.S. national pay: a 2025 median of $81,370 per year; employment of 125,600 in 2025, -4% growth for 2025—2035, and 6,800 average annual openings (an overall projection, not attributed to AI). The exact occupational wage gap for China remains; industry averages are broad references only.
Career direction comparison
Compare core outputs, responsibility boundaries, and working patterns; do not interchange roles based on names.
| Career direction | Core work and output | Key differences | Best-fit choice |
|---|---|---|---|
| Financial Managers | Financial management | Core outputs are organizational financial planning, budgeting, and risk control management. This occupation focuses on individual risk assessment and underwriting decisions; management scope and entrusted responsibilities differ, and shared financial knowledge does not imply identical responsibilities. | Core outputs are organizational financial planning, budgeting, and risk control management. | Compare if you wish to take responsibility for organizational finances. |
| Investment Fund Managers | Investment fund management | Core outputs are portfolio decisions and performance management. This occupation focuses on risk selection and coverage terms; decision objects and regulatory frameworks differ, so roles cannot be interchanged based only on titles. |
AI impact on this career
Direct answer | Generative AI and scoring models can assist with organizing applications, extracting risk factors, initially screening anomalies, and drafting assessments. People remain responsible within their authorization for risk judgments, coverage, rejection, and reduction decisions, applicable endorsements and rates, reinsurance authorization, and information handling. Task exposure does not mean job replacement or widespread adoption; formal use requires authorization, human review, and an audit trail. This page provides no replacement probability or timetable. AI Impact Score 67% is an editorial estimate. Model impact index for three equally weighted representative core tasks; not a measured share of working time or a job-loss probability. floor((75+75+50)/3+0.5)=67; fermatmind-ai-impact-v1; 2026-10-18.The three tasks, ratings and sources are listed in the FermatMind method source record on this page.
FermatMind AI Impact Score estimation method v1
FermatMind / 费马测试 · 2026-10-18
Chinese mainland salary reference
Broad reference | Insurance application risk checks and underwriting duties relate to the financial industry. National Bureau of Statistics Tables 2 / 5: average annual wages of employees in urban financial-sector entities in China in 2025 were CNY 211,164 in non-private entities and CNY 140,451 in private entities. These figures are not this occupation's wage range, median, or take-home income. Source: https://www.stats.gov.cn/zwfwck/sjfb/202605/t20260515_1963707.html.
Insufficient evidence: the mainland China official wage sources checked in this round did not establish a national occupational wage distribution corresponding one-to-one to U.S. O*NET Insurance Underwriters (13-2053.00). Exact medians, percentiles, or stable monthly salaries therefore cannot be generated; this page does not fill the gap with industry averages, advertised salaries, or U.S. data.
No reliable figure currently available
U.S. salary reference
U.S. wages in 2025 | Annual wages at the 10 / 25 / 50 / 75 / 90 percentiles were $55,530 / 64,620 / 81,370 / 110,390 / 145,160 respectively, with a median of $81,370 per year. Percentiles are neither minimum wages nor experience levels; the data do not represent individual take-home income.
| Percentile | Annual reference | Monthly equivalent | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lower percentiles | $55,530 per year | — | 2025 U.S. national wage percentiles; not individual quotes or experience levels. |
Fit signals
Direct answer | Fit signals include identifying specific issues in financial and health risks, consistently documenting and analyzing them, escalating uncertainty or matters beyond authority, and leaving reviewable records. Personality labels do not establish fit. Interest and personality tools can only help design trials; they cannot determine hiring eligibility, authorization, or performance.
Positive signals： Positive signals | You can extract and assess risk factors according to rules, check coverage amounts and accumulated risks, and specify endorsements and rates; preserve grounds and decisions in reviewable records; and hand work over accurately within authorization and compliance boundaries.
Caution conditions： Caution conditions | Risk signals include deciding with incomplete risk information, citing incorrect rate and endorsement versions, missing accumulated or excess risks, making underwriting or reinsurance decisions beyond authority, and handling client and medical information outside permitted boundaries. If intensive desk analysis, deadline pressure, and decision responsibility are difficult for you to tolerate, treat them as practical costs requiring serious consideration.
Trial actions：
Risks and boundaries
Risks must be handled through their triggers, consequences, controls, and escalation boundaries.
Risk scenarios are editorial analyses based on occupational tasks; sources support task context, not accident rates or statutory permission. Check local rules for specific qualifications and authorization.
Typical scenario：Incomplete, distorted, or unverified applications and supporting documents.
Roles most affected：Insurance Underwriters
Possible consequence：May cause incorrect underwriting and subsequent claim payment risks.
Entry paths
Entry preparation | BLS OOH typically specifies a bachelor's degree; some applicants with associate degrees or high school education and insurance experience may also meet job requirements. O*NET education responses of 70% bachelor's degree, 10% high school, and 10% associate degree describe respondents' information. Beginners process basic applications under experienced underwriters' supervision; courses / certifications do not confer underwriting signing or reinsurance authority. Source: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/business-and-financial/insurance-underwriters.htm.
Market signals
Overall U.S. employment projection, not attributed to AI | O*NET 13-2053.00: employment of 125,600 in 2025, -4% growth for 2025—2035, and 6,800 projected average annual openings (including growth and replacement needs). Insufficient evidence: a national employment projection and a standardized recruitment sample for this occupation in China were not obtained; these figures cannot be converted into individual hiring probabilities.
Source coverage · Insurance Underwriters
Overall U.S. employment projection, not attributed to AI | O*NET 13-2053.00: employment of 125,600 in 2025, -4% growth for 2025—2035, and 6,800 projected average annual openings (including growth and replacement needs). Insufficient evidence: a national employment projection and a standardized recruitment sample for this occupation in China were not obtained; these figures cannot be converted into individual hiring probabilities.
Market signals
Recruitment samples, employment size, and openings must be interpreted separately.
Work in O*NET 13-2053.00 primarily involves desk analysis and communication: email daily, 100%; sitting continually or almost continually, 93%; telephone conversations daily, 90%; indoors in a controlled environment daily, 87%; time pressure daily, 60%; decisions daily, 63%; exactness or accuracy extremely important, 57%; a 40-hour workweek, 60%; and high competition, 43%.
Choose a real task from this page for a small practice project or a conversation with someone in the field. Use the planning guides to set a date, an output and feedback questions before deciding whether to continue.
Fit signals | Work activities in O*NET 13-2053.00 primarily involve obtaining information, making decisions and solving problems, analyzing data, using computers, and establishing and maintaining relationships. If you are willing to continually check and analyze financial and health risks, accurately document assumptions, grounds, and conclusions, and work steadily under deadline pressure and decision responsibility, these daily requirements may align with your working style. Interest and personality tools are only for designing trials; they cannot determine hiring eligibility or performance.
This is a work sample check, not a personality diagnosis or hiring conclusion.
To assess whether insurance underwriting suits you, first conduct a verifiable exercise using public or simulated materials: create an entirely fictional individual insurance application scenario, and outline the process from checking the application and supporting documents, assessing health and financial risks, checking coverage amounts and accumulated risks, and deciding on acceptance or coverage reduction with specified endorsements and rates to recording the decision and replying to the agent. Mark checks and possible problems at each step (incomplete or distorted risk information, incorrect rate and endorsement versions, unidentified individual and accumulated risks, underwriting or reinsurance decisions beyond authority, and mishandled client and medical information). Afterwards, check whether risk evidence, rate and endorsement versions, authorization levels, and information handling boundaries are indispensable; decisions beyond authority or retention limits are referred or submitted for guidance; and the process leaves reviewable records. All materials must be fictional; do not use real applicant, medical, or policy information.
The first checks concern the objects (insurance applications and supporting documents, health and financial risk information, rate and endorsement rules), inputs (application materials and evidence, rate and endorsement versions, underwriting authorization and retention limits), and deliverables (risk assessment records, coverage, rejection, or reduction decisions and grounds, and reply records). Anything unverified must remain pending verification; intuition based on experience or proxy categories cannot replace risk evidence and rule versions.
Assess the complete workflow in four steps: check inputs (confirm application evidence, rate and endorsement versions, and authorization limits) → define the task (decide only within authorization and the applicable scope of rules) → execute and document (complete assessments, decisions, and audit trails to standard) → review and escalate (stop immediately and report insufficient evidence, risks above retention limits, or rejection or reduction disputes). A complete workflow requires verifiable evidence, rules, and authorization, rather than merely issuing a decision on time.
| Dimension | Primary track | Comparison track |
|---|---|---|
| Complete workflow | Evidence, assessment, decisions, and records | |
| Step one | Review applications and supporting documents | |
| Step two | Assess health and financial risks | |
| Step three | Check coverage amounts and accumulated risks | |
| Step four | Decide according to rules and specify endorsements and rates | |
| Step five | Record the grounds for decisions | |
| Step six | Reply to agents and review |
Objects of work | Underwrite within authorization and compliance boundaries, working with insurance applications and supporting documents, health and financial risk information, rate and endorsement rules, and records of coverage amounts and accumulated risks.
Checkable outputs | Reviewable risk assessment records; coverage, rejection, or coverage reduction decisions and their grounds; rate and endorsement references; reinsurance or referral records; and replies to agents. Results must be traceable to application materials and rule versions.
Complete workflow | Review applications and supporting documents → assess health and financial risks → check coverage amounts and accumulated risks → decide according to rules and specify endorsements and rates → document and reply to agents.
Qualifications, authorization, and underwriting signing authority must still be verified by the specific jurisdiction, organization, or employer. Training or certificates do not automatically confer underwriting or reinsurance authority.
The objects of insurance underwriting work and AI boundaries AI can assist with organizing records and summarizing information, but cannot replace authorized judgments or ultimate responsibility.
| Core outputs are portfolio decisions and performance management. |
| Compare if you wish to make investment decisions. |
| Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators | Claims adjusting, examining, and investigation | Core outputs concern claim liability, policy terms, and investigation findings. This occupation works at the underwriting stage, assessing risk and deciding whether to accept it; timing and authorization differ and must be checked separately. | Core outputs concern claim liability, policy terms, and investigation findings. | Compare if you wish to determine liability at the claims stage. |
|---|
| Accountants and Auditors | Accounting and auditing | Core outputs are financial reports, audits, and compliance opinions. This occupation focuses on insurance risk selection; standards and responsibilities differ and cannot be applied interchangeably. | Core outputs are financial reports, audits, and compliance opinions. | Compare if you wish to work in accounting and auditing. |
|---|
Neighboring occupations require their own tools, qualifications, and evidence of responsibility.
Next, test the direction through observable deliverables.
Editorial ratings use the existing occupational responsibilities and AI task analysis on this page. They are not adoption rates, measured effects, job-disappearance or personal-unemployment probabilities, or official scores from Stanford or another external institution. No measured time weights or future robot deployment are assumed.
First distinguish tasks that can be assisted from ultimate responsibility.
A technical demonstration does not establish organizational adoption.
Task exposure cannot establish when jobs will be eliminated.
| Work area | Task | Current change | Human control point |
|---|---|---|---|
| Applications and initial screening | Extract risk factors from applications and supporting documents | Possible assistance: organizing application materials, extracting risk factors, initially screening anomalies and inconsistencies, and drafting assessments. These outputs can be checked afterwards, but original application materials and rule versions must still be revisited. | Revisit original documents item by item to avoid omissions and unauthorized sharing |
| Risk and assessment | Check health, finances, and accumulated coverage amounts | Information comparison may be trialed; risks cannot be determined automatically | Human control points: revisit original applications and supporting documents, review key judgments, and take responsibility for risk judgments, coverage, rejection and reduction decisions, applicable rates and endorsements, and reinsurance authorization. |
| Underwriting and records | Grounds for coverage, rejection, or reduction | Reply drafts may be trialed; underwriting decisions are not automatic | Authorized personnel confirm rates, endorsements, and conclusions |
| Reinsurance and escalation | High-risk reinsurance applications and handovers | Record summaries may be trialed | Confirm reinsurance authorization; escalate excess amounts or insufficient evidence |
Use of evidence | O*NET 13-2053.00 supports task context; possible AI assistance and human control points are editorial analysis on this page. Overall employment projections cover 2025—2035 and are not attributed to AI; they do not supply adoption rates, replacement rates, or effects.
Differences in impact | Different steps within the same occupation may be affected differently. Steps more readily represented in text and checked afterwards (organizing materials, extracting risk factors, initial anomaly screening, and assessment drafts) are candidates for tool trials; actual efficiency must be tested using samples from the role. Steps involving risk judgments, underwriting decisions, rates and endorsements, and reinsurance authorization require greater human responsibility.
AI primarily changesEditorial recommendation: trial information organization; actual effects remain to be verified
Human responsibility remainsResponsibility and authorization
AI primarily changesEditorial recommendation: trial information organization; actual effects remain to be verified
Human responsibility remainsOriginal record checks
Responsibility chain | From confirming applications and authorization through tool processing or scoring, human review, underwriting decisions and reinsurance approval, and recordkeeping, every step must have a clear responsible person and traceable evidence. Underwriting conclusions must not rely solely on a model.
Confirm sources, permissions, and versions.
Assist only within the known scope.
The responsible person reviews outputs.
Stop immediately and report anomalies.
Will amplify incorrect conclusions.
Control: Check original materials.
Will change responsibility boundaries.
Control: Follow the authorization chain.
May overlook exceptions.
Control: Retain human judgment.
Practice reviewable work samples.
Retain process and failure records.
Define permissions and stopping conditions first.
Task exposure cannot establish a date for job elimination; this page provides no replacement probability or timetable.
Source: 13-2053.00 - Insurance UnderwritersOriginal source ↗
No. Task exposure, organizational adoption, productivity changes, and job numbers are four distinct measurement objects; none can be inferred from another.
Source: 13-2053.00 - Insurance UnderwritersOriginal source ↗
No. Authorized personnel must take responsibility for risk judgments, coverage, rejection and reduction decisions, applicable rates and endorsements, and reinsurance authorization.
Source: Hot Technologies: 13-2053.00 - Insurance UnderwritersOriginal source ↗
Turning point | Editorial judgment: tools may help improve information organization and initial screening, but do not change who is responsible for risk judgments, underwriting decisions, rates and endorsements, or reinsurance authorization. A practical approach is to build strong risk analysis and rule application skills first, then introduce tools into low-risk steps that can be reviewed and traced.
No reliable figure currently available
No reliable figure currently available
A bounded search did not establish a reliable figure; this item is not a starting salary, take-home income, or individual quote.
| Job scope | Reference value | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| Insufficient evidence: no reliable mapping established (high school / secondary vocational school) | Verify against organizational announcements | Do not use proxy figures. |
| Insufficient evidence: no reliable mapping established (junior college) | Verify against organizational announcements | Do not use proxy figures. |
| Insufficient evidence: no reliable mapping established (bachelor's degree) | Verify against organizational announcements | Do not use proxy figures. |
| Insufficient evidence: no reliable mapping established (other) | Verify for the specific jurisdiction | Do not use proxy figures. |
No reliable figure currently available
No reliable figure currently available
No reliable figure currently available
AI and pay boundaries | Tools may be considered for information organization trials when authorized. Insufficient evidence: data on AI adoption, actual efficiency, and causal effects on pay in this occupation were not obtained; wages are not inferred from task exposure.
| Median | $81,370 per year | — | 2025 U.S. national wage percentiles; not individual quotes or experience levels. |
|---|
| Higher percentiles | $145,160 per year | — | 2025 U.S. national wage percentiles; not individual quotes or experience levels. |
|---|
Pay · 10th percentile：$55,530 per year；National Wages: 13-2053.00 - Insurance Underwriters
Pay · 25th percentile：$64,620 per year；National Wages: 13-2053.00 - Insurance Underwriters
Pay · Median：$81,370 per year；National Wages: 13-2053.00 - Insurance Underwriters
Pay · 75th percentile：$110,390 per year；National Wages: 13-2053.00 - Insurance Underwriters
Pay · 90th percentile：$145,160 per year；National Wages: 13-2053.00 - Insurance Underwriters
No.
The coverage must be checked.
Follow the source period.
They cannot be combined directly.
| Industry | Median annual wages (USD, 2025) | How to interpret |
|---|---|---|
| Direct health and medical insurance carriers | $91,290 per year | 2025 U.S. median annual wages for this occupation by industry; BLS OOH Pay subtable for the precise occupation; not an industry-wide employee average or individual quote. |
| Credit intermediation and related activities | $86,690 per year | 2025 U.S. median annual wages for this occupation by industry; BLS OOH Pay subtable for the precise occupation; not an industry-wide employee average or individual quote. |
| Other insurance-related activities | $81,340 per year | 2025 U.S. median annual wages for this occupation by industry; BLS OOH Pay subtable for the precise occupation; not an industry-wide employee average or individual quote. |
| Insurance agencies and brokerages | $80,740 per year | 2025 U.S. median annual wages for this occupation by industry; BLS OOH Pay subtable for the precise occupation; not an industry-wide employee average or individual quote. |
Verify for the specific jurisdiction.
Verify against job responsibilities.
Do not extrapolate across regions.
Overall employment projection for the precise U.S. occupation, not attributed to AI； does not represent a real-time recruitment sample or individual hiring probability.
Overall employment projection for the precise U.S. occupation, not attributed to AI； does not represent a real-time recruitment sample or individual hiring probability.
Overall employment projection for the precise U.S. occupation, not attributed to AI； does not represent a real-time recruitment sample or individual hiring probability.
Check using work samples rather than substituting labels for judgment.
Conclusion | Activity preferences align more closely with a combination of following procedures, a business perspective, and investigative inquiry (O*NET interest code CEI). However, interest codes can only help design trials; they cannot determine hiring eligibility or performance.
Do not use it this way: This cannot establish hiring, qualifications, or performance.
Start a career interest trialCheck using work samples rather than substituting labels for judgment.
Conclusion | This page provides no validation evidence that personality tests predict performance in this occupation. Continue checking against real tasks, responsibility boundaries, and reviewable deliverables rather than drawing conclusions from a single label.
Do not use it this way: This cannot establish hiring, qualifications, or performance.
Start a career interest trialCheck using work samples rather than substituting labels for judgment.
Conclusion | RIASEC or personality frameworks can only help formulate questions; they cannot replace work samples, learning ability, qualifications, and actual performance evidence for this occupation. No tool conclusion constitutes a hiring, authorization, or appointment decision.
Do not use it this way: This cannot establish hiring, qualifications, or performance.
Start a career interest trialCheck using work samples rather than substituting labels for judgment.
Continue checking against real tasks, responsibility boundaries, and reviewable deliverables.
Do not use it this way: This cannot establish hiring, qualifications, or performance.
Start a career interest trialCheck using work samples rather than substituting labels for judgment.
Continue checking against real tasks, responsibility boundaries, and reviewable deliverables.
Do not use it this way: This cannot establish hiring, qualifications, or performance.
Start a career interest trialCheck using work samples rather than substituting labels for judgment.
Continue checking against real tasks, responsibility boundaries, and reviewable deliverables.
Do not use it this way: This cannot establish hiring, qualifications, or performance.
Start a career interest trialFits better when: Enjoy checking applications and supporting documents for completeness and consistency against a checklist.
Watch for: Insufficient evidence requires further documents or escalation.
Fits better when: Willing to assess risk degree and level according to rules.
Watch for: Assessment grounds must be reviewable.
Fits better when: Willing to check rate and endorsement versions and apply them correctly.
Watch for: Incorrect version references cause pricing issues.
Fits better when: Willing to check coverage thresholds for individual and combined risks.
Watch for: Reinsurance authorization follows the hierarchy.
Fits better when: Willing to document decision grounds and answer agents' questions.
Watch for: Records must be traceable.
Fits better when: Willing to handle health and financial information on a minimum necessary basis.
Watch for: Information protection requirements follow regulations and policies.
Continue checking with safe work samples and responsibility boundaries.
Continue checking with safe work samples and responsibility boundaries.
Continue checking with safe work samples and responsibility boundaries.
Continue checking with safe work samples and responsibility boundaries.
Continue checking with safe work samples and responsibility boundaries.
Continue checking with safe work samples and responsibility boundaries.
Continue checking with safe work samples and responsibility boundaries.
Continue checking with safe work samples and responsibility boundaries.
How to reduce risk：Check evidence against a checklist, requesting further documents or a medical examination when necessary.
Evidence：13-2053.00 - Insurance Underwriters
Typical scenario：Outdated rates, incorrect endorsements, or failure to reduce coverage as required.
Roles most affected：Insurance Underwriters
Possible consequence：May cause pricing errors and compliance issues.
How to reduce risk：Check rule versions and endorsement lists, retaining grounds and an audit trail.
Evidence：13-2053.00 - Insurance Underwriters
Typical scenario：Failing to identify effective coverage for a single risk or a group of closely related risks.
Roles most affected：Insurance Underwriters
Possible consequence：May create exposure beyond risk-bearing capacity.
How to reduce risk：Review company records and reinsurance arrangements and escalate according to thresholds.
Evidence：13-2053.00 - Insurance Underwriters
Typical scenario：Processing, sharing, or sending applicants' health and financial information beyond authorization.
Roles most affected：Insurance Underwriters
Possible consequence：May create compliance risks and harm rights and interests.
How to reduce risk：Handle information within the minimum necessary and authorized scope and retain processing records.
Evidence：13-2053.00 - Insurance Underwriters
Typical scenario：Shortening assessment or review steps during application peaks.
Roles most affected：Insurance Underwriters
Possible consequence：May cause misjudgments in batches and rework.
How to reduce risk：Process in batches according to procedures and retain review records.
Evidence：13-2053.00 - Insurance Underwriters
Typical scenario：Continuing despite insufficient evidence, rules, or authorization conditions.
Roles most affected：Insurance Underwriters
Possible consequence：May override underwriting authorization, professional opinions, or organizational policies.
How to reduce risk：First stop the relevant step and hand over facts, impacts, and unresolved issues to an authorized responsible person.
Evidence：13-2053.00 - Insurance Underwriters
Typical scope：Responsibilities by stage | At entry and trial stages, assess and document under supervision and within low-limit authorization. At later stages, independently make coverage and reduction decisions within the authorization level, taking responsibility for their basis and records.
Readiness evidence：Reviewable evidence | Demonstrate ability with entirely fictional application materials: risk factor extraction, assessment grounds, coverage or reduction decisions, rate and endorsement references, and reply records. Do not use real applicant, medical, or policy information; state the basis and assumptions.
Credential boundary：Verify under specific jurisdictional and employer rules.
Next moves：Next action | Complete a fictional risk assessment and underwriting decision task package and review record. Ask an experienced person to challenge your risk judgments, rule application, and authorization boundaries, then use the feedback to decide whether to invest further in this direction. Demonstrate ability through observable deliverables rather than course names.
Typical scope：Perform responsibilities within job authorization.
Readiness evidence：Retain reviewable deliverables.
Credential boundary：Verify under specific jurisdictional and employer rules.
Next moves：Transfer paths | Before changing careers, list transferable skills (risk information checks, rule and rate application, data analysis, records and communication, and authorization and audit trails), then specify the tools, qualifications, and evidence of responsibility required for the new role. Moving into finance, investment management, claims and investigation, accounting and auditing, or valuation requires the corresponding management, liability determination, standards, or valuation evidence.
Typical scope：Perform responsibilities within job authorization.
Readiness evidence：Retain reviewable deliverables.
Credential boundary：Verify under specific jurisdictional and employer rules.
Next moves：Obtain the necessary tools, qualifications, and evidence of responsibility.
Typical scope：Perform responsibilities within job authorization.
Readiness evidence：Retain reviewable deliverables.
Credential boundary：Verify under specific jurisdictional and employer rules.
Next moves：Obtain the necessary tools, qualifications, and evidence of responsibility.
Typical scope：Perform responsibilities within job authorization.
Readiness evidence：Retain reviewable deliverables.
Credential boundary：Verify under specific jurisdictional and employer rules.
Next moves：Obtain the necessary tools, qualifications, and evidence of responsibility.
Typical scope：Perform responsibilities within job authorization.
Readiness evidence：Retain reviewable deliverables.
Credential boundary：Verify under specific jurisdictional and employer rules.
Next moves：Obtain the necessary tools, qualifications, and evidence of responsibility.
Typical scope：Perform responsibilities within job authorization.
Readiness evidence：Retain reviewable deliverables.
Credential boundary：Verify under specific jurisdictional and employer rules.
Next moves：Obtain the necessary tools, qualifications, and evidence of responsibility.
Typical scope：Perform responsibilities within job authorization.
Readiness evidence：Retain reviewable deliverables.
Credential boundary：Verify under specific jurisdictional and employer rules.
Next moves：Obtain the necessary tools, qualifications, and evidence of responsibility.
Typical scope：Perform responsibilities within job authorization.
Readiness evidence：Retain reviewable deliverables.
Credential boundary：Verify under specific jurisdictional and employer rules.
Next moves：Obtain the necessary tools, qualifications, and evidence of responsibility.
Typical scope：Perform responsibilities within job authorization.
Readiness evidence：Retain reviewable deliverables.
Credential boundary：Verify under specific jurisdictional and employer rules.
Next moves：Obtain the necessary tools, qualifications, and evidence of responsibility.
Confirm sources, permissions, and versions.
Observe stopping and escalation conditions.
Create reviewable records.
Expand within the authorized scope.
Does not establish：Cannot serve as an individual employment guarantee.
Source coverage · Insurance Underwriters
No reliable figure currently available
Market signals
Recruitment samples, employment size, and openings must be interpreted separately.
Does not establish：Cannot serve as an individual employment guarantee.
Source coverage · Insurance Underwriters
No reliable figure currently available
Market signals
Recruitment samples, employment size, and openings must be interpreted separately.
Does not establish：Cannot serve as an individual employment guarantee.
These are capability relationships, not automatic promotions or credential waivers.
Transfers：Transferable skills | Shared foundations in related directions include risk information checks and judgments, rule and rate application, data analysis, records and communication, and authorization and audit trails. Each path still requires the tools, qualifications, and evidence of responsibility corresponding to its new outputs and obligations.
Build next：Skill gaps | Moving into neighboring fields such as financial management, investment fund management, claims adjusting and investigation, accounting and auditing, or real estate valuation requires the corresponding management, investment, liability determination, accounting standards, or valuation evidence. Proximity supports comparison of directions; it does not mean automatic job transfer or mutual recognition of qualifications.
View career profileTransfers：Risk information checks, rule application, analytical records, and communication
Build next：Portfolio and performance management
View career profileTransfers：Understanding insurance processes and terms
Build next：Claims liability determination and investigation
View career profileTransfers：Risk information checks, rule application, analytical records, and communication
Build next：Accounting standards and audit requirements
View career profileTransfers：Risk information checks, rule application, analytical records, and communication
Build next：Valuation methods and practice requirements
View career profileTransfers：Risk information checks, rule application, analytical records, and communication
Build next：Organizational financial planning and team management
View career profileThis occupation works at the underwriting stage: reviewing applications, assessing risk, and deciding whether and on what terms to accept it. Financial managers handle organizational financial planning; investment fund managers make portfolio decisions; claims adjusters and investigators determine liability at the claims stage; accountants and auditors issue financial and audit opinions; and valuers assess property value. Compare core outputs, authorized scope, and responsibility boundaries rather than interchanging titles.
Fit signals include identifying specific issues in financial and health risks, consistently documenting and analyzing them, escalating uncertainty or matters beyond authority, and leaving reviewable records. Personality labels do not establish fit. Interest and personality tools can only help design trials; they cannot determine hiring eligibility or performance.
Generative AI and scoring models can assist with organizing applications, extracting risk factors, initially screening anomalies, and drafting assessments. People remain responsible within their authorization for risk judgments, coverage, rejection and reduction decisions, applicable endorsements and rates, reinsurance authorization, and information handling. Task exposure does not mean job replacement or widespread adoption; this page provides no replacement probability or timetable.
Model output cannot replace risk judgments and underwriting decisions. People must revisit original applications and supporting documents, review key judgments, and take responsibility for risk judgments, coverage, rejection and reduction decisions, applicable rates and endorsements, and reinsurance authorization.
Insufficient evidence: the mainland China official wage sources checked in this round did not establish a national occupational wage distribution corresponding one-to-one to O*NET Insurance Underwriters (13-2053.00). Exact medians, percentiles, or stable monthly salaries therefore cannot be generated; this page shows the gap rather than filling it with industry averages, advertised salaries, or U.S. data.
According to BLS 2025 data presented by O*NET (the precise occupation 13-2053.00): median hourly pay is $39.12 and median annual pay is $81,370. The O*NET summary page does not list the 10 / 25 / 75 / 90 percentiles, so this page does not publish them. OEWS covers employer-reported wages, excluding benefits and bonuses; the median is not a starting salary or individual take-home income.
O*NET preparation information places this occupation in Job Zone Four: most require a four-year bachelor's degree (70% report a bachelor's degree, 10% a high school diploma, and 10% an associate or other two-year degree). O*NET training and certification pages can explain preparation and certification discovery routes, but certification, hiring, and underwriting authorization must be checked separately.
The main risks fall into four categories: risk information and evidence, applicable rates and endorsements, accumulated and excess risks, and client and medical information handling. Key controls are to document application evidence and further documents, rate and endorsement versions, individual and accumulated risk thresholds, and minimum necessary and authorized information scope, and to stop immediately and report when evidence, rules, or authorization conditions are insufficient.
For the United States, the precise BLS occupational category presented by O*NET shows approximately 127,000 employed in 2024, a declining outlook for 2024—2034, and 8,200 projected openings. Openings include growth and replacement needs; they are not net new jobs and cannot be converted directly into recruitment volume or individual hiring probabilities.
This page does not draw employment or hiring conclusions. It provides a verifiable trial route: use entirely fictional application materials to complete risk factor extraction, assessment grounds, coverage or reduction decisions, rate and endorsement references, and reply records. Decide whether to continue based on observable deliverables rather than only an interest questionnaire or promotional claims.
Evidence for China, the United States, global contexts, and specific jurisdictions is stated separately; conclusions about pay, employment, qualifications, safety, and AI must not be combined across scopes. The insurance underwriter page provides career decision and safe trial information; it does not replace local legal, medical, financial, safety, professional practice, or other professional advice. Any statement of insufficient evidence means only that a bounded search did not establish reliable data; proxies or model memory must not be used to fabricate figures. This page covers only the precise O*NET / SOC occupation 13-2053.00, Insurance Underwriters.
FermatMind research workflow
2024 enterprise wage survey information published 2025; accessed 2026-08-31
Enterprise compensation survey information
Limitations：This source did not establish a Chinese national occupational wage distribution corresponding one-to-one to the precise U.S. O*NET occupation on this page.
Limitations：Applies only to this O*NET occupation and the U.S. market; does not establish a Chinese mapping, Chinese wages, or legal authorization.
Limitations：Applies only to this O*NET occupation and the U.S. market; does not establish a Chinese mapping, Chinese wages, or legal authorization.
Limitations：Applies only to this O*NET occupation and the U.S. market; does not establish a Chinese mapping, Chinese wages, or legal authorization.
Limitations：Applies only to this O*NET occupation and the U.S. market; does not establish a Chinese mapping, Chinese wages, or legal authorization.
Limitations：Applies only to this O*NET occupation and the U.S. market; does not establish a Chinese mapping, Chinese wages, or legal authorization.
Limitations：Applies only to this O*NET occupation and the U.S. market; does not establish a Chinese mapping, Chinese wages, or legal authorization.
Limitations：BLS OEWS wage data presented by O*NET OnLine; retains the period, employed population, geography, and units.
Limitations：Applies only to this O*NET occupation and the U.S. market; does not establish a Chinese mapping, Chinese wages, or legal authorization.
Limitations：Editorial ratings use the existing occupational responsibilities and AI task analysis on this page. They are not adoption rates, measured effects, job-disappearance or personal-unemployment probabilities, or official scores from Stanford or another external institution. No measured time weights or future robot deployment are assumed.
Author check on 2026-10-11 | O*NET 13-2053.00 provides occupational task and preparation context. The national wage page's 2025 percentiles are $55,530 / 64,620 / 81,370 / 110,390 / 145,160 per year; employment uses a 2025 base year and 2025—2035 projections. NBS Tables 2 / 5 support only average annual wages for China's financial industry, not this occupation. AI analysis is task-level editorial judgment. The shared registry, Hero, and FAQ retain their original definitions; no claim of page-wide consistency is made. The BLS OOH Pay industry subtable for the precise occupation was checked before handover: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/business-and-financial/insurance-underwriters.htm; the U.S. pay industry rows have been updated.
Typical scope：Perform responsibilities within job authorization.
Readiness evidence：Retain reviewable deliverables.
Credential boundary：Verify under specific jurisdictional and employer rules.
Next moves：Obtain the necessary tools, qualifications, and evidence of responsibility.
Typical scope：Perform responsibilities within job authorization.
Readiness evidence：Retain reviewable deliverables.
Credential boundary：Verify under specific jurisdictional and employer rules.
Next moves：Obtain the necessary tools, qualifications, and evidence of responsibility.
