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SOC 19-1041 · O*NET 19-1041.00
Investigate the distribution and causes of disease and injury and design and carry out public health surveillance and research: collect and analyze case, survey, and laboratory data, assess risk factors and transmission routes, communicate conclusions to health practitioners, decision-makers, and the public, and manage public health programs. A master's degree in public health or a related field is usually required.
Model impact index for three equally weighted representative core tasks; not a measured share of working time or a job-loss probability. floor((50+75+50)/3+0.5)=58; fermatmind-ai-impact-v1; 2026-10-18.
First judge whether you can turn surveillance data into reviewable conclusions, write methods and hypotheses clearly, and accept review, then judge whether you accept a way of working centered on data, reports, and collaborative communication; use the paper exercise and seven-day task on this page to verify, rather than looking only at the words "medical" or "health."
This card is a career exploration reference and does not constitute a hiring, competency scoring, or medical conclusion.
Signals worth considering: willingness to verify data and case definitions over the long term, to write statistical results into reviewable reports, and to explain conclusions and uncertainty to non-specialist readers. Signals requiring caution: unwillingness to record according to methods, inability to accept having conclusions challenged by peers, or expecting the work to be mainly clinical practice.
Occupational boundaries: written according to the U.S. O*NET-SOC19-1041.00, mainly investigating the population distribution and causes of disease and injury, and carrying out surveillance, research, data analysis, and communication. BLS also notes that those with both medical and epidemiological training may focus on clinical work; this occupation's title itself does not confer medical practice qualifications, and clinical activity must be verified separately against individual qualifications and institutional authorization. Laboratory testing, health information systems, and education programs are adjacent areas of emphasis.
Career direction comparison
The following occupations all involve health- or data-related work, but their deliverables and bases differ; use them to help locate a direction rather than as substitutes for one another.
| Career direction | Core work and output | Key differences | Best-fit choice |
|---|---|---|---|
| Medical Scientists | Design and carry out experimental research exploring disease mechanisms and treatments | Mainly experimental research and biological mechanisms; this occupation focuses on population surveillance and epidemiological analysis | Choose that occupation if you prefer studying disease mechanisms in a laboratory; choose this occupation if you prefer population-level data and public health judgments |
| Microbiologists | Study microorganisms and their relationships with hosts and the environment, and record experimental data |
AI impact on this career
Editorial suggestion: within the approved material and data scope, trial tools to organize surveillance data, case definitions, and draft research conclusions, and check back against the original records. O*NET is the task basis and ILO discusses potential exposure; they cannot prove actual adoption, speed gains, or occupation-wide augmentation for this occupation. This page does not provide task scores unsupported by a reviewable rubric. AI Impact Score 58% is an editorial estimate. Model impact index for three equally weighted representative core tasks; not a measured share of working time or a job-loss probability. floor((50+75+50)/3+0.5)=58; fermatmind-ai-impact-v1; 2026-10-18.The three tasks, ratings and sources are listed in the FermatMind method source record on this page.
FermatMind AI Impact Score estimation method v1
FermatMind / 费马测试 · 2026-10-18
Editorial ratings use the existing occupational responsibilities and AI task analysis on this page. They are not adoption rates, measured effects, job-disappearance or personal-unemployment probabilities, or official scores from Stanford or another external institution. No measured time weights or future robot deployment are assumed.
Chinese mainland salary reference
Epidemiology and public health research positions in mainland China are mostly located in disease control and health institutions, research institutes, universities, and pharmaceutical companies, and do not correspond one-to-one with U.S. occupational classifications.
Scope note: industry average wages cover multiple occupations and cannot replace this occupation's wage distribution.
Insufficient evidence: no nationwide monthly or annual single-occupation wage statistic precisely corresponding to this occupation in mainland China was obtained; this page provides only the industry average wage as background (non-private 146,266 yuan/year, private 75,631 yuan/year, 2025), which cannot be converted into a monthly salary for a specific role.
Insufficient evidence: no verifiable monthly wage statistic for this occupation in first-tier cities was obtained; recruitment posting quotes are mostly single-employer samples and often project-based, and cannot represent occupational wages.
U.S. salary reference
U.S. O*NET-SOC 19-1041.00 "Epidemiologists" — May 2025 median hourly wage $41.93, median annual wage $87,220; the officially published lowest 10% earn below $61,270 and the highest 10% earn above $138,800 (the 25th and 75th percentiles were not obtained in this round). Employment in 2025 was 12,800 and is projected to grow 19% (about +2,400) from 2025 to 2035, with about 800 openings per year. Individual income also depends on industry, region, employer, and seniority.
| Wage statistic position | Annual wage reference | Conversion boundaries | How to understand this position |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lowest 10% | Below $61,270/year (10th percentile, May 2025 OEWS) | Official annual wage, not personal monthly income | Low end: the 10th percentile is below $61,270/year, at the low end of the distribution, not an entry-level starting wage. |
| Median (50%) | Median hourly wage $41.93; median annual wage $87,220 (May 2025 OEWS) |
Career fit guide
The point is not whether you "care about health," but whether you can carry out data verification, method explanation, and conclusion writing over the long term and accept questioning from peers and clients. Interest and personality frameworks can only suggest what to observe; they cannot replace verification through real tasks.
You may be better suited to： Willing to repeatedly verify data sources and case definitions for one analysis
These situations require caution： Can return to the evidence and methods when public health conclusions are questioned, rather than defending the original conclusion
Do an entry-level exercise： Accepts a work rhythm centered on surveillance, data, and reports, where output is mostly reviewable conclusions rather than immediate products
Work pressure, risks, and occupational boundaries
The main risks center on data or case definition errors, unrecognized bias, conclusions being read as medical judgments, and mistaking an AI-generated draft for verified fact; most can be reduced through data record keeping, review, and authorization processes, but cannot be eliminated entirely.
The following are editorial risk scenarios and response suggestions based on O*NET tasks and the voluntary NIST framework; they have not been verified item by item against local regulations, standards, or institutional rules and are not accident statistics, method procedures, or legal conclusions.
Typical scenario：Misunderstanding of the case definition or data source
Roles most affected：Data collection and case definition
Possible consequence：May lead to case classification or statistical result errors
Entering the field, qualifications, and career development
The typical U.S. entry point is a master's degree in public health or a related field (O*NET classifies this occupation as Job Zone Five, and in the educational attainment survey about 67% reported needing a master's degree; BLS notes that at least a master's degree is usually required, and some roles require a doctoral or medical degree). Insufficient evidence: no unified recruitment education or individual qualification threshold for this occupation in mainland China was verified in this round; check the target job posting, the specific service activities, and competent authority rules item by item.
Career outlook and related career transitions
U.S. O*NET 19-1041.00 and BLS: employment 12,800 in 2025, projected to grow 19% (about +2,400) from 2025 to 2035, with about 800 openings per year; mainland China does not list this occupation separately and has only industry average wage proxies.
United States · Epidemiologists（SOC 19-1041）
+19% (+2,400 people)
Employment change
Growth reflects demand for public health surveillance, disease research, and emergency response
Does not establish：Projections are not actual outcomes, nor do they represent hiring volumes at a particular institution or in a particular region
Investigate the distribution and causes of disease and injury: design and carry out public health surveillance and research, collect and analyze case, survey, and laboratory data, assess risk factors and transmission routes, monitor and report infectious disease events, communicate conclusions to health practitioners, decision-makers, and the public, and manage public health programs.
No. Epidemiologists work with populations, analyzing data by epidemiological methods and statistical standards and forming public health conclusions; clinical diagnosis, treatment, and individual health advice are outside this occupation's scope and are undertaken by medical professionals. This page also does not provide medical advice.
Choose a real task from this page for a small practice project or a conversation with someone in the field. Use the planning guides to set a date, an output and feedback questions before deciding whether to continue.
This list is only for self-questioning; it does not constitute hiring criteria, a competency score, or a suitability conclusion. Epidemiologists work on the distribution and causes of disease and injury: a public health surveillance role, an applied research role, a methods role, and a teaching role differ greatly in daily work, and most positions require a master's degree in public health or a related field; before comparing roles, first verify the role's actual tasks, data sources, whether field investigation is required, and the education, statistics, and epidemiology training the employer requires.
Verify with a paper exercise: given fictional surveillance data and a case definition, write the research question, case definition, data cleaning and verification steps, possible biases and evidence gaps, and which conclusions must be made only after review by qualified researchers.
The daily work of epidemiologists revolves around the distribution and causes of disease and injury: designing and carrying out public health surveillance and research, collecting and analyzing case, survey, and laboratory data, assessing risk factors and transmission routes, explaining conclusions to health practitioners, decision-makers, and the public, and managing public health programs.
Mainly disease surveillance, epidemiological investigation, and data analysis
Mainly statistical analysis and modeling
This occupation is often confused with adjacent roles; the way to tell them apart is to look at deliverables and authority: this occupation's deliverables are population-level surveillance conclusions, risk assessments, and public health recommendations, and it is responsible for the methods and evidence boundaries; if the deliverable is laboratory testing data, clinical care, implementation of health education programs, or health information system development, it belongs to an adjacent direction.
| Dimension | Primary track | Comparison track |
|---|---|---|
| Core purpose | Design and carry out surveillance and research on disease and injury, synthesize data into risk judgments and recommendations, and explain conclusions to practitioners, decision-makers, and the public; it does not make medical diagnoses or treatment decisions. | Conduct disease surveillance and epidemiological research and produce reviewable public health conclusions |
| Main objects and basis | Objects include case and surveillance data, survey and questionnaire materials, and laboratory and population statistics data; the basis is epidemiological and statistical methods, public health reporting standards, and ethics requirements. | Objects are population and case data; the basis is epidemiological methods and statistical standards |
| Core process | Clarify the question → Define cases → Design methods → Collect and verify → Statistical analysis → Assess bias → Report and communicate | Conduct surveillance and research by epidemiological and statistical methods and form conclusions |
| Main outputs | Surveillance data, analysis records, and research reports | Surveillance data, analysis conclusions, and research reports |
| Responsible party | Researchers are responsible for methods, data, and conclusions; clinical care is undertaken by medical professionals; program and policy decisions are the responsibility of the competent department. | Conclusions and data are the responsibility of the researchers and their institution under scientific standards |
| Authority and approval | Surveillance research and analysis are carried out within the role's authority; medical care and policy decisions require separate verification of individual qualifications and competent department authorization | Medical judgments, clinical care, and policy decisions must be confirmed by the corresponding authorized personnel |
| Conclusion boundaries | Research conclusions do not constitute a medical diagnosis or individual health advice | Conclusions are limited by the data scope, case definition, and population conditions |
Verify case definitions and reporting requirements
Manage research protocols and questionnaires
Assess data quality and bias
Write papers and reports
Supervise technical and support staff
Comply with data and ethics standards
Before starting, verify item by item: whether the role is surveillance, applied research, methods, or teaching; whether a master's degree in public health or a related field is required; whether field investigation and attendance arrangements are needed; whether research reports and recommendations must be written or signed; and the arrangements for review, verification, and authorship.
Distinguish surveillance, applied research, methods, and teaching roles
Confirm whether a degree in public health or a related field, statistical training, and ethics training are required
Confirm the proportion of field investigation, sample contact, and attendance arrangements
Confirm the review, signing, and record-keeping system for data and conclusions
| Mainly microbial isolation, culture, and testing; this occupation focuses on population distribution and risk factor analysis |
| Choose that occupation if you prefer studying microorganisms in a laboratory; choose this occupation if you prefer population-level data and statistical assessment |
| Statisticians | Design statistical methods and analyze data, interpreting statistical results | Mainly general statistical methods and modeling; this occupation focuses on public health problems and epidemiological design | Choose that occupation if you prefer going deeper into general statistical methods; choose this occupation if you prefer health-problem-oriented research design |
|---|
| Health Education Specialists | Design and implement health education programs and convey health knowledge to populations | Mainly population-oriented health education programs; this occupation focuses on surveillance and research conclusions | Choose that occupation if you prefer directly running health education and community programs; choose this occupation if you prefer data and research judgments |
|---|
| Survey Researchers | Design and carry out surveys, analyze questionnaire data, and write reports | Mainly questionnaire and survey research methods; this occupation focuses on causal assessment of health outcomes and exposure | Choose that occupation if you prefer general survey methods; choose this occupation if you prefer research on disease and risk factors |
|---|
| Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists | Collect and test clinical samples, record and report test results | Mainly sample testing and experimental results; this occupation is responsible for population-level analysis and conclusions | Choose that occupation if you prefer doing sample testing in a laboratory; choose this occupation if you prefer population-level data analysis and judgment |
|---|
When comparing adjacent directions, first look at whether the deliverable is a population-level surveillance and analysis conclusion, laboratory testing data, clinical care records, a health education plan, or a health information system, then look at whether the basis is epidemiological methods and statistics, experimental methods, clinical guidelines, or information standards; this occupation's difference lies in synthesizing population data into public health judgments and being responsible for the methods and evidence boundaries.
Compare in this order: first whether the deliverable is population surveillance and conclusions, experimental data, clinical care, an education program, or an information system, then the basis and who bears responsibility.
This column answers only technical handleability: compare this occupation's tasks (literature search, surveillance data organization, statistics and modeling, draft reports, etc.) with public occupational task and technology materials to judge which subtasks can be completed by off-the-shelf tools. Technical handleability does not mean the institution has already adopted it, nor that jobs will decrease; when judging, distinguish task-level evidence from occupation-level conclusions.
Adoption depends on data conditions, processes, and compliance requirements: health and surveillance data involve personal information, ethics review, and traceability, and conclusions may also affect public health decisions. Therefore, even when technically feasible, institutions may use it only in low-risk steps (such as search and drafting) and keep method judgments and responsibility for conclusions with qualified professionals.
The number of positions is determined by demand, funding, and public health policy. BLS's projection for this occupation (+19% from 2025 to 2035, about 800 openings per year) does not treat AI adoption as a separate variable; current public sources are insufficient to draw a conclusion about changes in job numbers for this occupation, so this page does not infer that it will "disappear in a certain year."
| Work area | Task | Current change | Human control point |
|---|---|---|---|
| Data collection and surveillance | Problem framing and research design | Materials and draft records can be trialed; speed gains await measurement (editorial suggestion) | The research question and hypotheses are the researchers' responsibility |
| Data collection and surveillance | Data collection and cleaning | Data organization and tabulation can be assisted (editorial judgment) | Data sources, case definitions, and missing-data handling are judged and recorded by the researchers |
| Statistical analysis and modeling | Statistical analysis and modeling | Draft analysis can be assisted, but must be checked item by item (editorial judgment) | Selection of statistical methods and bias assessment are the researchers' responsibility |
| Communication and policy recommendations | Writing conclusions and recommendations | Drafts and charts can be assisted (editorial judgment) | Conclusion scope and strength of recommendations are confirmed by professionals |
| Communication and policy recommendations | Explain conclusions to the public and decision-makers | Draft presentation materials can be assisted (editorial judgment) | Responsibility for what is communicated to the public and decision-makers rests with the institution |
| Data collection and surveillance | Research records and data management | Record organization can be assisted (editorial judgment) | Responsibility for research records and data management rests with the institution and the researchers |
| Data collection and surveillance | Project oversight and team supervision | Progress and material organization can be assisted (editorial judgment) | Responsibility for project oversight and staff supervision rests with the institution |
The following evidence cards correspond respectively to international organizations' task exposure research, official occupational materials, and governance frameworks; read them according to their own research objects and limitations, and do not merge them into a single conclusion.
Different work directions are affected in different ways; three categories are distinguished below: data collection and surveillance, statistical analysis and modeling, and communication and policy recommendations.
AI primarily changesSurveillance data, case definitions, and draft research conclusions can be trialed; efficiency and error rates must be verified in the work (editorial suggestion)
Human responsibility remainsCase definition, data quality, and responsibility for research design
AI primarily changesDraft statistical analysis and modeling can be assisted
Human responsibility remainsBias assessment, statistical judgment, and result review
AI primarily changesDraft reports and charts can be assisted
Human responsibility remainsConclusion scope, strength of recommendations, and signing responsibility
When using AI to assist with work in this occupation, it is recommended to confirm boundaries and responsibility in the following order:
First confirm the research question, data permissions, and delivery requirements, and judge which steps can use tools.
Make clear that tools handle only low-risk steps such as search, organization, and drafting, and do not produce final conclusions.
Check tool output item by item for sources, values, and statistical assumptions, and have qualified personnel review it.
Record the tool name, version, inputs, and human modifications to ensure data and conclusions are traceable and reproducible.
Responsibility for conclusions and recommendations rests with the professionals and the institution, and tool output does not constitute authorization, a conclusion, or medical advice.
Generated text may contain incorrect citations or outdated information
Control: Check back item by item against current methods and the original data; do not cite anything before it is verified
Surveillance and health-related data may contain individual information
Control: Handle according to minimum-necessity and permission requirements; individual data must not be submitted to external tools
Analysis must be reproducible, otherwise it cannot be reviewed
Control: Record the tool name, version, inputs, and results, and keep data and script versions
Errors in units, case definitions, or statistical methods affect the conclusions
Control: Independently recompute key values and check units, case definitions, and statistical scope
Conclusions and recommendations require clear ownership of responsibility
Control: Clarify the reviewer and signing rules; unreviewed output must not be used as a basis for delivery
First build a solid foundation in statistics, epidemiological methods, and public health, understand the basic concepts of research design and bias, and independently complete an analysis and conclusion writing exercise using public surveillance data.
In projects, standardize data sources and case definition records, document methods and conclusion boundaries, and ask senior colleagues to review.
Use AI for literature search, data processing, and draft reports, while retaining human review and source checking, and clearly labeling the strength of evidence and the uncertainty of conclusions.
First establish data permissions and case definition and version rules, then decide in which low-risk steps to use AI, and clarify review and signing responsibility.
ILO2023 discusses potential exposure and augmentation scenarios and cannot prove that this occupation has been augmented across the board or will not be replaced. Editorial suggestion: trial surveillance data, case definitions, and draft research conclusions and record errors and review costs. Insufficient evidence: no research on actual adoption, effects, or AI-attributed job change for this occupation was obtained.
Source: ILO Working Paper 96 (2023); O*NET 19-1041.00 task dataOriginal source ↗
Most work uses statistical and epidemiological analysis software to process surveillance data; O*NET lists common tools for this occupation and classifies it as Job Zone Five, which requires extensive preparation. Whether programming is needed depends on the role, but at minimum you must be able to read and review others' statistical and epidemiological analysis workflows.
Source: O*NET 19-1041.00 technical skills and preparation levelOriginal source ↗
Literature search and comparison, surveillance data organization and tabulation, and draft statistics and reports are the text and data preparation tasks most directly affected; case definition, bias assessment, conclusion interpretation, and recommendations still need to be borne by people.
Source: ILO Working Paper 96 (2023); O*NET task dataOriginal source ↗
BLS projects 19% employment growth (about +2,400) for U.S. Epidemiologists from 2025 to 2035, with about 800 openings per year, including growth and replacement needs; the projection does not separate out AI impacts, so it cannot be used to conclude that jobs in this occupation will necessarily increase or decrease. This page does not give a definitive date for job disappearance.
Source: BLS employment projections (2025–2035)Original source ↗
No. Tools can draft and check text, but public health conclusions, ethics review, and signing conclusions are authorized acts that must be completed by qualified personnel according to institutional rules; research conclusions also require signing and review, tool output itself does not create responsibility ownership, and it cannot replace medical judgment.
Source: NIST AI Risk Management Framework; institutional authorization and signing requirementsOriginal source ↗
No year can be given, nor should one be. Public sources contain no evidence supporting "disappearance in a certain year"; the more reliable statement is that the task structure will change and some steps will be tool-assisted, while the number of positions depends on demand, funding, and public health policy and is an uncertain quantity.
Source: BLS employment projections; ILO Working Paper 96Original source ↗
Prioritize learning two things: first, build a solid foundation in statistics, epidemiological methods, and public health; second, be able to independently complete a reproducible analysis from data verification to conclusion writing; also become familiar with public health reporting standards and ethics requirements and be able to state assumptions and uncertainty.
Source: O*NET 19-1041.00；BLS OOH EpidemiologistsOriginal source ↗
The above are task-level judgments and evidence boundaries and do not represent a definite prediction of job numbers.
Insufficient evidence: no verifiable monthly wage statistic for this occupation in other cities was obtained; differences among cities and institutions are large and must be verified by work location.
Insufficient evidence: no nationwide exact wage statistic for this occupation in mainland China was obtained in this round; the industry average is only background and cannot be used to assert that no such nationwide statistic has been established.
| Educational background | Common job directions | Notes and verification suggestions |
|---|---|---|
| Bachelor's degree (public health, statistics, or a related field) | Surveillance support, data organization, and research assistant roles | Mainly data organization and investigation support |
| Master's degree (public health, epidemiology, or a related field) | Surveillance analysis, research, assessment, and policy support roles | Editorial preparation direction: work samples in surveillance data, case definitions, and research conclusions; the conditions for independent ownership, review, and signing are verified against the role and institutional authorization and are not inferred from a degree |
| Doctorate (epidemiology or a related field) | Research institution and university researchers and methods expert roles | Bears responsibility for research design and conclusions |
| Cross-disciplinary (clinical plus public health/statistics) | Public health research, surveillance, and data science roles | Requires additional epidemiology and statistics training |
The following uses the average wage of the "Health and Social Work" industry as an industry background proxy, which cannot replace this occupation's wage; if you see a recruitment figure, first verify whether it is a monthly salary, annual salary, project quote, or an allowance-inclusive basis.
Disease surveillance and public health research require research and analysis ability
Demand for epidemiology and statistics in research institutions and consulting
Demand for public health regulation and policy enforcement
Editorial suggestion: within the permitted scope, trial surveillance data, case definitions, and draft research conclusions. Insufficient evidence: no measured AI adoption, effects, wages, or demand change for this occupation in mainland China was obtained.
| Official annual wage, not personal take-home pay |
| Median: $87,220/year (median hourly wage $41.93, May 2025); half of workers earn below and half above this value. |
| Highest 10% | Above $138,800/year (90th percentile, May 2025 OEWS) | Official annual wage, not personal take-home pay | High end: the 90th percentile is above $138,800/year, usually related to industry, institution, and region. |
|---|
Salary · 10th percentile：Below $61,270/year；Salary · 10th percentile｜Below $61,270/year； national 10th percentile for the exact occupation (Epidemiologists)｜not an entry-level starting wage.
Salary · 25th percentile：Insufficient evidence: this round has not yet obtained this percentile for the corresponding occupation, region, and period; it is not asserted on that basis that the official source has not published it, and no adjacent occupation or interpolated value was used to fill in.；Salary · 25th percentile｜Insufficient evidence: this percentile was not obtained in this round； no adjacent occupation or interpolation was substituted｜kept as a gap, no value filled in.
Salary · Median：$87,220/year；Salary · Median｜$87,220/year； median hourly wage $41.93 (May 2025)｜half of workers earn below and half above this value.
Salary · 75th percentile：Insufficient evidence: this round has not yet obtained this percentile for the corresponding occupation, region, and period; it is not asserted on that basis that the official source has not published it, and no adjacent occupation or interpolated value was used to fill in.；Salary · 75th percentile｜Insufficient evidence: this percentile was not obtained in this round； no adjacent occupation or interpolation was substituted｜kept as a gap, no value filled in.
Salary · 90th percentile：Above $138,800/year；Salary · 90th percentile｜Above $138,800/year； national 90th percentile for the exact occupation｜does not represent continuous paid hours or total income.
No. The median is the midpoint of the wage distribution of workers within the same statistical period, not a starting salary; the 25th and 75th percentiles were not obtained in this round, and this page does not substitute adjacent occupations or interpolation.
It cannot simply be extrapolated. Hourly wages are paid by the hour, and annual income also depends on weeks worked, overtime, and project bonuses; the median hourly wage and median annual wage cannot be converted directly into an individual's take-home income.
From the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) May 2025 national estimates, and the BLS 2025–2035 employment projections; both are official statistical scope.
Industry, region, employer type, seniority, and professional background all affect actual income; wage bases from different sources (monthly salary, annual salary, project-based) must not be mixed.
| Industry | Median wage for this occupation within the industry | How to understand this value |
|---|---|---|
| Scientific research and development services | $127,410/year | Median wage for this occupation within that industry, May 2025 |
| Hospitals (state, local, and private) | $104,470/year | Median wage for this occupation within that industry, May 2025 |
| State government (excluding education and hospitals) | $84,410/year | Median wage for this occupation within that industry, May 2025 |
| Colleges, universities, and professional schools (state) | $83,700/year | Median wage for this occupation within that industry; local government (excluding education and hospitals) is also 80,680 U.S. dollars (May 2025) |
The median and the percentiles are positions in the wage distribution of workers within the same statistical period, not starting salaries; individual income depends on industry, region, employer, and seniority.
Employment was 12,800 in 2025 and is projected to grow 19% (about +2,400) from 2025 to 2035, with about 800 openings per year, including growth and replacement.
Education, professional background, and research experience affect the duties you can take on and the scope you can sign for, but qualifications or authority cannot be inferred directly from the occupation title.
Employment · Employment size｜12,800 people； 2025 employment size｜not exactly the same population as covered by the wage statistics.
Employment · Growth rate｜+19% (+2,400 people)； 2025–2035 projection｜not an individual's probability of getting a job.
Employment · Annual average job openings｜about 800； includes growth and replacement｜does not equal net new positions.
O*NET occupational interest baseline
Investigative (I) — oriented to investigating and analyzing disease and data; Social (S) — corresponds to communication and education with practitioners, decision-makers, and the public.
The occupational interest information on this page comes from O*NET's interest code IS for Epidemiologists (19-1041.00); it describes work activity preferences, not individual assessment results, and cannot be used to infer suitability or hiring likelihood.
Which Holland type is closest to epidemiologists?
The official interest code is IS (Investigative-Social), consistent with this job's work activities: Investigative corresponds to investigating and analyzing disease and data, and Social to communication and education with practitioners, decision-makers, and the public. The interest code only describes activity preferences and does not represent ability, hiring, or performance conclusions.
Do not use it this way: Treating "caring about health" as the main motivation; if you dislike verifying data, explaining methods, and writing, the bulk of the daily work will be hard to sustain.
Test my Holland career interestsWhich Big Five traits are more relevant to this job?
Editorial suggestion: observe whether the person can keep verifying surveillance data, case definitions, and research conclusions and accept review, and gather more evidence first when evidence is missing. Occupational tasks cannot prove the predictive validity of the Big Five scales; no related research for this occupation was found in this round, so no personality threshold is set.
Do not use it this way: Treating personality test results as an occupational conclusion, or ruling yourself out on that basis.
View my Big Five personality traitsCan MBTI be used to judge whether I am suited to being an epidemiologist?
This round found no research on MBTI predicting performance in this occupation, and suitability cannot be inferred from an individual's type. Editorial suggestion: use actual performance and feedback in surveillance data, case definitions, and research conclusions to organize communication preferences, and do not make hiring or exclusion decisions based on type.
Do not use it this way: Using a type label to explain why you are not suited to research or communication work.
Learn my MBTI preferencesCan the Enneagram tell me whether I am suited to this occupation?
The Enneagram is a self-reflection tool. More practical questions for this job are: are you willing to hold back when evidence is insufficient, label the uncertainty of research, and revise conclusions during review; these questions can be tested directly through exercises and internship experience.
Do not use it this way: Treating a type description as proof of occupational fit.
Explore my Enneagram patternIf I am not good at math, can I become an epidemiologist?
This job does require strong statistical and epidemiological methods ability: O*NET classifies this occupation as Job Zone Five, which requires extensive preparation, and the actual work involves understanding research design and statistical methods and interpreting results. But this does not mean you must be a math standout; it means being able to use analysis tools correctly and state your assumptions.
Do not use it this way: Treating a single test result as the ceiling of your ability.
Understand my intelligence and reasoning performanceDo epidemiologists need high emotional intelligence?
Editorial suggestion: through collaboration, observe whether the person can explain surveillance data, case definitions, research conclusions, and their limitations and accept feedback; this round found no research on the predictive validity of emotional intelligence scales for performance in this occupation, so no positive or negative validity conclusion is made.
Do not use it this way: Substituting high or low emotional intelligence for verifying professional competence.
Understand my emotional intelligence abilitiesFits better when: Prefers experimental research and biological mechanisms while being willing to add population data and statistical knowledge
Watch for: Wants to do only laboratory mechanism research and not engage with population surveillance or public health judgments
Explore related career: Medical Scientists directionFits better when: Prefers microbiological testing and experimental research
Watch for: Would rather do laboratory microbiological research than population data analysis
Explore related career: Microbiologists directionFits better when: Prefers statistical methods and modeling and can accept health-problem-oriented research design
Watch for: Would rather go deep into general statistical methods than public health problems
Explore related career: Statisticians directionFits better when: Prefers population-oriented health education and community programs
Watch for: Would rather do health education and program implementation than research conclusions
Explore related career: Health Education Specialists directionFits better when: Prefers questionnaire and survey research methods
Watch for: Would rather do general survey research than health outcome research
Explore related career: Survey Researchers directionFits better when: Prefers sample testing and experimental result records
Watch for: Would rather do laboratory testing than population-level analysis and conclusions
Explore related career: Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists directionNo. Interest tests only describe preferences, do not measure ability, and do not predict hiring or performance. They can illustrate your inclination toward research, data analysis, and communication work, but suitability must be verified in real tasks: can you complete one reproducible surveillance data analysis and conclusion write-up.
You can, but you need usable statistical and data processing foundations. O*NET classifies this occupation as Job Zone Five, and the actual work involves understanding research design and statistical methods and interpreting results. If your foundation is weak, make it up through courses and practice before entering the field.
More precisely, what is needed is communication and collaboration ability: explaining research conclusions and uncertainty to non-specialist decision-makers and the public, accepting questioning in peer review, and stating things faithfully when data are unfavorable. These abilities can be observed and trained through concrete exercises; they are not personality thresholds.
Suitability depends on tasks, not personality labels. This job involves a great deal of independent data and writing time and also requires communicating with clinical, laboratory, policy, and public stakeholders. Being introverted is not an obstacle, but if you completely reject explanation and defense steps, the work experience will suffer.
O*NET classifies Epidemiologists (19-1041.00) as Job Zone Five; in the educational attainment survey, about 67% reported needing a master's degree, about 22% postdoctoral training, and about 11% a doctorate; BLS notes that this occupation usually requires at least a master's degree in public health or a related field, and some roles require a doctoral or medical degree. Insufficient evidence: no unified recruitment education or individual qualification threshold for this occupation in mainland China was verified in this round; check the target job posting, the specific service activities, and competent authority rules item by item.
Yes, but it takes time. Common tools in these roles include statistical and epidemiological analysis software and surveillance and questionnaire systems; at the entry level you must at least be able to read and review others' surveillance data processing and statistical workflows, then gradually take on data cleaning and conclusion writing independently.
Both paths work: a clinical or biological background needs additional statistics, epidemiological methods, and public health knowledge, while a statistics or data background needs additional professional knowledge of disease and public health. The key is to show the combination on your resume, for example having independently completed an analysis and conclusion write-up from surveillance data.
Editorial suggestion: in approved practice, keep surveillance data, case definitions, research conclusions, and review revision records, and verify whether the target role requires experience; no comparison of the predictive effects of practice versus coursework was made, and it is not claimed that the former better demonstrates job performance.
BLS notes that this occupation typically works full time and may require overtime or irregular schedules when conducting field investigations or responding to public health events. The pace of work depends on projects and emergencies and must be verified with the employer.
No. Tests can only suggest interest directions; choosing an occupation also requires verifying real tasks, education and qualification requirements, regional differences, and your performance on this page's exercises; it is recommended to verify with one real surveillance data analysis task and one literature verification task.
How to reduce risk：Verify data sources, case definitions, and missing-data handling, and independently recompute key values
Evidence：O*NET task and work activity data · O*NET task and work activity data
Typical scenario：Confounding or selection bias not identified
Roles most affected：Research design and statistical analysis
Possible consequence：May lead to incorrect conclusions due to bias or confounding
How to reduce risk：Check confounding and bias against the research design and retain the analysis plan and scope records
Evidence：O*NET task and work activity data · O*NET task and work activity data
Typical scenario：Mistaking a tool-generated conclusion for a verified judgment
Roles most affected：Steps using AI assistance
Possible consequence：May introduce incorrect citations or inappropriate content
How to reduce risk：Check back against original sources and data item by item; tool output must not be treated as confirmed fact
Evidence：O*NET task and work activity data · O*NET task and work activity data
Typical scenario：Surveillance or health information improperly disclosed
Roles most affected：Surveillance and research involving individual health information
Possible consequence：May violate privacy or data protection requirements
How to reduce risk：Handle according to minimum necessity and permissions; individual data must not be submitted to external tools
Evidence：NIST Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0) · NIST Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0)
Typical scenario：Missing review or unclear signing responsibility
Roles most affected：Review and signing step
Possible consequence：May lead to unclear responsibility
How to reduce risk：Clarify the reviewer and signing rules; unreviewed output must not be used as a basis for delivery
Evidence：NIST Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0) · NIST Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0)
Typical scenario：Reporting and data requirements applied incorrectly
Roles most affected：Regulations and institutional rules
Possible consequence：May lead to reporting or data compliance problems
How to reduce risk：Verify reporting, ethics, and data requirements against local regulations and institutional rules
Evidence：NIST Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0) · NIST Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0)
| Entry directions | Starting tasks | Evidence you can prepare | Work you can show without experience | Differences to note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Surveillance and investigation assistant | Carry out data collection, surveillance support, and basic organization under supervision | Course investigation output and data records | Complete a data verification exercise using public surveillance data | Data-support oriented; must focus on case definitions and scope |
| Epidemiological data analyst | Organize surveillance data and perform descriptive and analytical statistics | Analysis scripts and result explanation | Reproduce the analysis workflow of a public surveillance dataset | Data oriented; must focus on bias and reproducibility |
| Research assistant | Assist with research design, data processing, and literature organization | Course papers and data management records | Complete one systematic literature search and data organization | Academic-support oriented; must focus on standards and citations |
| Public health program support | Assist with program progress tracking, material organization, and coordination | Program records and collaboration materials | Write a progress and scope checklist for one type of surveillance program | Program-support oriented; must focus on reporting and authorization |
| Health education support | Assist with preparing public-facing health information materials | Outreach materials and verification records | Rewrite a set of surveillance conclusions into a public-readable version | Communication oriented; must focus on conclusion boundaries and accuracy |
Verify education, public health or related major, and statistics training requirements, and record the posting date and whether it is still open.
Distinguish "being familiar with" from "being able to complete analysis and conclusions independently"; do not substitute a major name for actual analysis ability.
Verify whether a background check, data confidentiality agreement, ethics training, or internal institutional authorization is required.
Record the requirements and their validity; cross-institution or cross-field moves require re-verification.
Job Zone Five; in the educational attainment survey, about 67% reported needing a master's degree, 22% postdoctoral training, and 11% a doctorate.
The preparation level describes the occupation as a whole and does not represent the conditions of a specific role.
Verify whether statistical and epidemiological analysis software, surveillance and questionnaire systems, and data processing tools are required.
List the actual usage scenarios; do not substitute a tool list for analytical judgment.
Provide the case definition, surveillance data, and population information as the input for this exercise.
Label units, years, and missing items, and state that the data are fictional or publicly excerpted.
List the scope and definition differences that may affect the conclusions.
State that the exercise uses fictional materials and does not represent any real institution or population.
Checkable output: case definition, data verification steps, conclusion strength, and uncertainty.
State the evidence and safety boundaries: stop and explain when data are insufficient or the scope is unclear.
Require writing the research question, case definition and data verification methods, possible conclusions and their boundaries, and stating which judgments must be reviewed by qualified researchers.
Exercise output: a reviewable analysis explanation and boundary list.
First verify the case definition and data quality, then select statistical methods, and finally state the strength of the conclusions and the uncertainty.
Keep uncertain items as unknown rather than filling in substituted values.
State that the reference approach is only an example and not the only correct method.
List the education, major, statistics training, and experience requirements of the target posting item by item in a comparison table.
Mark items already met, to be completed, and to be verified.
Choose a public surveillance dataset and write the data source, cleaning steps, analysis methods, and results.
Show that you can identify data gaps and proactively explain them at the boundaries.
Explain the research question, key findings, basis, and uncertainty in one page.
Label the strength of the conclusions and the applicable conditions.
Explain the software used, data versions, and key steps so that others can review them.
Mark which steps used AI assistance and were checked by a human.
| Scenario | Questions that may be asked | Evidence you can present | Conclusions that cannot be inferred from this |
|---|---|---|---|
| Interview | Whether you can explain the data sources, case definitions, and conclusion boundaries. | Check whether methods, hypotheses, and open items are written clearly. | Whether to hire is judged by the institution and the role, not determined by the candidate. |
| Written test or analysis assignment | Whether you can complete one reviewable data analysis within a limited time. | Use deliverables to show the method, hypotheses, and limitations. | The result of one assignment does not represent long-term performance or the full range of ability. |
| Probation period |
Extract one reporting or case definition requirement and write out the possible verification steps.
Find one public surveillance dataset and record its source, units, years, and gaps.
Verify the handling of outliers and missing values in one set of surveillance data and explain the basis for the judgments.
Calculate one set of incidence rates or proportions and state the scope and uncertainty.
Explain the findings, basis, and limitations in language non-specialist readers can understand.
Ask a classmate or colleague to point out where the methods and hypotheses are weak and record their feedback.
| Qualification/preparation item | Who it applies to | Role for this occupation | Whether it is generally required | Conditions and investment | Magnitude of investment | What it cannot replace |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bachelor's degree (public health, statistics, or a related field) | Some surveillance support and data organization positions | Provides a foundation in statistics and public health | BLS notes that this occupation usually requires at least a master's degree, and a bachelor's usually corresponds to support roles | Apply according to institution and program requirements | Verify against the specific institution, program, or institutional arrangements; this page does not estimate a uniform duration | A degree does not equal independent conclusions or authorization ability |
Typical scope：Carry out data collection, surveillance support, and basic organization under supervision
Readiness evidence：Course investigation output and data records (editorial suggestion)
Credential boundary：Verify individual qualifications/licensure against the jurisdiction, the actual service tasks, and institutional rules; this round did not establish a licensure-free conclusion that is valid across regions
Next moves：Independently complete one surveillance data verification and conclusion write-up
Typical scope：Independently complete the statistics and charting of surveillance data
Readiness evidence：Presentable analysis scripts and result explanations (editorial suggestion)
Credential boundary：Mainly based on a related degree and analysis ability
Next moves：Take charge of the analysis and conclusions of one surveillance project
Typical scope：Design surveillance plans and explain conclusions externally
Readiness evidence：Complete analysis reports and review records (editorial suggestion)
Credential boundary：Mainly based on experience and professional qualifications
Next moves：Responsible for surveillance and quality control of cross-institution projects
Typical scope：Responsible for the technical approach, conclusions, and team delivery
Readiness evidence：Project outcomes and team records (editorial suggestion)
Credential boundary：Mainly based on internal institutional appointment
Next moves：Develops toward public health management and policy
Typical scope：Assist with research design, data processing, and literature organization
Readiness evidence：Course papers and data management records (editorial suggestion)
Credential boundary：Mainly based on a related degree
Next moves：Independently complete one data analysis and write-up
Typical scope：Independently carry out epidemiological research and write reports
Readiness evidence：Presentable research reports and data explanations (editorial suggestion)
Credential boundary：Mainly based on professional experience and research training
Next moves：Responsible for the design and conclusions of one research topic
Typical scope：Coordinates projects, methods, and output quality
Readiness evidence：Project outcomes and review records (editorial suggestion)
Credential boundary：Mainly based on experience and academic evaluation
Next moves：Takes on multi-project coordination and quality control
Typical scope：Assist with cleaning surveillance data and completing basic statistics
Readiness evidence：Course projects and data processing records (editorial suggestion)
Credential boundary：Mainly based on a related degree and statistics training
Next moves：Independently complete one reproducible data analysis
Typical scope：Independently complete statistical analysis and modeling and interpret the results
Readiness evidence：Analysis scripts and result explanations (editorial suggestion)
Credential boundary：Mainly based on statistical and epidemiological method experience
Next moves：Takes charge of the methods and conclusions of one analysis topic
Typical scope：Design analysis methods and address bias and scope issues
Readiness evidence：Method explanations and review records (editorial suggestion)
Credential boundary：Mainly based on professional experience and methods training
Can complete data organization, surveillance support, and basic analysis under supervision, and write the methods, scope, and gaps clearly.
Can independently complete a surveillance data analysis and conclusion write-up and accept review revisions.
Can design surveillance and research frameworks, address bias and scope disagreements, and state conclusion boundaries.
Can serve as a project or topic lead and be responsible for conclusions, review, and team delivery.
United States · Epidemiologists（SOC 19-1041）
About 12,800 people
Employment size
Employment size and openings are not the same indicator; openings include growth and replacement
Does not establish：Occupational-level statistics; industry and regional differences are large
Mainland China · Health and Social Work (broad industry category)
Non-private 146,266 yuan/year; private 75,631 yuan/year
Industry wage (industry proxy)
Industry average wages cover multiple occupations and cannot replace this occupation's wage
Does not establish：Broad industry category scope; does not include a single-occupation wage distribution
These are capability relationships, not automatic promotions or credential waivers.
Transfers：Foundation in data and research methods
Build next：Requires additional experimental research and biological mechanism ability
View career profileTransfers：Laboratory and data verification ability
Build next：Requires additional microbiological testing and experimental skills
View career profileTransfers：Statistical and data analysis ability
Build next：Requires additional general statistical methods and modeling
View career profileTransfers：Public health and communication ability
Build next：Requires additional health education program design and implementation ability
View career profileTransfers：Laboratory and data recording ability
Build next：Requires additional sample testing and laboratory operating skills
View career profileTransfers：Data management and statistical ability
Build next：Requires additional knowledge of health information systems and data standards
View career profileTransfers：Public health and communication ability
Build next：Requires additional community intervention and service experience
View career profileTransfers：Statistical modeling and data processing ability
Build next：Requires additional programming, machine learning, and engineering ability
View career profileU.S. O*NET-SOC 19-1041.00 "Epidemiologists," corresponding to SOC 19-1041; the wages and employment verified on this page are under this exact occupational scope (both BLS OOH and OEWS list 19-1041 separately).
May 2025 median annual wage $87,220 (median hourly wage $41.93); the officially published lowest 10% earn below $61,270 and the highest 10% earn above $138,800; the 25th and 75th percentiles are not published, and this page does not substitute adjacent occupations or interpolation.
Employment was 12,800 in 2025 and is projected to grow 19% (about +2,400) from 2025 to 2035, far above the average for all occupations, with about 800 openings per year; openings include growth and replacement and are not an individual's probability of being hired.
The National Bureau of Statistics materials verified this time are at the broad industry category level, and no nationwide single-occupation wage statistic precisely corresponding to this occupation was obtained; this page uses the average wage of urban units in "Health and Social Work" (2025 non-private 146,266 yuan/year, private 75,631 yuan/year) as an industry proxy, only to describe the industry context, and does not substitute an industry average or a single recruitment quote for occupational wages.
O*NET classifies this occupation as Job Zone Five; in the educational attainment survey, about 67% reported needing a master's degree, about 22% postdoctoral training, and about 11% a doctorate; BLS notes that this occupation usually requires at least a master's degree in public health or a related field, and some roles require a doctoral or medical degree. In mainland China, a master's degree or above in public health, epidemiology, or a related field is commonly required.
A more accurate judgment is that some tasks will be tool-assisted and the occupation as a whole will mainly be augmented. ILO's 2023 study shows that managerial and professional occupations have a lower share of highly exposed tasks, and that technical feasibility does not mean institutions have already adopted it. The conclusion is that the task structure and ways of working will change, rather than the occupation being replaced as a whole.
No. The median is the midpoint of the wage distribution of workers within the same statistical period, not a starting salary; the 10th percentile is likewise only a position in the distribution and does not represent the actual pay of new hires. Individual income depends on industry, region, employer, and seniority.
First verify the actual tasks of the target role: most roles require a foundation in epidemiological methods, statistics, and data processing, and surveillance roles also require understanding case definitions and reporting standards. People from clinical or biological backgrounds need to add statistics and epidemiological methods, while people from statistics or data backgrounds need to add professional knowledge of disease and public health.
FermatMind career content research process
2026-10-11 (verified by the author across the nine modules in this round)
This page's source register and fact register (O*NET 19-1041.00, BLS OOH and OEWS May 2025, BLS 2025–2035 projections, National Bureau of Statistics 2025 broad industry category average wages, ILO Working Paper 96, NIST AI RMF)
Limitations：U.S. occupational sources do not automatically imply mainland China licensing requirements, qualifications, or employer requirements; they also do not constitute medical or health advice.
Limitations：Applies only to this occupational description; education entries are not equivalent to qualifications, signing authority, or being hired.
Limitations：The 25th and 75th percentiles are not published on this page and are not filled in here; industry median wages are this occupation's values within that industry.
Limitations：Projections are not actual outcomes; they cannot be broken down into conclusions for a particular institution or region, or into individual hiring probabilities.
Limitations：These are occupational-level wage statistics; percentiles are not starting salaries and do not constitute an individual contract salary or after-tax income.
Limitations：Industry average wages cover multiple occupations and cannot be treated as this occupation's median, starting salary, or an individual offer.
Limitations：Task exposure does not equal actual adoption, productivity, or job change; economic structures differ greatly across countries.
Limitations：Governance frameworks contain no occupational or employment statistics and cannot serve as evidence of career prospects or employment.
Limitations：It is not an external source of occupational facts and does not replace official statistics or jurisdictional rules.
Limitations：Editorial ratings use the existing occupational responsibilities and AI task analysis on this page. They are not adoption rates, measured effects, job-disappearance or personal-unemployment probabilities, or official scores from Stanford or another external institution. No measured time weights or future robot deployment are assumed.
Insufficient evidence: nationwide and city-level wages for the exact occupation in mainland China, a unified education or qualification threshold, and data on this occupation's actual AI adoption, effects, and causal employment impact were not obtained; industry proxies cannot replace occupational wages. For the U.S. 19-1041, the exact wage is $87,220/year with the 2025–2035 +19% and about 800 openings per year; NBS2025 Health and Social Work 146,266/75,631 yuan annual averages are non-private/private industry proxies. This round did not obtain the corresponding 25/75 percentiles, and it is not asserted on that basis that the official source has not published them. FAQ and shared fact/source legacy wording, the merged NIST title, and duplicate stable risk IDs are within the protected scope and are retained.
MBTI (English) · Big Five (English) · MBTI (Chinese) · Big Five (Chinese)
Confirm the form of employment and the wage basis, distinguishing fixed annual salary from project-based or contract-based pay
Verify local public health reporting and data protection requirements and the correspondence with domestic occupational classifications
This exercise does not constitute a public health or medical conclusion; public health conclusions, ethics review, and medical judgments are undertaken by qualified personnel and authorized departments.
| Whether you can deliver conclusions according to institutional procedures and accept review. |
| Use reports and revision records to show collaboration and compliance. |
| Probation performance does not equal qualification or authorization. |
| After onboarding | Whether you can handle individual information according to data permissions and signing rules. | Use records and review comments to show compliance and traceability. | Following procedures does not replace professional judgment and authorization. |
|---|
Write down whether you want to continue, what you need to make up, and which conclusions cannot yet be drawn.
| Master's degree (public health, epidemiology, or a related field) | Most surveillance, research, and assessment positions | Supports independent research and analysis design | BLS notes that this occupation typically requires a master's degree | Requires completing related major coursework and research training | Verify against the specific institution, program, or institutional arrangements; this page does not estimate a uniform duration | A degree does not equal qualification or signing rights |
|---|
| Doctorate (epidemiology or a related field) | Research positions at research institutions and universities | Bears responsibility for research design and independent conclusions | Common in research and senior positions | Requires completing a doctoral dissertation and research training | Verify against the specific institution, program, or institutional arrangements; this page does not estimate a uniform duration | A degree does not equal institutional authorization |
|---|
| Statistical and data analysis tool skills | All analysis and surveillance positions | Complete data analysis, charting, and result reproduction | Commonly required in the job market | Gained through courses, projects, or self-study | Verify against the specific institution, program, or institutional arrangements; this page does not estimate a uniform duration | Tool proficiency does not equal method judgment |
|---|
| Surveillance and internship experience | Students and career changers | Demonstrates the ability to complete real surveillance, analysis, and reporting work | Commonly required in the job market | Disease control institutions, research institutes, or health departments | Verify against the specific institution, program, or institutional arrangements; this page does not estimate a uniform duration | Project experience does not equal authorization or signing rights |
|---|
| Data and ethics training | Positions involving individual health data | Meets compliance and ethics requirements | Depends on the institution and the type of data | In-house or industry training | Verify against the specific institution, program, or institutional arrangements; this page does not estimate a uniform duration | Training does not equal certification |
|---|
Typical scope：Responsible for research conclusions, output, and the team
Readiness evidence：Research outcomes and method consolidation (editorial suggestion)
Credential boundary：Mainly based on internal institutional appointment
Next moves：Develops toward academic management and policy support
Next moves：Responsible for method standards and quality control
Typical scope：Responsible for data methods, conclusions, and team delivery
Readiness evidence：Method outcomes and team records (editorial suggestion)
Credential boundary：Mainly based on internal institutional appointment
Next moves：Develops toward data governance and analysis platforms
