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SOC 19-1022
Microbiologists (O*NET 19-1022.00) study the growth, structure, and characteristics of microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, and fungi, including medical microbiology. Verify biosafety and ethics requirements by jurisdiction.
Model impact index for three equally weighted representative core tasks; not a measured share of working time or a job-loss probability. floor((50+0+75)/3+0.5)=42; fermatmind-ai-impact-v1; 2026-10-18.
Suited to people who can design and conduct reproducible experiments, follow biosafety standards, and draw conclusions from data rather than expectations.
Safe work sample (entirely fictional experimental data): For a fictional research question, spend 60 minutes outlining hypotheses and protocols, aseptic and biosafety practices, data quality controls, statistical analysis and limitations, and situations requiring confirmation by authorized people. Do not use real pathogens or restricted samples.
Suitable conditions: Willingness to invest in experimental and research cycles over the long term, maintain procedures and records through repeated failures, and accept peer review. Reasons for caution: If long research cycles and biosafety responsibilities are hard to tolerate, compare other life science directions first.
Microbiologists corresponds to O*NET 19-1022.00. Duties involve studying the growth, structure, development, and other characteristics of microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, and fungi. This includes medical microbiologists studying relationships between microorganisms and disease or antibiotic effects.
Microbiologists corresponds to O*NET 19-1022.00. Duties involve studying the growth, structure, development, and other characteristics of microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, and fungi. This includes medical microbiologists studying relationships between microorganisms and disease or antibiotic effects. This page does not equate research conclusions with clinical diagnosis or biosafety approval.
Career direction comparison
Difference from medical scientists: They focus more on human disease research and clinical investigation; this occupation studies microorganisms.
| Career direction | Core work and output | Key differences | Best-fit choice |
|---|---|---|---|
| Health Informatics Specialists | Design and maintain health information systems and data standards, producing system plans and data governance rules. | Difference from biochemists: They focus on molecular and biochemical mechanisms; this occupation centers on microbial culture and characteristics. | Difference from laboratory technicians: They focus on clinical sample testing and reporting; this occupation centers on research experiments. |
| Document Management Specialists | Manage organizational documents and record lifecycles, producing archiving, retention, and retrieval standards. |
AI impact on this career
Editorial trial hypothesis: Organize literature leads, approved records, and image annotation leads. Actual adoption and reliable effects were not obtained; people verify key responsibilities. AI Impact Score 42% is an editorial estimate. Model impact index for three equally weighted representative core tasks; not a measured share of working time or a job-loss probability. floor((50+0+75)/3+0.5)=42; fermatmind-ai-impact-v1; 2026-10-18.The three tasks, ratings and sources are listed in the FermatMind method source record on this page.
FermatMind AI Impact Score estimation method v1
FermatMind / 费马测试 · 2026-10-18
Editorial ratings use the existing occupational responsibilities and AI task analysis on this page. They are not adoption rates, measured effects, job-disappearance or personal-unemployment probabilities, or official scores from Stanford or another external institution. No measured time weights or future robot deployment are assumed.
Chinese mainland salary reference
2025 scientific research and technical services annual averages: Non-private 182,064 and private 83,560 yuan / year. An industry reference for employers in that industry, not a substitute for occupational wages.
Classification boundary: zh-CN is only the page language; it does not prove an exact equivalent occupation exists in mainland China. Do not extrapolate starting pay, medians, or individual income across jurisdictions from industry averages or U.S. wages.
182,064 yuan / year; annual average, not monthly pay
83,560 yuan / year; annual average, not monthly pay
U.S. wage reference
All five 2025 percentiles and direct hourly rates were checked; the median is not starting pay or an individual offer.；U.S. occupation 19-1022.00: 2025 wages and 2025—2035 projections; not starting pay, Chinese wages, or personal guarantees.
| Wage level | Annual pay reference | Monthly equivalent | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 25th percentile | $67,100 | $32.26 / hour | A statistical percentile position, not years of experience.；2025 wages: 10th percentile annual pay $54,670, directly reported hourly pay $26.28; 25th percentile annual pay $67,100, direct hourly pay $32.26; 50th percentile annual pay $87,990, direct hourly pay $42.30; 75th percentile annual pay $122,350, direct hourly pay $58.82; 90th percentile annual pay $150,000, direct hourly pay $72.12. Percentiles are statistical positions, not experience stages or take-home income. |
| Median | $87,990 | $42.30 / hour |
Career fit guide
Assess fit through observable behavior: Can you design and conduct reproducible experiments, follow biosafety standards, and draw conclusions from data rather than expectations?
Positive signals： Willingness to follow procedures and repeatedly check data, adhere to biosafety and recording standards, and clearly communicate results and limitations to a team.
Conditions requiring caution： If experimental failures and long research cycles are hard to tolerate, or biosafety responsibilities do not suit you, compare other life science directions first.
Next trial action： Complete a design—analysis—interpretation exercise using entirely fictional experimental data, then decide whether to continue.
Work pressure, risks, and occupational boundaries
When risks or unresolved abnormalities arise, first pause related actions and refer to the responsible person under actual institutional procedures.
Official tasks and work context support editorial task suggestions, not accident rates or uniform statutory standards.
Typical scenario：Inadequate biosafety or infection control measures.
Roles most affected：Culture, testing, analysis, research supervision, and biosafety responsibility roles
Possible consequence：May endanger people and the environment, cause incorrect conclusions, or undermine reproducibility; this page does not quantify probabilities
How to reduce risk：Follow graded protection and operating procedures and receive training.
Entry, qualifications, and career development
BLS typically lists a bachelor's degree in microbiology or a related field for entry; some employers prefer, or roles require, a master's or doctorate. O*NET JobZone4. Do not turn a postgraduate preference into an occupation-wide requirement
Career outlook and transitions to related occupations
U.S. 19-1022.00: Employment in 2025—2035 is projected to move from 20,100→21,400, +6%, a net change of +1,300. Average annual openings of 1,500 include growth and replacement demand. The overall projection does not establish AI causality.
United States, national; distinguish employment stock, growth, net change, and openings. Generative AI net job causality was not obtained. · U.S. occupation 19-1022.00
$87,990 / year
Median annual pay (2025)
AI or technology research indicates which tasks may receive assistance, not organizational adoption or net job change. People remain responsible for experiments, interpretation, and safety.
Does not establish：Adjacent transitions: Moving into medical science, biochemistry, or testing requires checking differences in education, qualifications, and responsibilities individually. Each path requires evidence matching the new outputs.
Work mainly involves laboratory research and data analysis, procedural biosafety practices, and lengthy recording. Most work is full time; experiments and deadlines may require overtime. Refer to the O*NET work context survey for specific figures.
This occupation centers on microbial experiments and research; medical scientists focus on human disease research, biochemists on molecular and biochemical mechanisms, and laboratory technicians on clinical sample testing. Similar titles do not make duties, qualifications, or authority interchangeable.
Choose a real task from this page for a small practice project or a conversation with someone in the field. Use the planning guides to set a date, an output and feedback questions before deciding whether to continue.
Direct assessment: If you are willing to design and conduct reproducible experiments, follow biosafety standards, and draw conclusions from data, this direction is worth exploring further. A safe trial uses entirely fictional experimental data and nontoxic simulation materials, with no real pathogens or restricted samples.
Observable signals: Can you pose testable questions and follow a protocol, follow aseptic and biosafety procedures, and interpret results from data rather than expectations? Personality labels cannot determine fit or qualifications.
Work context (O*NET work context survey, 1—5 scale): Characterized by laboratory work, data analysis, and biosafety requirements, with procedural operation and recording. Refer to the O*NET work context survey for specific figures.
Research inputs: Official description, tasks, work context, and interest code (IRC) for O*NET 19-1022.00, plus BLS 2025 wages and 2024—2034 employment projections for this occupation. Verify preparation levels against employer and institutional rules. These do not establish mainland Chinese qualifications, wages, or employment scope.
Abilities and work practices: Medical and coding knowledge is needed, along with checking against standard classification systems and manuals, attention to record completeness and privacy, and accuracy under repetitive tasks and time pressure.
| Dimension | Primary track | Comparison track |
|---|---|---|
| Step one | Pose testable questions and protocols | Questions and protocols |
| Step two: Culture | Culture according to aseptic and biosafety procedures | Asepsis and safety |
| Step three | Collect and check experimental data | Data and quality |
| Step four | Statistical analysis and result interpretation | Methods and hypotheses |
| Step five | Papers, reports, and data sharing | Papers and sharing |
| Step six | Review, records, and compliance | Review and compliance |
| Education and training | Verify by job and employer | Education requirements |
Questions and protocols: Pose testable research questions and design experimental protocols.
Culture and handling: Culture and handle microorganisms according to aseptic and biosafety procedures.
Data collection: Collect and check experimental data according to the protocol.
Analysis and interpretation: Perform statistical analysis and distinguish correlation from causation.
Papers and sharing: Write papers and reports and share data according to policy.
Records and compliance: Record honestly and follow biosafety and ethics requirements.
Collaboration and communication: Communicate results and limitations to teams and clinical or industry partners.
Qualification and compliance boundaries: This U.S. occupation usually requires at least a bachelor's degree, with master's or doctoral degrees predominant. Verify mainland China's education, laboratory, and biosafety boundaries against employer and competent authority rules. A degree does not equal biosafety or sign-off authority.
Evidence to check
Evidence to check
Evidence to check
Evidence to check
Evidence to check
| Focuses on general document lifecycles, without clinical coding or privacy disclosure responsibilities. |
| Compare record lifecycle responsibilities. |
| Management Analysts | Analyze business processes and organizational problems, producing improvement plans and decision support. | Focuses on organizational and process analysis, without record integrity or coding compliance responsibilities. | Compare analysis and process objects. |
|---|
| Physician Assistants | Participate in diagnosis, treatment, and medical record documentation under supervision, producing clinical assessments and treatment records. | Focuses on clinical diagnosis, treatment, and care, requiring corresponding professional qualifications and supervision. | Compare the division between clinical work and coding. |
|---|
| Registered Nurses | Perform nursing and patient care, producing shift care and nursing records. | Focuses on direct care, requiring licensure and clinical authorization. | Compare the division between care and records. |
|---|
| Associated and related occupations | O*NET related occupations also include Medical and Health Services Managers and Medical Secretaries. | Similar names do not make duties, qualifications, or authority interchangeable. | Check qualifications and authorization chains individually. |
|---|
Adjacent relationships are for comparing directions only: This occupation centers on microbial experiments and research. Medical scientists focus on human disease research, biochemists on molecular and biochemical mechanisms, and laboratory technicians on clinical sample testing. Qualifications and responsibilities are not interchangeable.
Adjacent relationships are for comparing directions only; they do not imply automatic transfers or mutual recognition of qualifications.
Task trials use approved materials only; outputs require checking against original inputs
Actual occupational deployment, data authority, error, and human review evidence is required; none was obtained
Overall projections cannot prove that generative AI causes net job changes
| Work area | Task | Current change | Human control point |
|---|---|---|---|
| Research questions | Design microbial research and controls | Editorial trial: Organize literature leads | Check original sources, feasibility, and design |
| Culture and handling | Isolate and culture microorganisms and control conditions | Editorial trial: Organize approved records | Actual experiments follow approved procedures; do not accept model parameters |
| Microscopy and classification | Observe characteristics to identify microorganisms | Editorial trial: Organize image annotation leads | Check image quality, methods, and identification evidence |
| Contamination testing | Monitor microorganisms in water / food / the environment | Editorial trial: Organize test data discrepancies | People confirm actual methods, controls, and report reviews |
| Disease and drugs | Study relationships between microorganisms, disease, and antibiotics | Editorial trial: Search and compare research literature | Check evidence; do not replace clinical prescribing or diagnosis |
| Analysis and reporting | Analyze data and compile technical reports | Editorial trial: Draft analysis code / summaries | Validate code, statistical methods, raw data, and limitations |
| Supervision and development | Supervise staff and develop testing and other methods | Editorial trial: Organize checklists | Responsible people handle training, validation, biosafety, and approval |
Insufficient evidence: Generative AI adoption rates, reliable effects, or job causality were not obtained for this occupation. Tasks, software, and overall projections cannot substitute.
The following are editorial trial suggestions for three directions within this occupation, not validated deployments.
AI primarily changesEditorial trial: Literature and record drafts
Human responsibility remainsDesign, actual operations, and biosafety
AI primarily changesEditorial trial: Image / discrepancy leads
Human responsibility remainsMethod validation, controls, and interpretation
AI primarily changesEditorial trial: Reports and checklists
Human responsibility remainsPersonnel, safety, data, and conclusion responsibilities
The human responsibility chain: From checking inputs and limiting tasks to human review, recording, and escalation.
Check sample identifiers, data, and literature sources
Limit work to approved information organization / analysis tasks
Review methods, controls, code, and interpretation
Check sample information and sharing permissions
Keep versions and deviation records; refer to research / biosafety responsible persons
Misleads research design
Control: Check original papers
Treats contamination or artifacts as conclusions
Control: Check methods and controls
Creates false associations
Control: Independently validate code and assumptions
Compromises information confidentiality
Control: Use approved data only
Creates safety and responsibility risks
Control: Follow approved procedures and actual authority
Practice analysis and recording with entirely fictional data.
Keep experimental, analytical, and safety records.
Define safety, data, and sharing boundaries first.
Demonstrate experimental standards and biosafety requirements.
Generative AI adoption and job causality were not obtained for this occupation. Overall projections are not layoff timetables.
Source: 29-2072.00 Medical Records SpecialistsOriginal source ↗
Only as leads requiring checking. Professionals must verify methods, controls, and identification evidence.
Source: Medical Records Specialists detailed occupation profileOriginal source ↗
No. Check actual materials, levels, facilities, personnel, and approved procedures separately. Model text does not authorize experiments.
Source: Medical Records Specialists detailed occupation profileOriginal source ↗
Use approved data to check statistical assumptions and results, retain versions and review, and do not conceal failures or deviations.
Source: 29-2072.00 Medical Records SpecialistsOriginal source ↗
Research and laboratory services do not automatically grant clinical diagnostic authority. Verify jurisdiction and job duties.
Source: Medical Records Specialists detailed occupation profileOriginal source ↗
Check human-origin / sample information, sharing purposes, and institutional data access rules.
Source: Industries: 29-2072.00 - Medical Records SpecialistsOriginal source ↗
Actual deployment, error, review, and data permission evidence is needed; software directories cannot substitute.
Source: Generative AI and Jobs: A Refined Global Index of Occupational ExposureOriginal source ↗
Compare adjacent directions by target tasks and authority; experience in the original occupation is not a transfer qualification.
Not obtained; annual average, not monthly pay
Public duty and skill information can support career exploration but cannot establish Chinese market wages.
| Job direction | Industry annual wage reference | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| Basic training | Microbial experiments and records | Check courses and laboratory experience; no automatic operating permission |
| Related majors | Microbial research and methods | Verify degree requirements by research field and employer |
| Experience stage | Data analysis and reproducibility | Check original records, controls, and limitations |
| Advanced collaboration | Research supervision and quality | Check research, safety, and data sharing responsibilities |
For wage judgments, check the specific city, employer, job level, and publicly advertised conditions.
Check research direction, funding, and sample authority; the industry proxy applies only to these employers
Check testing / quality / R&D duties; do not apply research industry averages
Check teaching / research / laboratory service roles; industry proxies do not automatically apply
To compare jobs, retain the recruitment notice, location, and date, and check whether it truly matches this occupation and research duties.
| A statistical percentile position, not years of experience.；U.S. 19-1022.00: Employment in 2025—2035 is projected to move from 20,100→21,400, +6%, a net change of +1,300. Average annual openings of 1,500 include growth and replacement demand. The overall projection does not establish AI causality. |
| 75th percentile | $122,350 | $58.82 / hour | A statistical percentile position, not years of experience.；U.S. employment industry shares: Professional, scientific, and technical services 34%, manufacturing 24%, government 20%, education 10%, other 12%. These are not industry wages or demand rates. |
|---|
10th wage percentile：$54,670；This U.S. occupation
25th wage percentile：$67,100；This U.S. occupation
Median wage：$87,990；This U.S. occupation
75th wage percentile：$122,350；This U.S. occupation
90th wage percentile：$150,000；This U.S. occupation
The median wage is not starting pay or an individual income promise.；How to read these numbers: Employment size, growth rate, net change, and annual openings must be explained separately and cannot be combined into a personal employment guarantee. Funding and industry cycles affect demand.
Percentiles are positions in the wage distribution, not individual income guarantees.；Also check institution type, funding environment, and research direction when comparing jobs. Institutions and regions differ substantially; do not extrapolate across regions.
2025 employment stock and 2035 projection, not current vacancies.
Growth projections and annual openings are market signals, not individual hiring probabilities.
| Industry distribution | Job data | How to understand these numbers |
|---|---|---|
| Government (excluding state / local education and hospitals) | $105,880 / year | BLS2025 industry median wage for this occupation; detailed industry definitions differ from O*NET employment industry shares |
| Physical, engineering, and life sciences R&D | $105,110 / year | BLS2025 industry median wage for this occupation; detailed industry definitions differ from O*NET employment industry shares |
| Pharmaceutical manufacturing | $83,770 / year | BLS2025 industry median wage for this occupation; detailed industry definitions differ from O*NET employment industry shares |
| State universities and colleges | $67,960 / year | BLS2025 industry median wage for this occupation; detailed industry definitions differ from O*NET employment industry shares |
Check actual culture, testing, analysis, or supervision tasks
Check employer industry, research direction, funding, location, and shifts
Check actual job education requirements, experimental / statistical evidence, and safety authorization
First observe interest, stress, and collaboration experiences in real tasks.
Activity preferences can only help design trials; they cannot determine qualifications or performance.
What abilities and work practices do microbiologists need?
Fit signals: Willingness to follow procedures and repeatedly check data, adhere to biosafety and recording standards, and clearly communicate results and limitations to a team. Reasons for caution: If experimental failures and long research cycles are hard to tolerate, compare adjacent directions first.
Do not use it this way: Interests or personality support exploration only; they cannot demonstrate experimental, data interpretation, biosafety, or job qualifications.
Continue RIASEC career interest explorationWhat abilities and work practices do microbiologists need?
Assess fit through observable behavior: Can you design and conduct reproducible experiments, follow biosafety standards, and draw conclusions from data rather than expectations?
Do not use it this way: Interests or personality support exploration only; they cannot demonstrate experimental, data interpretation, biosafety, or job qualifications.
Continue RIASEC career interest explorationWhat abilities and work practices do microbiologists need?
Assess fit through observable behavior: Can you design and conduct reproducible experiments, follow biosafety standards, and draw conclusions from data rather than expectations?
Do not use it this way: Interests or personality support exploration only; they cannot demonstrate experimental, data interpretation, biosafety, or job qualifications.
Continue RIASEC career interest explorationWhat abilities and work practices do microbiologists need?
Assess fit through observable behavior: Can you design and conduct reproducible experiments, follow biosafety standards, and draw conclusions from data rather than expectations?
Do not use it this way: Interests or personality support exploration only; they cannot demonstrate experimental, data interpretation, biosafety, or job qualifications.
Continue RIASEC career interest explorationWhat abilities and work practices do microbiologists need?
Assess fit through observable behavior: Can you design and conduct reproducible experiments, follow biosafety standards, and draw conclusions from data rather than expectations?
Do not use it this way: Interests or personality support exploration only; they cannot demonstrate experimental, data interpretation, biosafety, or job qualifications.
Continue RIASEC career interest explorationWhat abilities and work practices do microbiologists need?
Assess fit through observable behavior: Can you design and conduct reproducible experiments, follow biosafety standards, and draw conclusions from data rather than expectations?
Do not use it this way: Interests or personality support exploration only; they cannot demonstrate experimental, data interpretation, biosafety, or job qualifications.
Continue RIASEC career interest explorationFits better when: Editorial comparison: Biological experiments and data
Watch for: Develop molecular / biochemical methods and obtain relevant education
Explore related career: Biochemists and BiophysicistsFits better when: Editorial comparison: Microbial disease research
Watch for: Develop medical research design, domain knowledge, and ethics
Explore related career: Medical Scientists, Except EpidemiologistsFits better when: Editorial comparison: Experimental operations and records
Watch for: Check target technical tasks and supervision responsibilities
Explore related career: Biological TechniciansFits better when: Editorial comparison: Infection and data interpretation
Watch for: Develop population research, statistics, and public health methods
Explore related career: EpidemiologistsFits better when: Editorial comparison: Sample and method quality
Watch for: Obtain clinical laboratory training, jurisdictional qualifications, and reporting authority
Explore related career: Medical and Clinical Laboratory TechnologistsFits better when: Editorial comparison: Environmental samples and contamination
Watch for: Develop environmental investigation and regulatory methods
Explore related career: Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including HealthMicrobiologists can use tools to assist information organization, but responsible people must still check actual adoption, authority, result release, and abnormality escalation.
Microbiologists can use tools to assist information organization, but responsible people must still check actual adoption, authority, result release, and abnormality escalation.
Microbiologists can use tools to assist information organization, but responsible people must still check actual adoption, authority, result release, and abnormality escalation.
Microbiologists can use tools to assist information organization, but responsible people must still check actual adoption, authority, result release, and abnormality escalation.
Microbiologists can use tools to assist information organization, but responsible people must still check actual adoption, authority, result release, and abnormality escalation.
Microbiologists can use tools to assist information organization, but responsible people must still check actual adoption, authority, result release, and abnormality escalation.
Microbiologists can use tools to assist information organization, but responsible people must still check actual adoption, authority, result release, and abnormality escalation.
Microbiologists can use tools to assist information organization, but responsible people must still check actual adoption, authority, result release, and abnormality escalation.
Microbiologists can use tools to assist information organization, but responsible people must still check actual adoption, authority, result release, and abnormality escalation.
Microbiologists can use tools to assist information organization, but responsible people must still check actual adoption, authority, result release, and abnormality escalation.
Evidence：Microbiologists detailed occupation profile · 19-1022.00 - Microbiologists
Typical scenario：Sample contamination or experimental operating errors.
Roles most affected：Experimental and culture roles
Possible consequence：May lead to incorrect conclusions and wasted resources.
How to reduce risk：Follow aseptic operation and control requirements and review.
Evidence：Microbiologists detailed occupation profile · 19-1022.00 - Microbiologists
Typical scenario：Data analysis or result interpretation bias.
Roles most affected：Analysis and writing roles
Possible consequence：May mislead subsequent research and clinical judgment.
How to reduce risk：Explain results with methods and limitations and accept peer review.
Evidence：Microbiologists detailed occupation profile · 19-1022.00 - Microbiologists
Typical scenario：Incomplete data or sample records.
Roles most affected：Record and data roles
Possible consequence：Affects reproducibility and responsibility traceability.
How to reduce risk：Keep an audit trail under recording and data management standards.
Evidence：Microbiologists detailed occupation profile · 19-1022.00 - Microbiologists
Typical scenario：Skipping safety or review steps under deadline pressure.
Roles most affected：Experimental and delivery roles
Possible consequence：May amplify errors and create safety risks.
How to reduce risk：Keep review trails and escalate through the required process.
Evidence：Microbiologists detailed occupation profile · 19-1022.00 - Microbiologists
Typical scenario：Confusing this occupation with adjacent roles such as medical scientists and biochemists.
Roles most affected：Research and management roles
Possible consequence：May create mismatches between authority and responsibility.
How to reduce risk：Distinguish adjacent roles according to O*NET 19-1022.00 scope.
Evidence：Microbiologists detailed occupation profile · 19-1022.00 - Microbiologists
This page has not collected actual job advertisements. The following are editorial ability stages and qualification checking suggestions, not recruitment sample statistics, hiring guarantees, or fixed timelines.
| career.column.stage | career.column.task | career.column.boundary | career.column.evidence | career.column.next |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Supervised learning | Participate in culture and data analysis under guidance | Do not independently handle high-level pathogens | Experimental and recording exercises | Expand to independent experiments |
| Pass assessment on common tasks | Independently complete common experiments and data analysis | The institution confirms biosafety levels | Experimental, data, and safety records | Expand to project participation |
| Complex tasks and collaboration | Handle project experimental design and analysis | Check conclusion review by task and institution; not all internal reports require publication peer review first | Project and review records | Expand to project leadership |
| Authorized leadership and mentoring | Independently lead a research direction and guide members | The institution confirms authorization and compliance | Publication and mentoring records | Expand to system and standards responsibilities |
| Authorized standards and review | Lead standards and review within authorized limits | Do not replace institutional biosafety functions | Standards and review records | Expand authorization according to institutional rules |
BLS typically lists a bachelor's degree in microbiology or a related field for entry; some employers prefer, or roles require, a master's or doctorate. O*NET JobZone4. Do not turn a postgraduate preference into an occupation-wide requirement
Research experience is often evidenced by experimental design, data analysis, and reproducibility materials.
Degrees, laboratory training, biosafety training, and institutional authorization are different statuses. Handling specific pathogens depends on the institution and regulations.
Keep protocols, experimental records, and analytical materials using de-identified or public data.
Demonstrate design, reproducibility, and safety compliance ability.
Experimental data and records, analytical materials, and papers or reports.
Explain methods and limitations, data management, and safety records.
| career.column.scenario | career.column.action | career.column.review | career.column.evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Interview preparation | Organize a fictional research design and analysis case | Ask others to challenge the methods and interpretation | Protocol and analysis samples |
| At the interview | Explain how to control data quality and safety | The interviewer confirms the logic behind conclusions | Method and safety explanation |
| Supervised learning stage | Complete experimental and analytical tasks under guidance | A supervisor reviews experiments and safety | Experimental and safety records |
| Job evaluation stage | Independently complete common experiments and write reports | The responsible person confirms contributions and compliance | Report and compliance records |
Understand the research question, experiment, and biosafety requirements.
Complete analysis and safety recording exercises using entirely fictional data.
Ask others to challenge methods and interpretation; write evidence for continuing, stopping, or changing direction.
| career.column.state | career.column.proof | career.column.authority | career.column.condition | career.column.gap | career.column.owner | career.column.next |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education | Entry usually requires a relevant bachelor's degree; some jobs require / prefer postgraduate degrees. Verify with the actual employer | Employers and educational institutions | Verify by research field | Education does not equal operating authorization | Employer | Check against job requirements |
| Laboratory training | Microbiology and laboratory courses | Educational institution or organization | Verify courses and skills | Training does not equal independent research leadership | Educational institution or organization | Check training scope |
| Biosafety training | Graded protection and safety training | Institution or competent authority | Verify level and content | Training does not equal pathogen handling permission | Institution or competent authority | Check training validity |
| Data compliance | Data management and sharing plan | Institution and funder | Verify against policy | A plan does not equal authorization | Institution and funder | Check applicability |
| Institutional authorization | Research authorization and authority statement | Employer | Verify under institutional procedures | Authorization does not equal clinical judgment authority | Employer | Check the authorization chain |
| Pathogen handling permission | Biosafety and permission records | Institution and competent authority | Verify by level | Permission does not equal medical decision-making authority | Institution and competent authority | Confirm under the process |
Typical scope：Check cultures and records under guidance
Readiness evidence：Verifiable records of culture and record checking under guidance
Credential boundary：Check training, qualifications, and authorization against the actual jurisdiction, institution, and tasks
Next moves：Check assessment and authority for the next task; advancement is not automatic with years served
Typical scope：Complete authorized experiments under approved procedures
Readiness evidence：Verifiable records of completing authorized experiments under approved procedures
Credential boundary：Check training, qualifications, and authorization against the actual jurisdiction, institution, and tasks
Next moves：Check assessment and authority for the next task; advancement is not automatic with years served
Typical scope：Design controls and check reproducibility
Readiness evidence：Verifiable records of designing controls and checking reproducibility
Credential boundary：Check training, qualifications, and authorization against the actual jurisdiction, institution, and tasks
Next moves：Check assessment and authority for the next task; advancement is not automatic with years served
Typical scope：Supervise and mentor research as authorized
Readiness evidence：Verifiable records of authorized research supervision and mentoring
Credential boundary：Check training, qualifications, and authorization against the actual jurisdiction, institution, and tasks
Next moves：Check assessment and authority for the next task; advancement is not automatic with years served
Typical scope：Learn data dictionaries and statistical methods
Readiness evidence：Verifiable records of learning data dictionaries and statistical methods
Credential boundary：Check training, qualifications, and authorization against the actual jurisdiction, institution, and tasks
Next moves：Check assessment and authority for the next task; advancement is not automatic with years served
Typical scope：Validate consistency between analyses and raw data
Readiness evidence：Verifiable records of validating consistency between analyses and raw data
Credential boundary：Check training, qualifications, and authorization against the actual jurisdiction, institution, and tasks
Next moves：Check assessment and authority for the next task; advancement is not automatic with years served
Typical scope：Review complex methods and research limitations
Readiness evidence：Verifiable records of reviewing complex methods and research limitations
Credential boundary：Check training, qualifications, and authorization against the actual jurisdiction, institution, and tasks
Typical scope：Learn sample and biosafety rules
Readiness evidence：Verifiable records of learning sample and biosafety rules
Credential boundary：Check training, qualifications, and authorization against the actual jurisdiction, institution, and tasks
Next moves：Check assessment and authority for the next task; advancement is not automatic with years served
Typical scope：Check records and report abnormalities as authorized
Readiness evidence：Verifiable records of authorized record checks and abnormality reporting
Credential boundary：Check training, qualifications, and authorization against the actual jurisdiction, institution, and tasks
Next moves：Check assessment and authority for the next task; advancement is not automatic with years served
Typical scope：Coordinate unresolved safety / data issues
Readiness evidence：Verifiable records of coordinating unresolved safety / data issues
Credential boundary：Check training, qualifications, and authorization against the actual jurisdiction, institution, and tasks
Confirm patient identity, encounter records, and sources.
Complete authorized experiments under approved procedures
Validate consistency between analyses and raw data
Expand review, mentoring, and standards responsibilities within authorization.
United States, national · U.S. occupation 19-1022.00
1,500 openings / year
Average annual job openings
Average annual growth and replacement demand, not a ten-year total or net change
Does not establish：Cannot represent an individual's hiring probability.
United States, national · U.S. occupation 19-1022.00
20,100→21,400; +6%; net change +1,300
Employment size and change
Overall projection, not AI causality
Does not establish：A statistical projection, not a separate employment guarantee for this occupation.
These are capability relationships, not automatic promotions or credential waivers.
Transfers：Editorial comparison: Biological experiments and data
Build next：Develop molecular / biochemical methods and obtain relevant education
View career profileTransfers：Editorial comparison: Microbial disease research
Build next：Develop medical research design, domain knowledge, and ethics
View career profileTransfers：Editorial comparison: Experimental operations and records
Build next：Check target technical tasks and supervision responsibilities
View career profileTransfers：Editorial comparison: Infection and data interpretation
Build next：Develop population research, statistics, and public health methods
View career profileTransfers：Editorial comparison: Sample and method quality
Build next：Obtain clinical laboratory training, jurisdictional qualifications, and reporting authority
View career profileTransfers：Editorial comparison: Environmental samples and contamination
Build next：Develop environmental investigation and regulatory methods
View career profileTransfers：Editorial comparison: Biological data and interpretation
Build next：Develop computing, algorithm, and database evidence
View career profileTransfers：Editorial comparison: Project and experimental collaboration
Build next：Develop budgeting, personnel, and research management responsibilities
View career profileLook at observable behavior: Can you design and conduct reproducible experiments, follow biosafety standards, and draw conclusions from data rather than expectations? The IRC interest code describes activity preferences only; it cannot determine competence or qualifications.
Literature searches, image recognition, and data analysis are more readily assisted by software. Experimental design, result interpretation, biosafety, and responsibility for conclusions remain mainly human tasks. Available material supports task-level assistance assessments only.
Experimental design and protocol approval, biosafety classification and operations, result interpretation and conclusions, and data sharing and compliance must remain with authorized and trained people within their responsibilities. Tool outputs must not be used as a basis for safety or conclusions.
A bounded search using National Bureau of Statistics methods and public wage definitions in this round did not obtain a mainland China national occupational wage distribution exactly matching O*NET 19-1022.00. Public material aggregates industries or broad worker groups and cannot replace this occupation's median. This page marks the gap and does not fill in values.
BLS 2025 wage data: Median annual pay $87,990 (about $42.30 / hour), 10th percentile $54,670, 25th percentile $67,100, 75th percentile $122,350, and 90th percentile $150,000. These figures cover O*NET 19-1022.00; percentiles do not represent individual take-home income.
This U.S. occupation usually requires at least a bachelor's degree, with master's or doctoral degrees predominant, plus laboratory and biosafety training. Mainland China's education, laboratory, and biosafety boundaries follow employer and competent authority rules. A degree does not equal biosafety or sign-off authority.
Chinese and U.S. data appear in separate sections; exact occupations, combined occupations, parent occupations, and statistical scopes must not be substituted for one another. AI content distinguishes source-supported general boundaries from explicitly labeled editorial synthesis. It makes no claim about actual deployment rates, automatic authorization, or net employment effects. Exercises on this page are for career exploration only and do not confer real professional practice, laboratory, biosafety, or clinical authorization.
Nine-module review 2026-10-11
O*NET19-1022.00 tasks, 2025 wages and 2025—2035 projections; National Bureau of Statistics industry reference
Limitations：Global exposure evidence is not adoption, job-loss probability, regulation or authorization evidence.
Limitations：Chinese page language does not prove an exact mainland China equivalent of this U.S. occupational classification exists. Industry averages or U.S. data are not used to fill the gap.
Limitations：Directory entries are not state licenses, employer authorization or proof of universal requirement.
Limitations：Employer tasks and local authorization vary.
Limitations：Posting mentions do not prove proficiency, adoption or automation rate.
Limitations：US occupation evidence; China mapping and authorization require separate review.
Limitations：Projection is not a hiring guarantee; parent data are not exact occupation counts.
Limitations：Parent or combined data remain visible when exact data are unavailable; percentiles are not entry pay.
Limitations：Use only for the stated O*NET occupation, US market and page subject. It does not establish a China mapping, China pay, or legal authorization.
Limitations：Use only for the stated O*NET occupation, US market and page subject. It does not establish a China mapping, China pay, or legal authorization.
Limitations：Use only for the stated O*NET occupation, US market and page subject. It does not establish a China mapping, China pay, or legal authorization.
Limitations：Use only for the stated O*NET occupation, US market and page subject. It does not establish a China mapping, China pay, or legal authorization.
Limitations：Use only for the stated O*NET occupation, US market and page subject. It does not establish a China mapping, China pay, or legal authorization.
Limitations：Use only for the stated O*NET occupation, US market and page subject. It does not establish a China mapping, China pay, or legal authorization.
Limitations：O*NET OnLine presents BLS OEWS wage data; preserve the displayed period, worker population, geography and unit. A direct BLS access failure does not invalidate this opened O*NET page.
Limitations：Use only for the stated O*NET occupation, US market and page subject. It does not establish a China mapping, China pay, or legal authorization.
Limitations：Editorial ratings use the existing occupational responsibilities and AI task analysis on this page. They are not adoption rates, measured effects, job-disappearance or personal-unemployment probabilities, or official scores from Stanford or another external institution. No measured time weights or future robot deployment are assumed.
2025 wages at five percentiles and direct hourly rates, 2025—2035 projections, and industry distributions were checked separately. BLS usually lists a relevant bachelor's degree for entry; some jobs require / prefer postgraduate degrees. AI content consists of editorial trial suggestions; old protected field values were retained.
English MBTI test · English Big Five test · Chinese MBTI test · Chinese Big Five test
Evidence to check
Next moves：Check assessment and authority for the next task; advancement is not automatic with years served
Typical scope：Support method review as authorized
Readiness evidence：Verifiable records of authorized method review support
Credential boundary：Check training, qualifications, and authorization against the actual jurisdiction, institution, and tasks
Next moves：Check assessment and authority for the next task; advancement is not automatic with years served
Next moves：Check assessment and authority for the next task; advancement is not automatic with years served
Typical scope：Mentor safety and data standards as authorized
Readiness evidence：Verifiable records of authorized safety and data standards mentoring
Credential boundary：Check training, qualifications, and authorization against the actual jurisdiction, institution, and tasks
Next moves：Check assessment and authority for the next task; advancement is not automatic with years served
