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SOC 49-3021 · O*NET 49-3021.00
Automotive Body and Glass Repairers assess vehicle damage and repair and refinish motor vehicle bodies, straighten frames, and replace windshields and window glass, and the core is shaping to process, welding, grinding and painting, and checking dimensions. The U.S. side corresponds to O*NET 49-3021.00 (Automotive Body and Related Repairers), in Job Zone 1–2 (SVP below 6.0); mainland China statistics are aggregated by industry category and do not list this occupation separately, and motor vehicle repair operations are subject to filing and classification management under the Provisions on the Administration of Motor Vehicle Repair; industry figures do not cover overtime pay or piece-rate commissions.
Model impact index for three equally weighted representative core tasks; not a measured share of working time or a job-loss probability. floor((50+0+0)/3+0.5)=17; fermatmind-ai-impact-v1; 2026-10-18.
One line: this is an occupation that turns vehicle damage into measurable, reviewable repair results; the core is assessment, shaping, welding and cutting, grinding and painting, glass and accessory replacement, and quality review, with responsibility for repair dimensions, paint quality, and work safety, rather than an interest in cars or driving experience.
Education and authorization must be verified separately: O*NET lists 49-3021.00 as Job Zone 1–2 (SVP below 6.0), and among respondents 42% think a high school diploma or equivalent is needed, 35% think a postsecondary certificate is needed, and 23% think less than a high school diploma is needed; the BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook lists the typical entry-level education as a high school diploma or equivalent and notes that most employers prefer to hire people who have completed a body or glass repair training program, and that industry certification is increasingly important. On the mainland China side, motor vehicle repair operations are subject to filing and classification management under the Provisions on the Administration of Motor Vehicle Repair, and body repair, auto detailing and trim, and auto glass installation and repair are special repair items; education, training, vendor and industry certification, an employer's internal authorization to work, and work authorization are different statuses and must be verified item by item according to employer, position, and location.
Career direction comparison
The table below compares automotive body and glass repairers with five adjacent directions on the same set of dimensions: career direction, core work and output, key differences, and which choice fits each preference better.
| Career direction | Core work and output | Key differences | Best-fit choice |
|---|---|---|---|
| Automotive body and glass repairers and automotive service technicians and mechanics | Diagnose and repair mechanical and electrical systems, with output mainly in the form of restored function and repair records. | Focuses on diagnosing and repairing mechanical and electrical systems, involving power and control systems; automotive body and glass repairers focus on body and frame repair, refinishing, and glass replacement. | If you would rather do system diagnosis and repair, compare automotive service technicians and mechanics first; if you would rather do body repair and refinishing, automotive body and glass repairers fit you. |
AI impact on this career
This round did not obtain causal measurements of generative AI adoption, productivity, substitution, or employment for this occupation; estimating, measurement comparison, color matching, and records are editorial candidates. The ILO introduction extended abstract and the NIST brief are background only, and the complete occupational mapping was not read, so it is not concluded from a gap that field tasks will never be replaced. AI Impact Score 17% is an editorial estimate. Model impact index for three equally weighted representative core tasks; not a measured share of working time or a job-loss probability. floor((50+0+0)/3+0.5)=17; fermatmind-ai-impact-v1; 2026-10-18.The three tasks, ratings and sources are listed in the FermatMind method source record on this page.
FermatMind AI Impact Score estimation method v1
FermatMind / 费马测试 · 2026-10-18
Chinese mainland salary reference
2022 occupational classification, PDF276 page 4-12-01-01 auto mechanic: inspecting, maintaining, repairing, and adjusting automobiles and special-purpose vehicles, with tasks including diagnosing and repairing engine, chassis, body, and electrical faults, appearance, interior, and wheel trim, tool maintenance, used-car reconditioning, and process records; it lists job types such as automotive glass repairer, automotive body shaping and repairer, and automotive body refinisher. It overlaps with US49-3021/49-3022, and the job type classification does not equal business item classification, wages, or mutual recognition of qualifications.
2022 occupational classification, PDF276 page 4-12-01-01 auto mechanic: inspecting, maintaining, repairing, and adjusting automobiles and special-purpose vehicles, with tasks including diagnosing and repairing engine, chassis, body, and electrical faults, appearance, interior, and wheel trim, tool maintenance, used-car reconditioning, and process records; it lists job types such as automotive glass repairer, automotive body shaping and repairer, and automotive body refinisher. It overlaps with US49-3021/49-3022, and the job type classification does not equal business item classification, wages, or mutual recognition of qualifications.
Evidence gap: no nationwide occupational monthly salary distribution precisely corresponding to automotive body and glass repairers was obtained.
U.S. salary reference
Direct answer: the public U.S. data give hourly and annual wage percentiles and employment projections for the 49-3021.00 occupation, plus the BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook's median annual wage and projections for the combined occupation group; what can be verified is the percentiles, the median, and the projection figures, along with their respective definitions and reference periods.
| Wage statistics position | Annual wage reference | Conversion boundaries | How to understand this position |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lowest 10% | 36,910 USD/year (10th percentile) | Official annual wage, not personal monthly income | The 10th percentile is 36,910 USD per year; this is the low end of the distribution, does not represent all newcomers, and does not constitute an income promise. |
| Median (50%) | 54,890 USD/year (median) | Official annual wage, not an individual's take-home pay |
Career fit guide
Direct answer: the editorial observation questions include being able to complete shaping, welding, grinding, and spraying to process and record honestly, reviewing repair results by dimensions and symmetry, and stopping and escalating when structural parts, safety parts, process parameters, or work authorization are unclear; "liking cars" alone cannot settle it. This page did not verify the occupational predictive validity or weight of these clues and does not treat them as verified screening criteria.
You may be better suited to： You can complete shaping, grinding, and spraying to process and parameters and record honestly, review repair results by dimensions, stop and escalate when structural parts, safety parts, or work authorization are unclear, and accept review and correction.
These situations require caution： You only want to deliver the car as fast as possible and are unwilling to verify against process parameters and dimensions; you treat estimating system output as a confirmed vehicle damage conclusion; or you skip protection and authorization during welding and cutting, painting, and structural part repair; situations requiring caution also include difficulty adapting to a dust and paint mist environment, more than 40 hours of work, and peak-season overtime.
Do an entry exercise： Write a one-page fictional repair plan: including the work order and damage judgment, the shaping, welding, and replacement part steps, the grinding, degreasing, masking, and spraying parameters, the dimensional and appearance review items, and the welding and painting protection and waste disposal notes, and ask an experienced person to review it and record the reasons for changes. This does not constitute welding, painting, or field work instructions, nor does it replace position training and work authorization.
Work pressure, risks, and career boundaries
Check scenarios of welding and cutting, spray exposure, structural quality, parts, working beyond scope, and file settlement; the actual technical protection and statutory personnel conditions must be verified, control effects were not measured, and keeping records is not treated as permission.
The actual O*NET figures of 100% contaminants, 84% noise, 81% hazardous conditions, conventional PPE88%, and 41% considering the consequences of errors extremely serious are accurate; the actually relevant articles of the repair provisions, the OSHA hazard index, and the EPA introduction and 2023 summary were read, and these are not all standards and field procedures.
Typical scenario：Welding, cutting, or grinding in a place where combustibles have not been cleared or where ventilation is poor.
Roles most affected：The individual and workshop personnel
Possible consequence：
Entry, qualifications, and career development
O*NET Zone1–2, SVP<6; the zone generally requires a high school diploma or equivalent, with some occupations lower, and training from a few days to a year, which is not the complete training period for working independently in this occupation. In the survey of education required for new hires, responses were 42% high school, 35% postsecondary certificate, and 23% below high school, which is not the education distribution of incumbents or the threshold for all positions. The BLS EP typical entry for body work is a high school diploma or equivalent, no related work experience, and long-term OJT; the OOH says body work usually takes 2—3 years of hands-on work to become fully independent, while glass basics can take 6 months and full independence up to 1 year. Most OOH employers prefer people who have completed a training program, but some also enter without prior training; courses may include electronics, estimating, and welding, and career programs are often 6 months to 1 year, with some community college programs at 2 years, which is not all Chinese course or position conditions. Certification is usually not mandatory but can help advancement; a few states have licensing requirements for glass workers, so it cannot be said that an ordinary employer authorization is always enough. The O*NET registered apprenticeship listing gives 3 titles — automotive body repairer, automotive manufacturing service mechanic, and truck body builder — which are type examples, not actual vacancies or admission conditions that were read.
Career outlook and transitions to related occupations
The U.S. 49-3021 body and related repairers occupation had 163,200 jobs in 2025 and is projected at 169,300 in 2035, growing 3.7% from 2025 to 2035 (O*NET average of 3% to 4%), a net gain of 6,100, and about 12,600 openings per year, with the self-employed at 8.5%. Openings include growth and replacements and are not the net gain or an individual hiring rate. The combined OOH body and glass group had 185,800 jobs in 2025 and is projected at 193,200 in 2035, growing about 4%, a net gain of 7,400, and about 13,900 openings per year; glass 49-3022 is listed separately as 22,600 → 23,900, 5.7%, and 1,300 per year. The fixed identity of this page, 49-3021, is not changed, and the combined group and glass statistics are not treated as this occupation's independent data. The NBS total wage may include piece-rate and lump-sum pay, bonuses, allowances and subsidies, and overtime pay, and they cannot all be excluded; verify items excluded by rule according to the nature of the actual payments. Unit industry and job category averages are not this occupation's income. The labor time and material cost in customer repair settlement are also not employee wages.
United States · exact
There are three core categories of tasks: reviewing damage reports and work orders, removing accessories to reach the body, identifying damaged panels and materials, and preparing or reviewing the repair plan; removing dents with dollies and hammers, handling small dents with a pick hammer and punch, fastening the frame and parts to a hydraulic frame machine to straighten them, removing damaged sections with cutting and welding equipment and installing replacement parts, and repairing with resin, fiberglass mat, or a hot-air welding gun; and leveling repaired surfaces with power and hand tools, masking and degreasing and then spraying primer and topcoat to ratio, installing windows, tops, and trim, replacing damaged glass, and adjusting headlights, wheels, and brake systems and road-testing for review. The U.S. side corresponds to O*NET 49-3021.00, whose official duties are to repair and refinish motor vehicle bodies and straighten vehicle frames.
Mainly fire and burns from welding and cutting, occupational health and environmental risks from grinding and painting, improper repair of structural and safety parts, substandard materials and parts with missing traceability, work beyond scope and unclear work authorization, and missing records and settlement disputes. The controls are ventilation and protection per procedure, working to process parameters, reviewing repair results by dimensions, and checking the parts source and keeping records. This page does not provide welding, painting, or field work instructions.
Choose a real task from this page for a small practice project or a conversation with someone in the field. Use the planning guides to set a date, an output and feedback questions before deciding whether to continue.
Signals to keep exploring: you can read repair work orders and damage reports, judge the condition of the frame and panels by dimensions and symmetry, are willing to work to paint mixing ratios and process parameters and to work under ventilation and protective conditions, can complete degreasing and masking before painting, and stop and ask for guidance when structural parts, safety parts, or repair dimensions are unclear.
Conditions for pausing your investment: you have not yet completed one full assessment—shaping—grinding—painting—review process under any supervised conditions, or you can only describe your interest as "liking cars"; also do not treat course grades, one time helping a friend touch up paint, or being able to drive as proof that you can repair structural parts independently, weld and cut, or paint. Work involving welding and cutting, structural part repair, and painting must be carried out by organizations and personnel with the appropriate training and authorization following procedures; this page does not provide welding, painting, or field work instructions.
One-line judgment: Automotive Body and Glass Repairers are not about "a couple of taps and a coat of paint" but about linking vehicle damage assessment, sheet metal shaping, welding and cutting, grinding and painting, frame and dimensional alignment, and glass and accessory replacement into a checkable, measurable, reviewable repair process; people who only want to deliver the car as fast as possible and are unwilling to verify against process parameters and procedures are not suited to it.
Automotive Body and Glass Repairers (U.S. side O*NET 49-3021.00, Automotive Body and Related Repairers) repair and refinish motor vehicle bodies and straighten vehicle frames, and they also involve replacing and repairing windshields and window glass. The original official duties read "Repair and refinish automotive vehicle bodies and straighten vehicle frames."; there are 25 official tasks, focused on filing, grinding, sanding, and leveling repaired surfaces with power and hand tools; inspecting repaired vehicles for operating condition, completion, dimensional accuracy, and paint appearance and road-testing them; installing and welding replacement parts with wrenches and welding equipment and grinding welds; spraying primer and topcoat with a paint spray gun and power sander; determining the parts to repair or replace and the labor time per the supervisor's instructions; sanding areas to be painted and covering them with masking tape or paper to prevent paint contamination; fastening the frame and parts to a hydraulic frame machine to straighten damaged areas; removing dents with dollies and hammers; applying protective film and cleaning off adhesive; reviewing damage reports and reviewing repair cost estimates; filling small dents with plastic or solder; removing damaged sections with a metal cutting torch and pneumatic grinder and installing replacement parts; removing small dents and pits with a pick hammer and punch; removing interior trim, accessories, and trim to reach the body and fenders; mixing polyester resin and hardener; installing and fastening windows, vinyl tops, and metal trim; adjusting or aligning headlights, wheels, and brake systems; replacing damaged glass; identifying plastic types; repairing plastic panels with a hot-air welding gun; cleaning the work area; laying up fiberglass mat; determining custom modifications to customer requirements; and cutting openings in the body to install custom windows and cutting vinyl material. In the United States this occupation is in Job Zone 1–2 (SVP below 6.0); mainland China statistics are aggregated by industry category and do not list this occupation separately, so industry figures can only serve as a broad-scope comparison. This page does not constitute welding, cutting, painting, or field work instructions, and such work must be carried out by organizations and personnel with the appropriate training and authorization following procedures.
The work of Automotive Body and Glass Repairers falls into three categories: assessment and disassembly (reviewing damage reports and work orders, preparing or reviewing repair cost estimates and planning the work, removing interior trim, accessories, power window and seat operating equipment, and trim to reach the body and fenders, and identifying damaged panels and plastic types); sheet metal work and shaping (removing dents with dollies and hammers, removing small dents and pits from body metal with a pick hammer and punch, fastening the frame and parts to a hydraulic frame machine to straighten damaged areas, removing damaged sections with a metal cutting torch, pneumatic grinder, and wrenches and welding in replacement parts, repairing with polyester resin and hardener or fiberglass mat, and repairing plastic panels with a hot-air welding gun); and painting and assembly (filing, grinding, sanding, and leveling repaired surfaces with power and hand tools, masking and then spraying primer and topcoat, installing and fastening windows, vinyl tops, and metal trim, replacing damaged glass, adjusting or aligning headlights, wheels, and brake systems, and road-testing for review and cleaning the work area). All three categories presuppose stopping and escalating when structural parts, safety parts, or process parameters are unclear.
Assessment and disassembly tasks
Automotive Body and Glass Repairers handle body and frame repair, refinishing, and glass replacement and are responsible for repair dimensions, paint quality, and work safety; automotive glass installers focus on installing and repairing windshields and window glass; automotive service technicians and mechanics focus on diagnosing and repairing mechanical and electrical systems; sheet metal workers focus on forming and installing metal sheet; bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists focus on heavy vehicle and engine repair; electric motor and power tool repairers focus on servicing motors and tools; motorcycle mechanics focus on motorcycle repair. Adjacent occupations share metal, mechanical, and painting knowledge, but the objects, deliverables, and responsibilities differ.
| Dimension | Primary track | Comparison track |
|---|---|---|
| Core purpose | Turn vehicle damage into measurable repair results, and leave a work order stating the extent of damage, the repair process and dimensions, the paint mixing ratio and application parameters, replaced parts, and open items, so that reviewers or the customer can accept the work. | Measurable, reviewable repair results |
| Main objects and basis | The objects are body panels, frames and structural parts, windows and windshields, vinyl tops and metal trim, and other components, along with welding and cutting equipment, hydraulic frame machines, sanding and painting equipment, measuring tools, and color matching systems; the basis is the vehicle manufacturer's repair technical information and labor time standards, the institution's process procedures and checklists, and the applicable welding and painting safety and environmental requirements. |
Review the damage report and work order, remove accessories to reach the body, identify damaged panels and materials, prepare or review the repair plan and labor and material costs, and mark the structural and safety parts that need review.
Remove dents with dollies and hammers and small dents and pits with a pick hammer and punch, fasten the frame and parts to a hydraulic frame machine and straighten to specified dimensions, and record the measurement results.
Officially this includes welding in replacements and grinding welds; the special operations training and assessment provisions effective 2026-06-01 define the work by catalog, and applicable tasks require specialized training and assessment and an operation certificate; an ordinary internal authorization or supervision does not replace the statutory conditions. The catalog was not fully verified this round, and the same certificate is not required of all body workers on the basis of the occupation name.
Officially this includes grinding and masking, primer, and topcoat; mixing ratios and application records must be verified against real technical materials, Article 23 of the repair provisions covers safety education and safety procedures and Article 24 covers waste disposal in accordance with national requirements; the OSHA body hazards page is in fact a hazard and guidance link index, covering isocyanate asthma, solvents, dust, noise, and welding and cutting, and is not the full text of all current standards. The current EPA 6H introduction and the 2023 outreach summary cover applicable spray painting and paint stripping scope and exceptions, training, and paint controls, and do not imply the same permit or complete environmental conditions for all shops. This round did not obtain all PPE and ventilation parameters, fire and hazardous waste, and recovery procedures.
Install and fasten windows, vinyl tops, and metal trim, replace damaged glass, and adjust or align headlights, wheels, and brake systems.
Officially this includes completion dimension and appearance inspection, road test, and cleaning the work area; Article 29 of the repair provisions requires repairing according to standards and publicly available vendor technical materials and not damaging emission systems such as OBD; Article 30 prohibits counterfeit and substandard parts, and requires recording purchase and use information, checking conformity certificates, and keeping the source. Article 31 applies intake, in-process, and completion inspections to level-two maintenance, assemblies, and whole-vehicle repair; Article 32 requires the corresponding release certificate to be issued by quality inspection personnel, with no delivery without a signature, and ordinary technicians or supervisors must not automatically sign on their behalf. Article 33 requires the electronic file to lawfully include the contract, work order, items, personnel, and settlement, and the listed repair additionally includes inspection and certificate copies; upload the genuine motor vehicle repair electronic health record.
Check at least six items before starting: the occupational definition and the employer entity (O*NET 49-3021.00 is a U.S. definition, and on the mainland China side the position and the employer must be identified); education and training requirements; the employer's internal authorization to work and assessment; the scope of authorization for welding and cutting and for painting; paint environmental protection and waste disposal requirements; and the pay method (monthly salary, piece rate, or itemized settlement by labor time and material cost).
Occupational definition
| Automotive body and glass repairers and automotive glass installers | Install and repair windshields and window glass, with output mainly in the form of sealing and optical quality and installation records. | Focuses on installing and repairing windshields and window glass, with work concentrated at the glass bay or at the customer site; automotive body and glass repairers also do sheet metal, welding, and painting. | If you would rather specialize in glass installation and repair, compare automotive glass installers first; if you would rather combine sheet metal and painting, automotive body and glass repairers fit you. |
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| Automotive body and glass repairers and sheet metal workers | Form, cut, and install metal sheet components, with output mainly in the form of component dimensions and installation quality. | Focuses on forming, cutting, and installing metal sheet, with objects including architectural and industrial components; automotive body and glass repairers work on vehicle panels and frames. | If you would rather do metal sheet forming and installation, compare sheet metal workers first; if you would rather repair vehicle bodies, automotive body and glass repairers fit you. |
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| Automotive body and glass repairers and bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists | Maintain and repair buses, trucks, and diesel engines, with output mainly in the form of restored vehicle condition and repair records. | Focuses on heavy vehicle and diesel engine repair, with higher work intensity and technical barriers; automotive body and glass repairers focus on body repair and refinishing. | If you would rather do heavy vehicle and engine repair, compare bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists first; if you would rather do body repair and refinishing, automotive body and glass repairers fit you. |
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| Automotive body and glass repairers and electric motor and power tool repairers | Service electric motors and power tools, with output mainly in the form of restored equipment function and service records. | Focuses on servicing electric motors, power tools, and related equipment, with work concentrated on electrical and mechanical components; automotive body and glass repairers focus on body metal and painting. | If you would rather service motors and tools, compare electric motor and power tool repairers first; if you would rather do body repair and refinishing, automotive body and glass repairers fit you. |
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| Automotive body and glass repairers and motorcycle mechanics | Maintain and repair motorcycle mechanical and electrical systems, with output mainly in the form of restored vehicle function. | Focuses on motorcycle repair, with the object being the mechanical and electrical systems of two-wheeled vehicles; automotive body and glass repairers focus on the body and painting of four-wheeled vehicles. | If you would rather do motorcycle repair, compare motorcycle mechanics first; if you would rather do automotive body repair and refinishing, automotive body and glass repairers fit you. |
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All six directions take vehicles, metal, or machinery as their object, but the deliverables and responsibility boundaries differ; the same stint of repair experience cannot be directly converted into another direction's authorization to work, work authorization, or institutional filing, and this page only compares differences in duties under the published definitions.
Conclusion: the basis for choosing a direction is the deliverables and the responsibility boundaries, not whether vehicles or metal are involved in all of them; once the direction is set, the education, professional training, work authorization, and institutional filing requirements of the target direction should be verified item by item.
Editorial ratings use the existing occupational responsibilities and AI task analysis on this page. They are not adoption rates, measured effects, job-disappearance or personal-unemployment probabilities, or official scores from Stanford or another external institution. No measured time weights or future robot deployment are assumed.
Editors try estimating, dimensional comparison, color matching, and ledgers; whether they can be undone depends on the specific system and process, and it has not been proven that all can be rolled back or have been adopted.
Check the real tools, equipment, data permissions, and review arrangements; this round did not obtain occupation adoption statistics, and the progress of all institutions is not extrapolated.
The U.S. 49-3021 body and related repairers occupation had 163,200 jobs in 2025 and is projected at 169,300 in 2035, growing 3.7% from 2025 to 2035 (O*NET average of 3% to 4%), a net gain of 6,100, and about 12,600 openings per year, with the self-employed at 8.5%. Openings include growth and replacements and are not the net gain or an individual hiring rate. Task exposure, adoption, productivity, and employment are different measurement objects, not AI causality.
| Work area | Task | Current change | Human control point |
|---|---|---|---|
| Damage assessment and work order | Review the work order and images, disassemble and inspect and identify damaged panels and materials, and prepare or review the repair plan. | Estimating and image organization are editorial tool candidates; the actual damage determination follows the real personnel, technical materials, and review division of labor, and effects were not measured. | Determine whether the extent of damage and the repair plan have already been confirmed. |
| Sheet metal work and frame straightening | Officially this includes shaping with dollies and hammers and hydraulic straightening; the specific parameters, equipment procedures, and personnel conditions must be verified, and this is not an operating instruction from this page. | Digital measurement is a candidate; straightening and quality responsibility follow the actual division of labor and are not concluded to belong entirely to the individual on the basis of the occupation name. | Determine whether the frame and panel dimensions need straightening and to what specification. |
| Welding and cutting | Officially this includes cutting, welding in replacements, and grinding welds; the specific material joining parameters must be verified against real technical materials, and the special operations training and assessment provisions effective 2026-06-01 define the work by catalog, with applicable tasks requiring specialized training and assessment and an operation certificate; an ordinary internal authorization or supervision does not replace the statutory conditions. The catalog was not fully verified this round, and the same certificate is not required of all body workers on the basis of the occupation name. | Parameter retrieval is a candidate; the specific welding and cutting personnel and safety responsibility follow the applicable task, statutory conditions, and division of labor, and are not attributed entirely to the individual. | Determine whether welding, cutting, or panel and structural part replacement is needed. |
| Grinding and painting | Officially this includes grinding and masking, primer, and topcoat, and the real materials and application conditions must be verified. Article 23 of the repair provisions covers safety education and safety procedures and Article 24 covers waste disposal in accordance with national requirements; the OSHA body hazards page is in fact a hazard and guidance link index, covering isocyanate asthma, solvents, dust, noise, and welding and cutting, and is not the full text of all current standards. The current EPA 6H introduction and the 2023 outreach summary cover applicable spray painting and paint stripping scope and exceptions, training, and paint controls, and do not imply the same permit or complete environmental conditions for all shops. This round did not obtain all PPE and ventilation parameters, fire and hazardous waste, and recovery procedures. | Color matching retrieval is an editorial candidate; efficiency gains were not measured; work execution and quality inspection follow the actual division of personnel. | Determine whether the substrate preparation, paint mixing ratio, and spraying parameters apply. |
| Glass and accessory installation | Officially this includes installing windows, tops, and trim and replacing damaged glass, and the specific procedures must be verified; U.S. glass 49-3022 is listed separately, and the fixed identity is not changed nor complete glass qualifications inferred. | Record digitization is a candidate; the real installation, inspection, and sealing responsibility follow the division of labor, and complete tool delivery is not guaranteed. | Determine whether glass and trim installation and headlight and wheel alignment are done properly. |
| Quality review and road test | Officially this includes completion inspection, dimensions and appearance, and road test; the statutory repair inspection scope and the personnel who issue the certificate should be verified separately. Article 29 of the repair provisions requires repairing according to standards and publicly available vendor technical materials and not damaging emission systems such as OBD; Article 30 prohibits counterfeit and substandard parts, and requires recording purchase and use information, checking conformity certificates, and keeping the source. Article 31 applies in-shop and process completion inspection to level-two maintenance, assemblies, and whole-vehicle repair; Article 32 requires the corresponding release certificate to be issued by quality inspection personnel, with no delivery without a signature, and ordinary technicians or supervisors must not automatically sign on their behalf. Article 33 requires the electronic file to lawfully include the contract, work order, items, personnel, and settlement, and the listed repair additionally includes inspection and certificate copies; upload the genuine motor vehicle repair electronic health record. | The inspection template can serve as editorial preparation; the actual inspection and factory release follow the statutory scope and personnel, and it is not always the individual and the supervisor who release jointly. | Determine whether repair dimensions, appearance, and function meet the release conditions. |
| Records and settlement | Record work execution, parts, and customer settlement according to the real work order and files; the itemized labor time and material cost are the customer's bill, not employee pay. Waste is handled according to the applicable requirements. | Entry and compilation are candidates; completeness and compliance responsibility follow the real statutory division of duties, and keeping records is not treated as fulfilling all obligations. | Determine whether the work order, measurement, and settlement records are complete and suitable for review. |
The five evidence cards explain the source, the study subject, the conclusion, and the usage limits respectively; they support official duties, task definitions, industry distribution, and technology signals, and they are not automation substitution rates or job count projections.
The three groups are editorial trial directions; differences in impact and effects were not measured.
AI primarily changesEditors try approved estimating, dimensional comparison, and ledgers, testing errors, omissions, and review time; not proven efficiency gains.
Human responsibility remainsDetermine the extent of damage and the boundary between replacement and repair, and take responsibility for the conclusions of dimensional measurement and the repair plan.
AI primarily changesEditors try color matching retrieval and organizing approved equipment data, checking missing items and errors; it has not been proven that all drying parameters can be collected automatically or rolled back safely.
Human responsibility remainsJudge whether the parameters apply by combining material and process conditions, and do not treat system recommendations as confirmed application parameters.
AI primarily changesEditors try organizing work orders, measurement, and settlement records, checking real versions and completeness; automatic generation is not automatically compliant.
Human responsibility remainsCheck the actual inspection division of labor and settlement differences, and this page is not taken as authorization to stop work, resume work, or issue a release certificate. Article 29 of the repair provisions requires repairing according to standards and publicly available vendor technical materials and not damaging emission systems such as OBD; Article 30 prohibits counterfeit and substandard parts, and requires recording purchase and use information, checking conformity certificates, and keeping the source. Article 31 applies in-shop and process completion inspection to level-two maintenance, assemblies, and whole-vehicle repair; Article 32 requires the corresponding release certificate to be issued by quality inspection personnel, with no delivery without a signature, and ordinary technicians or supervisors must not automatically sign on their behalf. Article 33 requires the electronic file to lawfully include the contract, work order, items, personnel, and settlement, and the listed repair additionally includes inspection and certificate copies; upload the genuine motor vehicle repair electronic health record.
The following are editorial review examples, not an obtained complete field procedure, a uniform five-step method, or an expanded tool use permit.
Check the specific work orders, materials and process materials, task personnel conditions, and actual inspection division of labor. The special operations training and assessment provisions effective 2026-06-01 define the work by catalog, and applicable tasks require specialized training and assessment and an operation certificate; an ordinary internal authorization or supervision does not replace the statutory conditions. The catalog was not fully verified this round, and the same certificate is not required of all body workers on the basis of the occupation name.
Editors select approved estimating, comparison, color matching, and ledger trials; the specific reversibility must be verified, and all steps cannot be assumed to roll back safely.
Designated personnel verify dimensions, parameters, and tool output and record open items, and it is not necessarily the individual who completes all review.
Keep records according to the real repair materials and the statutory file scope, and do not substitute general examples for all retention requirements. Article 29 of the repair provisions requires repairing according to standards and publicly available vendor technical materials and not damaging emission systems such as OBD; Article 30 prohibits counterfeit and substandard parts, and requires recording purchase and use information, checking conformity certificates, and keeping the source. Article 31 applies in-shop and process completion inspection to level-two maintenance, assemblies, and whole-vehicle repair; Article 32 requires the corresponding release certificate to be issued by quality inspection personnel, with no delivery without a signature, and ordinary technicians or supervisors must not automatically sign on their behalf. Article 33 requires the electronic file to lawfully include the contract, work order, items, personnel, and settlement, and the listed repair additionally includes inspection and certificate copies; upload the genuine motor vehicle repair electronic health record.
Article 23 of the repair provisions covers safety education and safety procedures and Article 24 covers waste disposal in accordance with national requirements; the OSHA body hazards page is in fact a hazard and guidance link index, covering isocyanate asthma, solvents, dust, noise, and welding and cutting, and is not the full text of all current standards. The current EPA 6H introduction and the 2023 outreach summary cover applicable spray painting and paint stripping scope and exceptions, training, and paint controls, and do not imply the same permit or complete environmental conditions for all shops. This round did not obtain all PPE and ventilation parameters, fire and hazardous waste, and recovery procedures. The special operations training and assessment provisions effective 2026-06-01 define the work by catalog, and applicable tasks require specialized training and assessment and an operation certificate; an ordinary internal authorization or supervision does not replace the statutory conditions. The catalog was not fully verified this round, and the same certificate is not required of all body workers on the basis of the occupation name.
Treating estimating system output as a confirmed vehicle damage conclusion will lead to missed items, rework, and settlement disputes.
Control: Mark tool output as reference, and only adopt it after combining on-site measurement and teardown results.
Verify the actual permissions for customer vehicle and insurance materials; all privacy implementation conditions were not obtained, and not every external sharing is concluded to be unlawful.
Control: Handle it according to the institution's information and money security rules, and do not provide customer or internal materials to unauthorized channels.
Repair and parts records need to be traceable; output without a note of the time and the personnel will be hard to review.
Control: Keep work orders and measurement and work records, noting the time, the operator, and traces of manual edits.
Process or dimensional deviations in structural and safety parts may affect driving safety; this round did not verify the severity and incidence for specific vehicle models.
Control: Compare against repair standards and publicly available vendor technical materials as required by law, and handle anomalies per the real position procedures; complete stop-work and resumption procedures were not obtained, and keeping records does not grant resumption.
Check the actual division of labor among work execution, inspection, and record-keeping personnel; traceability cannot be used to infer that complete qualifications have been met.
Control: Record work execution, inspection, and open items according to the real files and position rules; Article 29 of the repair provisions requires repairing according to standards and publicly available vendor technical materials and not damaging emission systems such as OBD; Article 30 prohibits counterfeit and substandard parts, and requires recording purchase and use information, checking conformity certificates, and keeping the source. Article 31 applies in-shop and process completion inspection to level-two maintenance, assemblies, and whole-vehicle repair; Article 32 requires the corresponding release certificate to be issued by quality inspection personnel, with no delivery without a signature, and ordinary technicians or supervisors must not automatically sign on their behalf. Article 33 requires the electronic file to lawfully include the contract, work order, items, personnel, and settlement, and the listed repair additionally includes inspection and certificate copies; upload the genuine motor vehicle repair electronic health record.
Editorial preparation example: use fictional work orders and damage materials to check estimating, dimensions, materials, and records; verify specific courses separately, and practice does not grant field welding or spraying or independent repair rights. China's Provisions on the Administration of Motor Vehicle Repair, fifth amendment in 2023: Articles 7—9 require filing with the county-level transport department after registration and classification by vehicle type, capability, and item; Article 12 requires at least 1 each of technical responsible person, quality inspector, business reception, and mechanical, electrical, sheet metal, and paint technicians for class one and two, and staffing by item for class three, where body repair additionally requires a technical responsible person and quality inspection personnel. Quality inspection requires an appropriate driver's license, and this license is not required of all sheet metal personnel; Article 20 requires operating within the filed scope. Unit filing, personnel conditions, and the statutory qualifications for specific work cannot substitute for one another. The special operations training and assessment provisions effective 2026-06-01 define the work by catalog, and applicable tasks require specialized training and assessment and an operation certificate; an ordinary internal authorization or supervision does not replace the statutory conditions. The catalog was not fully verified this round, and the same certificate is not required of all body workers on the basis of the occupation name.
Editorial trial candidate: on approved materials, compare estimating, dimensional comparison, color matching retrieval, and ledgers for errors, omissions, and review time; effects were not measured; work execution and release follow the actual division of personnel and are not always exclusively the individual's own.
Editors check the specific tools, vehicle customer material permissions, the reviewer, and the conditions of work order use; Article 29 of the repair provisions requires repairing according to standards and publicly available vendor technical materials and not damaging emission systems such as OBD; Article 30 prohibits counterfeit and substandard parts, and requires recording purchase and use information, checking conformity certificates, and keeping the source. Article 31 applies in-shop and process completion inspection to level-two maintenance, assemblies, and whole-vehicle repair; Article 32 requires the corresponding release certificate to be issued by quality inspection personnel, with no delivery without a signature, and ordinary technicians or supervisors must not automatically sign on their behalf. Article 33 requires the electronic file to lawfully include the contract, work order, items, personnel, and settlement, and the listed repair additionally includes inspection and certificate copies; upload the genuine motor vehicle repair electronic health record. The special operations training and assessment provisions effective 2026-06-01 define the work by catalog, and applicable tasks require specialized training and assessment and an operation certificate; an ordinary internal authorization or supervision does not replace the statutory conditions. The catalog was not fully verified this round, and the same certificate is not required of all body workers on the basis of the occupation name.
Focus teaching on damage assessment and dimensional measurement, sheet metal and shaping processes, welding and cutting fundamentals, grinding and spraying process parameters, glass and accessory installation, and quality review and safety and environmental protection, while training critical use of automatic estimating and color matching output, to avoid substituting interface conclusions for on-site measurement and process verification.
This round did not obtain occupational measurements of overall substitution, and it cannot be concluded that all tasks will always be performed by people alone. Specific work execution, quality inspection release, and record responsibility follow the real regulations and division of labor.
Source: O*NET occupation summary / detailed informationOriginal source ↗
Officially there is knowledge such as repair, troubleshooting, monitoring, quality analysis, and mechanical; programming and specific software conditions depend on the real position, and no job postings were read this round, so it is not broadly concluded that no programming is needed.
Source: O*NET technology list / training and education informationOriginal source ↗
Editors try estimating, comparison, color matching, and ledgers; the specific permissions, errors, and undo conditions must be verified, and effects were not measured.
Source: O*NET detailed informationOriginal source ↗
The U.S. 49-3021 body and related repairers occupation had 163,200 jobs in 2025 and is projected at 169,300 in 2035, growing 3.7% from 2025 to 2035 (O*NET average of 3% to 4%), a net gain of 6,100, and about 12,600 openings per year, with the self-employed at 8.5%. Openings include growth and replacements and are not the net gain or an individual hiring rate.
Source: O*NET occupation summary (employment and projections fields)Original source ↗
Tool output cannot automatically constitute a process, dimensional, or release conclusion; the actual tasks and responsibilities must be verified against the jurisdiction and division of labor, and not all work execution and certification is attributed to the individual. Article 29 of the repair provisions requires repairing according to standards and publicly available vendor technical materials and not damaging emission systems such as OBD; Article 30 prohibits counterfeit and substandard parts, and requires recording purchase and use information, checking conformity certificates, and keeping the source. Article 31 applies in-shop and process completion inspection to level-two maintenance, assemblies, and whole-vehicle repair; Article 32 requires the corresponding release certificate to be issued by quality inspection personnel, with no delivery without a signature, and ordinary technicians or supervisors must not automatically sign on their behalf. Article 33 requires the electronic file to lawfully include the contract, work order, items, personnel, and settlement, and the listed repair additionally includes inspection and certificate copies; upload the genuine motor vehicle repair electronic health record.
Source: O*NET occupation summary / detailed informationOriginal source ↗
This round did not obtain reliable measurements of a job disappearance year; the U.S. 49-3021 body and related repairers occupation had 163,200 jobs in 2025 and is projected at 169,300 in 2035, growing 3.7% from 2025 to 2035 (O*NET average of 3% to 4%), a net gain of 6,100, and about 12,600 openings per year, with the self-employed at 8.5%. Openings include growth and replacements and are not the net gain or an individual hiring rate. AI substitution causality is not inferred from the official employment projection, nor is it said that no source has a year.
Source: Method notes for this pageOriginal source ↗
Prioritize damage assessment and dimensional measurement, sheet metal and shaping processes, welding and cutting fundamentals, grinding and spraying process parameters, glass and accessory installation, and quality review; tool capabilities come after process and safety. Specific requirements are subject to the employer's rules.
Source: O*NET training and education informationOriginal source ↗
The above content distinguishes automation capability, actual deployment, and employment outcomes; moving on to the next section lets you look at the statistical scope and gap notes of the mainland China salary reference.
Evidence gap: no verifiable city-level occupational income data was obtained, and this page does not show a city ranking.
This round did not obtain verifiable income samples for this occupation in other cities, and it is not concluded that no official source has published them.
Scenario comparison requires consistency in the employer's nature, the filed business items, the business direction, and the pay definition; an industry proxy cannot replace written pay terms.
| Preparation categories and conditions to be verified | Editorial exploration directions | Notes and verification suggestions |
|---|---|---|
| Majors such as automotive operation and maintenance and automotive body repair | Body and paint shop positions at class one or class two auto repair enterprises and at 4S dealership body and paint centers. | Education and the job series are two different paths; education does not equal authorization to work or work authorization. |
| Majors such as sheet metal and painting and auto detailing and trim (some positions) | Class three special repair (body repair, auto detailing and trim, and auto glass installation and repair) positions. | The major directions differ, and the job title and duties must be confirmed in the employment terms. |
| Authorization to work and work permits | Positions involving welding and cutting, structural part repair, or painting. | China's Provisions on the Administration of Motor Vehicle Repair, fifth amendment in 2023: Articles 7—9 require filing with the county-level transport department after registration and classification by vehicle type, capability, and item; Article 12 requires at least 1 each of technical responsible person, quality inspector, business reception, and mechanical, electrical, sheet metal, and paint technicians for class one and two, and staffing by item for class three, where body repair additionally requires a technical responsible person and quality inspection personnel. Quality inspection requires an appropriate driver's license, and this license is not required of all sheet metal personnel; Article 20 requires operating within the filed scope. Unit filing, personnel conditions, and the statutory qualifications for specific work cannot substitute for one another. The special operations training and assessment provisions effective 2026-06-01 define the work by catalog, and applicable tasks require specialized training and assessment and an operation certificate; an ordinary internal authorization or supervision does not replace the statutory conditions. The catalog was not fully verified this round, and the same certificate is not required of all body workers on the basis of the occupation name. |
| Equipment, site safety, and environmental requirements | Positions involving welding and cutting, grinding, and painting. | Article 23 of the repair provisions covers safety education and safety procedures and Article 24 covers waste disposal in accordance with national requirements; the OSHA body hazards page is in fact a hazard and guidance link index, covering isocyanate asthma, solvents, dust, noise, and welding and cutting, and is not the full text of all current standards. The current EPA 6H introduction and the 2023 outreach summary cover applicable spray painting and paint stripping scope and exceptions, training, and paint controls, and do not imply the same permit or complete environmental conditions for all shops. This round did not obtain all PPE and ventilation parameters, fire and hazardous waste, and recovery procedures. |
Comparing position wages requires checking the employee contract monthly salary, piece-rate bonuses, hours and overtime, and personnel conditions; the itemized labor time and material cost in customer repair quotations are listed separately and cannot serve as the employee pay structure.
Verify the industry by the statistical unit's main activity; the resident services and repair category was 70,226 non-private and 52,059 private yuan/year in 2025, and classification is not automatic from the job title nor a source for deriving occupational wages.
Verify by the unit's main activity; dealership after-sales may fall under wholesale and retail, which was 135,749 non-private and 69,622 private yuan/year in 2025, and is not the individual wage of all 4S body and paint staff.
The positions contained in manufacturing units can serve as a category comparison, at 113,594 non-private and 76,055 private yuan/year in 2025, and the unit's main activity must be verified; this is not the pay of repair worker positions.
The use of AI and automation in damage estimating, measurement comparison, and compilation is only an unverified candidate on this page; the existing wage data must still be read according to its statistical definition, population covered, and reference period, and the candidate tasks cannot be used to derive precise Chinese occupational wages or to predict whether future statistical classifications will change.
| The median is 54,890 USD per year and 26.39 USD per hour; it describes the midpoint of the whole distribution and does not represent an individual's take-home income; the median annual wage given by the BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook for the combined occupation group in 2025 is 52,530 USD. |
| Highest 10% | 87,940 USD/year (90th percentile) | Official annual wage, not an individual's take-home pay | In 2025 this occupation's P90 was 87,940 USD/year, which is not a common income; the OOH experience and wage explanation does not prove that every specialty or supervising role reaches that percentile. |
|---|
Wages · 10th percentile：36,910 USD/year (10th percentile)；In 2025 this occupation's P10 annual wage was 36,910 USD and its P10 hourly wage was 17.74 USD, not a minimum wage floor or the starting pay of all newcomers.
Wages · 25th percentile：45,750 USD/year (25th percentile)；Under the same definition this is the 25th percentile of annual wages, corresponding to 21.99 USD at the 25th percentile hourly wage；BLS 2025 wage percentiles as shown by O*NET
Wages · median：54,890 USD/year (median)；OEWS includes paid employees' base pay, commissions, production bonuses, and other incentive pay and tips； it excludes overtime premiums, shift differentials, and nonproduction bonuses. The self-employed, owners and partners of unincorporated businesses, and unpaid family workers are excluded, and paid corporate employees are not excluded wholesale because of small scale or a family business. Not all piece-rate or hourly workers can be excluded from the statistics, and this is not an individual's net take-home income.
Wages · 75th percentile：69,200 USD/year (75th percentile)；Under the same definition this is the 75th percentile of annual wages, corresponding to 33.27 USD at the 75th percentile hourly wage；BLS 2025 wage percentiles as shown by O*NET
Wages · 90th percentile：87,940 USD/year (90th percentile)；The P90 annual wage is 87,940 USD and the hourly wage 42.28 USD. The OOH says growing experience usually comes with higher wages, but it gives no independent measurement of a premium for aluminum body work, painting, or supervising, so a specialty is not treated as a necessary cause of a high percentile.
The median is not an entry-level wage: it means half of practitioners are above and half below that value; the 10th and 25th percentiles are closer to the low end, but income is still affected by institution type, seniority, and pay method.
OEWS generally converts annual wages on a 2,080-hour basis, which does not equal a real individual's annual hours. Actual net income must be verified against the contract, hours, and pay items, and a statistical hourly wage does not guarantee an individual's annual income.
This occupation's 2025 OEWS wages and 2025—2035 projections; the OOH covers the same period but uses a combined occupation group and separates body and glass, so the statistical populations must be distinguished.
Actual income is also affected by the type of employing organization, seniority and professional direction, hours and overtime arrangements, and whether pay is piece-rate or performance-based.
| Industry | Median wage for this occupation within the industry | How to understand this value |
|---|---|---|
| Automotive body, paint, interior, and glass repair | 55,920 USD/year (2025, industry median for this occupation) | The OOH body 49-3021 median for this detailed industry is 55,920 USD and employment is about 60%; this is not the wage for glass 49-3022, nor does it equal the O*NET broad other services figure of 67%. |
| Automobile dealers | 52,040 USD/year (2025, industry median for this occupation) | The OOH body 49-3021 median at automobile dealers is 52,040 USD and employment is about 16%; the detailed industry does not equal the O*NET broad retail figure of 17%. |
| Automotive mechanical and electrical repair and maintenance | 50,450 USD/year (2025, industry median for this occupation) | The OOH body 49-3021 median for this detailed industry is 50,450 USD and employment is about 6%; this is not the O*NET other industries wage at 16%, and it is not a sample of all employers. |
| Self-employment net income (excluding wages of paid corporate employees) | This round did not obtain a self-employment net income distribution, and customer bills or piece-rate amounts cannot be simply annualized; it is also not concluded that no BLS material exists at all. | OEWS includes paid employees' base pay, commissions, production bonuses, and other incentive pay and tips; it excludes overtime premiums, shift differentials, and nonproduction bonuses. The self-employed, owners and partners of unincorporated businesses, and unpaid family workers are excluded, and paid corporate employees are not excluded wholesale because of small scale or a family business. Not all piece-rate or hourly workers can be excluded from the statistics, and this is not an individual's net take-home income. EP2025 self-employment is 8.5%, and the about 8% in the OOH employment industry list is rounding, not a wage median. |
The OOH says most body and glass repair shops and dealerships use incentive pay: a base wage plus a set amount for completing a task, with earnings depending on task volume and completion speed; this is a U.S. description, and the same method was not obtained for every Chinese 4S shop or all glass organizations.
The OOH says wages usually rise with experience and some people move into management; it gives no causal data on a premium for specialties such as aluminum body work or painting, and the specific wage depends on the real contract.
O*NET66% work more than 40 hours per week; the OOH says backlog can bring evening and weekend overtime. It is not concluded from this that all peak seasons have the same overtime pay or commission. OEWS includes paid employees' base pay, commissions, production bonuses, and other incentive pay and tips; it excludes overtime premiums, shift differentials, and nonproduction bonuses. The self-employed, owners and partners of unincorporated businesses, and unpaid family workers are excluded, and paid corporate employees are not excluded wholesale because of small scale or a family business. Not all piece-rate or hourly workers can be excluded from the statistics, and this is not an individual's net take-home income.
The U.S. 49-3021 body and related repairers occupation had 163,200 jobs in 2025 and is projected at 169,300 in 2035, growing 3.7% from 2025 to 2035 (O*NET average of 3% to 4%), a net gain of 6,100, and about 12,600 openings per year, with the self-employed at 8.5%. Openings include growth and replacements and are not the net gain or an individual hiring rate. The combined OOH body and glass group had 185,800 jobs in 2025 and is projected at 193,200 in 2035, growing about 4%, a net gain of 7,400, and about 13,900 openings per year； glass 49-3022 is listed separately as 22,600 → 23,900, 5.7%, and 1,300 per year. The fixed identity of this page, 49-3021, is not changed, and the combined group and glass statistics are not treated as this occupation's independent data.
The U.S. 49-3021 body and related repairers occupation had 163,200 jobs in 2025 and is projected at 169,300 in 2035, growing 3.7% from 2025 to 2035 (O*NET average of 3% to 4%), a net gain of 6,100, and about 12,600 openings per year, with the self-employed at 8.5%. Openings include growth and replacements and are not the net gain or an individual hiring rate. The combined OOH body and glass group had 185,800 jobs in 2025 and is projected at 193,200 in 2035, growing about 4%, a net gain of 7,400, and about 13,900 openings per year； glass 49-3022 is listed separately as 22,600 → 23,900, 5.7%, and 1,300 per year. The fixed identity of this page, 49-3021, is not changed, and the combined group and glass statistics are not treated as this occupation's independent data.
The U.S. 49-3021 body and related repairers occupation had 163,200 jobs in 2025 and is projected at 169,300 in 2035, growing 3.7% from 2025 to 2035 (O*NET average of 3% to 4%), a net gain of 6,100, and about 12,600 openings per year, with the self-employed at 8.5%. Openings include growth and replacements and are not the net gain or an individual hiring rate. The combined OOH body and glass group had 185,800 jobs in 2025 and is projected at 193,200 in 2035, growing about 4%, a net gain of 7,400, and about 13,900 openings per year； glass 49-3022 is listed separately as 22,600 → 23,900, 5.7%, and 1,300 per year. The fixed identity of this page, 49-3021, is not changed, and the combined group and glass statistics are not treated as this occupation's independent data.
Which Holland interest type is closer to automotive body and glass repairers?
The Holland interest code is RC (Realistic + Conventional): Realistic corresponds to using tools and equipment, working with physical objects, and hands-on operation, and its subdivisions include physical labor and mechanical/electronics; Conventional corresponds to organizing information and data according to procedures and standards, and its subdivisions include quality control and records management. The official tasks for this occupation include shaping and welding, straightening to dimensions, grinding and painting to process, and documenting work orders, which correspond exactly to these two interest types.
Do not use it this way: Note: an interest test result consistent with the occupational interest code only indicates that the direction is close; it does not mean you already have damage assessment, dimensional measurement, or welding and painting process ability, nor does it mean you can obtain the corresponding position training and work authorization.
Test my Holland career interestsWhich Big Five traits are more relevant to this job?
Editorial self-check: record according to process, report open items under pressure, and seek verification when facing new materials; this round did not obtain measurements of the correlation between the Big Five and performance in this occupation, and hiring is not based on personality scores.
Do not use it this way: Note: treating personality scores as ability or hiring conclusions is a common misuse; this page does not provide score thresholds or a type list.
View my Big Five personality traitsCan MBTI be used to judge whether I am suited to being an automotive body and glass repairer?
This page only uses preferences to raise collaboration self-checks and does not use MBTI for hiring; the official occupational profiles read do not give a best type or threshold, and no conclusion about all research is drawn.
Do not use it this way: Note: this page does not list any "best-fit" type, and does not endorse their use for selection or screening.
Can the Enneagram tell me whether I am suited to this occupation?
The Enneagram can be used for self-reflection questions, and this page does not draw fit or hiring conclusions from it; prediction measurements were not obtained.
Do not use it this way: Note: this page does not provide a mapping between types and positions.
Explore my Enneagram patternsI am not good at math; can I be an automotive body and glass repairer?
The official context of 95% using their hands continuously, 52% bending or twisting continuously, 50% kneeling or squatting more than half the time, and ability descriptions such as finger dexterity, steadiness, spatial orientation, and color discrimination can be retained. The details do show Importance: updating knowledge 78, getting information 77, making decisions and solving problems 76, operating vehicles and mechanized devices 73, identifying objects and inspecting and organizing work 72, and so on; the summary selects 24 items and does not equal all 41 items in the details, and the scores are not frequency or an individual elimination line. This is not a uniform health and ability threshold for all individuals.
Do not use it this way: Note: this page does not treat any test score as a basis for admission or elimination.
Learn about my intelligence and reasoning performanceDoes being an automotive body and glass repairer require high emotional intelligence?
Editors check communication under pressure and customer disagreement, real process work, and anomaly reporting behavior; the effect of emotional scores was not measured, specific stop-work and resumption follow on-site procedures, and not every anomaly is equated with stopping all work.
Do not use it this way: Note: this page does not provide emotional ability thresholds, nor does it equate high scores with competence.
Learn about my emotional intelligence abilitiesFits better when: Editors check the target gap: automotive system diagnosis, adjustment, repair, and overhaul, and the specific system training must be verified; transition success or mutual recognition was not measured.
Watch for: Editorial check of preparation: real process equipment, training, and required qualifications; prior body experience does not guarantee complete target ability.
Explore related career: Automotive service technicians and mechanicsFits better when: Editors check the target gap: windshield or window glass replacement and repair; body experience does not equal complete glass processes and jurisdictional permits, and transition success or mutual recognition was not measured.
Watch for: Editorial check of preparation: real process equipment, training, and required qualifications; prior body experience does not guarantee complete target ability.
Explore related career: Automotive glass installersFits better when: Editors check the target gap: manufacturing, assembly, installation, and repair of thin sheet metal, including ductwork, drainage, roofing, and vehicle bodies, and not only buildings or automobiles; transition success or mutual recognition was not measured.
Watch for: Editorial check of preparation: real process equipment, training, and required qualifications; prior body experience does not guarantee complete target ability.
Explore related career: Sheet metal workersFits better when: Editors check the target gap: repair and overhaul of buses, trucks, and other diesel engines, also including automotive or marine diesel engines, with no uniform statement of higher intensity; transition success or mutual recognition was not measured.
Watch for: Editorial check of preparation: real process equipment, training, and required qualifications; prior body experience does not guarantee complete target ability.
Explore related career: Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialistsFits better when: Editors check the target gap: maintenance, repair, and installation of electric motors, wiring, or switches, and check the real electrical system personnel conditions; transition success or mutual recognition was not measured.
Watch for: Editorial check of preparation: real process equipment, training, and required qualifications; prior body experience does not guarantee complete target ability.
Explore related career: Electric motor and power tool repairersFits better when: Editors check the target gap: diagnosis, adjustment, repair, and overhaul of motorcycles, scooters, mopeds, off-road vehicles, and similar motor vehicles, not only one kind of two-wheeled vehicle; transition success or mutual recognition was not measured.
Watch for: Editorial check of preparation: real process equipment, training, and required qualifications; prior body experience does not guarantee complete target ability.
Explore related career: Motorcycle mechanicsIt is less a matter of a certain personality than of a certain way of working: being able to work to process and parameters, review by dimensions, record honestly, and stop and escalate first when something is abnormal, and to accept review and correction by peers and quality inspection personnel.
In practice 65% have face-to-face contact every day, 39% have continuous contact, 39% consider teamwork very important, and 95% use their hands continuously; verify real collaboration and process behavior, and do not guarantee fit from introversion or extroversion or claim that all positions involve long periods of working independently.
Introversion and extroversion do not grant qualifications or guarantee competence; verify real collaboration, process work, and personnel conditions; this round did not obtain type prediction measurements.
This round did not obtain occupational evidence for the best-fitting MBTI type, and it is not concluded that all research has proven there is no best type.
O*NET lists this occupation's interest code as RC (Realistic + Conventional): a preference for hands-on work with tools and equipment, and for organizing information and records according to procedures and standards. A consistent interest only indicates that the direction is close; it does not mean you have dimensional measurement ability, process execution awareness, or safety and environmental awareness.
This page does not substitute personality interest scores for professional evaluation; this round did not obtain complete prediction or strength research, and it does not broadly claim that all tools have no validity.
Officially there are knowledge descriptions including materials, mechanical, and mathematics; the course requirements must be verified against the actual program; no uniform advanced math requirement or occupational measurement showing that weak fundamentals clearly limit the scope was obtained, and no IQ elimination line is set.
Editorial self-check: communication under pressure, real process work, and anomaly handling behavior, and the effect of emotional scores was not measured; the specific stop and resume procedures must be verified, and operating rights are not granted on the basis of a score.
The Enneagram is used only for self-reflection questions, and no occupational prediction was obtained, so this page does not draw selection conclusions from it.
Judge by verifiable output: a repair plan containing fictional work orders and damage judgments, shaping, grinding, and spraying process parameters, dimensional review items, and a replaced-parts list, plus a safety note containing welding and painting protection and waste disposal instructions.
How to reduce risk：Verify the actual materials, equipment, fire, and ventilation protection procedures; the special operations training and assessment provisions effective 2026-06-01 define the work by catalog, and applicable tasks require specialized training and assessment and an operation certificate; an ordinary internal authorization or supervision does not replace the statutory conditions. The catalog was not fully verified this round, and the same certificate is not required of all body workers on the basis of the occupation name. Complete on-site stop and recovery procedures were not obtained.
Evidence：O*NET 49-3021.00 occupation summary · Provisions on the Administration of Motor Vehicle Repair (Ministry of Transport Order No. 14 of 2023, fifth amendment)
Typical scenario：Painting or mixing paint under poor ventilation, not wearing protective equipment, or discharging solvents and waste at will.
Roles most affected：The individual and nearby personnel
Possible consequence：May cause respiratory, skin, and eye exposure injury and environmental impact; the OSHA index specifically notes isocyanate asthma and severe cases, but gives no incidence of neurological damage for this occupation, so no uniform frequency conclusion is written.
How to reduce risk：Article 23 of the repair provisions covers safety education and safety procedures and Article 24 covers waste disposal in accordance with national requirements; the OSHA body hazards page is in fact a hazard and guidance link index, covering isocyanate asthma, solvents, dust, noise, and welding and cutting, and is not the full text of all current standards. The current EPA 6H introduction and the 2023 outreach summary cover applicable spray painting and paint stripping scope and exceptions, training, and paint controls, and do not imply the same permit or complete environmental conditions for all shops. This round did not obtain all PPE and ventilation parameters, fire and hazardous waste, and recovery procedures. The choice of protection and the conditions of spray facilities must be verified against the real material procedures and applicable rules, and this page does not grant field operation or resumption rights.
Evidence：O*NET 49-3021.00 occupation summary · O*NET 49-3021.00 detailed information (work context)
Typical scenario：Repairing structural parts from experience, skipping dimensional review, modifying without authorization, or failing to handle repair work involving safety systems and emission-related components per procedure.
Roles most affected：The vehicle owner, passengers, and the individual
Possible consequence：May cause structural strength or safety performance problems and serious consequences and legal liability; the proportion described as "often irreversible" was not measured.
How to reduce risk：Verify standards and publicly available vendor repair materials as required by law, and the specific structural connections and inspection follow the real technical procedures and position conditions; this round did not obtain all vehicle model safety parameters and recovery procedures.
Evidence：O*NET 49-3021.00 occupation summary · O*NET 49-3021.00 detailed information (work context)
Typical scenario：Using counterfeit or substandard parts or paint and materials of unknown origin, causing repair quality and safety hazards.
Roles most affected：The customer and the institution
Possible consequence：May cause reduced repair quality, extra rework, and legal liability.
How to reduce risk：Article 30 of the repair provisions in fact requires prohibiting counterfeit and substandard parts, recording purchase and use, checking conformity certificates, and keeping the source; the specific materials and equivalent-part conditions must be verified as required by law, and any unbranded part is not automatically called counterfeit.
Evidence：O*NET 49-3021.00 occupation summary · O*NET 49-3021.00 detailed information (work context)
Typical scenario：Performing welding and cutting, structural part repair, or painting without training or beyond the authorized scope.
Roles most affected：The individual, the institution, and the competent authority
Possible consequence：May cause non-compliant work and unclear responsibility.
How to reduce risk：China's Provisions on the Administration of Motor Vehicle Repair, fifth amendment in 2023: Articles 7—9 require filing with the county-level transport department after registration and classification by vehicle type, capability, and item; Article 12 requires at least 1 each of technical responsible person, quality inspector, business reception, and mechanical, electrical, sheet metal, and paint technicians for class one and two, and staffing by item for class three, where body repair additionally requires a technical responsible person and quality inspection personnel. Quality inspection requires an appropriate driver's license, and this license is not required of all sheet metal personnel; Article 20 requires operating within the filed scope. Unit filing, personnel conditions, and the statutory qualifications for specific work cannot substitute for one another. The special operations training and assessment provisions effective 2026-06-01 define the work by catalog, and applicable tasks require specialized training and assessment and an operation certificate; an ordinary internal authorization or supervision does not replace the statutory conditions. The catalog was not fully verified this round, and the same certificate is not required of all body workers on the basis of the occupation name. Specific anomaly reporting and stop and resume procedures follow on-site rules, and an ordinary authorization does not exempt the conditions.
Evidence：O*NET 49-3021.00 occupation summary · Provisions on the Administration of Motor Vehicle Repair (Ministry of Transport Order No. 14 of 2023, fifth amendment)
Typical scenario：Backfilled records after the fact, records inconsistent with the actual work, or missing measurement and release records.
Roles most affected：The individual and the institution
Possible consequence：May make the process unreviewable and responsibility unclear, and trigger settlement and claims disputes.
How to reduce risk：Article 26 of the repair provisions covers the itemized labor and material cost in customer settlement, which is not employee pay. Article 29 of the repair provisions requires repairing according to standards and publicly available vendor technical materials and not damaging emission systems such as OBD; Article 30 prohibits counterfeit and substandard parts, and requires recording purchase and use information, checking conformity certificates, and keeping the source. Article 31 applies in-shop and process completion inspection to level-two maintenance, assemblies, and whole-vehicle repair; Article 32 requires the corresponding release certificate to be issued by quality inspection personnel, with no delivery without a signature, and ordinary technicians or supervisors must not automatically sign on their behalf. Article 33 requires the electronic file to lawfully include the contract, work order, items, personnel, and settlement, and the listed repair additionally includes inspection and certificate copies; upload the genuine motor vehicle repair electronic health record. Specific dimensional and process records follow the actual materials, and not everyone can automatically issue the quality inspection certificate.
Evidence：O*NET 49-3021.00 occupation summary · O*NET 49-3021.00 detailed information (work context)
Supervised entry, approved routine tasks, mentoring, and adjacent directions are editorial development examples, not automatic promotion or a uniform qualification; Article 29 of the repair provisions requires repairing according to standards and publicly available vendor technical materials and not damaging emission systems such as OBD; Article 30 prohibits counterfeit and substandard parts, and requires recording purchase and use information, checking conformity certificates, and keeping the source. Article 31 applies intake, in-process, and completion inspections to level-two maintenance, assemblies, and whole-vehicle repair; Article 32 requires the corresponding release certificate to be issued by quality inspection personnel, with no delivery without a signature, and ordinary technicians or supervisors must not automatically sign on their behalf. Article 33 requires the electronic file to lawfully include the contract, work order, items, personnel, and settlement, and the listed repair additionally includes inspection and certificate copies; upload the genuine motor vehicle repair electronic health record.
China's Provisions on the Administration of Motor Vehicle Repair, fifth amendment in 2023: Articles 7—9 require filing with the county-level transport department after registration and classification by vehicle type, capability, and item; Article 12 requires at least 1 each of technical responsible person, quality inspector, business reception, and mechanical, electrical, sheet metal, and paint technicians for class one and two, and staffing by item for class three, where body repair additionally requires a technical responsible person and quality inspection personnel. Quality inspection requires an appropriate driver's license, and this license is not required of all sheet metal personnel; Article 20 requires operating within the filed scope. Unit filing, personnel conditions, and the statutory qualifications for specific work cannot substitute for one another. The special operations training and assessment provisions effective 2026-06-01 define the work by catalog, and applicable tasks require specialized training and assessment and an operation certificate; an ordinary internal authorization or supervision does not replace the statutory conditions. The catalog was not fully verified this round, and the same certificate is not required of all body workers on the basis of the occupation name. Education, certification, and internal authorization cannot substitute for statutory conditions.
| Position direction | Entry-level tasks | Verification basis to prepare (not a job posting sample that was read) | Evidence that someone with no experience can submit | Boundaries that need to be distinguished |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Collision repair shop sheet metal position | Complete disassembly, dent removal, grinding, and panel replacement under supervision, and record dimensions and replaced parts according to process. | Editorial preparation example: check the actual disassembly, shaping, dimensional, and equipment training. No employer postings were read this round. | Submit a fictional repair order containing the damage judgment, shaping and grinding steps, dimensional review items, and a replaced-parts list, without using real customer information. | Check the actual disassembly, shaping, dimensional, and equipment training. China's Provisions on the Administration of Motor Vehicle Repair, fifth amendment in 2023: Articles 7—9 require filing with the county-level transport department after registration and classification by vehicle type, capability, and item; Article 12 requires at least 1 each of technical responsible person, quality inspector, business reception, and mechanical, electrical, sheet metal, and paint technicians for class one and two, and staffing by item for class three, where body repair additionally requires a technical responsible person and quality inspection personnel. Quality inspection requires an appropriate driver's license, and this license is not required of all sheet metal personnel; Article 20 requires operating within the filed scope. Unit filing, personnel conditions, and the statutory qualifications for specific work cannot substitute for one another. The special operations training and assessment provisions effective 2026-06-01 define the work by catalog, and applicable tasks require specialized training and assessment and an operation certificate; an ordinary internal authorization or supervision does not replace the statutory conditions. The catalog was not fully verified this round, and the same certificate is not required of all body workers on the basis of the occupation name. |
| Painting and paint mixing position | Mix paint to ratio, mask and degrease, and spray primer and topcoat to parameters, recording the application conditions. | Editorial preparation example: check the real paint, spray equipment, protection, and applicable rules. No employer postings were read this round. | Submit a fictional work order containing color matching and mixing ratios, spray parameters, and masking and protection notes. | Check the real paint, spray equipment, protection, and applicable rules. China's Provisions on the Administration of Motor Vehicle Repair, fifth amendment in 2023: Articles 7—9 require filing with the county-level transport department after registration and classification by vehicle type, capability, and item; Article 12 requires at least 1 each of technical responsible person, quality inspector, business reception, and mechanical, electrical, sheet metal, and paint technicians for class one and two, and staffing by item for class three, where body repair additionally requires a technical responsible person and quality inspection personnel. Quality inspection requires an appropriate driver's license, and this license is not required of all sheet metal personnel; Article 20 requires operating within the filed scope. Unit filing, personnel conditions, and the statutory qualifications for specific work cannot substitute for one another. The special operations training and assessment provisions effective 2026-06-01 define the work by catalog, and applicable tasks require specialized training and assessment and an operation certificate; an ordinary internal authorization or supervision does not replace the statutory conditions. The catalog was not fully verified this round, and the same certificate is not required of all body workers on the basis of the occupation name. |
| Automotive glass installation and repair position | Install windshields and window glass per procedure, handle sealing and optical quality, and perform leak and function checks. | Editorial preparation example: check the real glass processes and jurisdictional conditions, and do not infer glass qualifications from a body repair identity. No employer postings were read this round. | Submit a fictional work order containing removal and installation steps and sealing and inspection items. | Check the real glass processes and jurisdictional conditions, and do not infer glass qualifications from a body repair identity. China's Provisions on the Administration of Motor Vehicle Repair, fifth amendment in 2023: Articles 7—9 require filing with the county-level transport department after registration and classification by vehicle type, capability, and item; Article 12 requires at least 1 each of technical responsible person, quality inspector, business reception, and mechanical, electrical, sheet metal, and paint technicians for class one and two, and staffing by item for class three, where body repair additionally requires a technical responsible person and quality inspection personnel. Quality inspection requires an appropriate driver's license, and this license is not required of all sheet metal personnel; Article 20 requires operating within the filed scope. Unit filing, personnel conditions, and the statutory qualifications for specific work cannot substitute for one another. The special operations training and assessment provisions effective 2026-06-01 define the work by catalog, and applicable tasks require specialized training and assessment and an operation certificate; an ordinary internal authorization or supervision does not replace the statutory conditions. The catalog was not fully verified this round, and the same certificate is not required of all body workers on the basis of the occupation name. |
| Automotive modification and custom position | Assess feasibility and regulatory limits to customer requirements, and complete cutouts and installation and cutting of custom parts. | Editorial preparation example: Article 22 of the repair provisions prohibits unauthorized modification or repairing scrapped or assembled vehicles; a color change, engine change, or body or frame change must be repaired only after checking the statutory paperwork, and a customer request is not automatically lawful. No employer postings were read this round. | Submit a fictional note containing the modification plan, a dimensions and materials list, and compliance check items. | Article 22 of the repair provisions prohibits unauthorized modification or repairing scrapped or assembled vehicles; a color change, engine change, or body or frame change must be repaired only after checking the statutory paperwork, and a customer request is not automatically lawful. China's Provisions on the Administration of Motor Vehicle Repair, fifth amendment in 2023: Articles 7—9 require filing with the county-level transport department after registration and classification by vehicle type, capability, and item; Article 12 requires at least 1 each of technical responsible person, quality inspector, business reception, and mechanical, electrical, sheet metal, and paint technicians for class one and two, and staffing by item for class three, where body repair additionally requires a technical responsible person and quality inspection personnel. Quality inspection requires an appropriate driver's license, and this license is not required of all sheet metal personnel; Article 20 requires operating within the filed scope. Unit filing, personnel conditions, and the statutory qualifications for specific work cannot substitute for one another. The special operations training and assessment provisions effective 2026-06-01 define the work by catalog, and applicable tasks require specialized training and assessment and an operation certificate; an ordinary internal authorization or supervision does not replace the statutory conditions. The catalog was not fully verified this round, and the same certificate is not required of all body workers on the basis of the occupation name. |
| Insurance claims and estimating support position | Assist in organizing damage photos and teardown conclusions, entering estimate items, and checking labor time and material costs. | Editorial preparation example: check the division of labor between estimating support and actual damage assessment, quality inspection release, and customer billing. No employer postings were read this round. | Submit a fictional estimate table containing a damage list, repair and replacement judgments, and itemized labor time and material costs. | Check the division of labor between estimating support and actual damage assessment, quality inspection release, and customer billing. China's Provisions on the Administration of Motor Vehicle Repair, fifth amendment in 2023: Articles 7—9 require filing with the county-level transport department after registration and classification by vehicle type, capability, and item; Article 12 requires at least 1 each of technical responsible person, quality inspector, business reception, and mechanical, electrical, sheet metal, and paint technicians for class one and two, and staffing by item for class three, where body repair additionally requires a technical responsible person and quality inspection personnel. Quality inspection requires an appropriate driver's license, and this license is not required of all sheet metal personnel; Article 20 requires operating within the filed scope. Unit filing, personnel conditions, and the statutory qualifications for specific work cannot substitute for one another. The special operations training and assessment provisions effective 2026-06-01 define the work by catalog, and applicable tasks require specialized training and assessment and an operation certificate; an ordinary internal authorization or supervision does not replace the statutory conditions. The catalog was not fully verified this round, and the same certificate is not required of all body workers on the basis of the occupation name. |
Most OOH employers prefer people who have completed a training program, but some also enter without prior training; courses may include electronics, estimating, and welding, and career programs are often 6 months to 1 year, with some community college programs at 2 years, which is not all Chinese course or position conditions. Certification is usually not mandatory but can help advancement; a few states have licensing requirements for glass workers, so it cannot be said that an ordinary employer authorization is always enough. The O*NET registered apprenticeship listing gives 3 titles — automotive body repairer, automotive manufacturing service mechanic, and truck body builder — which are type examples, not actual vacancies or admission conditions that were read.
2022 occupational classification, PDF276 page 4-12-01-01 auto mechanic: inspecting, maintaining, repairing, and adjusting automobiles and special-purpose vehicles, with tasks including diagnosing and repairing engine, chassis, body, and electrical faults, appearance, interior, and wheel trim, tool maintenance, used-car reconditioning, and process records; it lists job types such as automotive glass repairer, automotive body shaping and repairer, and automotive body refinisher. It overlaps with US49-3021/49-3022, and the job type classification does not equal business item classification, wages, or mutual recognition of qualifications. This round did not obtain the main national training pathways or all enrollment and hiring conditions in China.
All materials are fictional and contain no real customer information, vehicle or insurance materials, or internal institutional materials.
All materials and scenarios are fictional, and real customer information, vehicle or insurance materials, or internal institutional materials must not be used.
Complete within 90—120 minutes; public repair technical information and general process materials may be consulted, but real customer information must not be used.
Write the measurement results, judgments, and process conclusions separately in the record, and mark the parts that need review.
Write the measurement results, judgments, and process conclusions separately, and mark any uncertainty as needing review.
When finished, ask an experienced person to review the dimensional and process records, and keep the reasons for changes.
Note the source and reference period for each item; leave items that cannot be verified blank and mark them as evidence gaps, and do not fill them in with speculation.
List "education", "on-the-job training", "industry and vendor certification", "institutional authorization to work", "unit filing items", and "position work authorization" separately to avoid conflating them.
Keep the review comments together with the reasons for changes as evidence of whether you can accept review.
Hand the debrief to a peer for review, and keep the review comments and the reasons for changes.
Handling customer, vehicle, and insurance materials requires prior authorization, and the access scope, retention period, and destruction arrangements must be recorded.
| Stage | Possible assessment method | Observable evidence | Boundary |
|---|---|---|---|
| Before the interview | Check the business type of the position, the pay method, the work authorization and training mechanism, and prepare repair and process record samples. | A requirements checklist with sources and reference periods; able to explain clearly how this occupation differs from adjacent directions in deliverables and responsibility. | Do not treat course grades or one time helping a friend touch up paint as proof that you can repair structural parts or paint independently. |
| During the interview | Scenario question: after teardown you find that the side member is deformed but the work order lists only appearance repair; how do you handle it. |
Output: a one-page terminology and process comparison table, noting the source for each item.
Output: a damage list and repair plan.
Output: a shaping and dimensional record.
Output: a painting process card.
Output: a safety and environmental work checklist.
| Qualification / certificate | Target audience | Role in the position | Whether it is a universal threshold | Conditions | Investment | Boundary |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A degree related to automotive operation and maintenance or body repair | People who wish to enter this occupation | Can serve as preparation, but cannot be used to conclude the requirements of most positions; most OOH employers prefer trained candidates, yet some enter without prior training | The BLS typical entry for body work is a high school diploma or equivalent; this is not a uniform requirement for all positions in China and the United States | Check the real courses separately; the OOH courses may include electronics, estimating, and welding, and these are not all Chinese courses |
Typical scope：Take responsibility for the accuracy of work execution and records, and report anomalies.
Readiness evidence：Supervised repair orders and dimensional measurement records.
Credential boundary：Basic training in body structure and sheet metal.
Next moves：Editorial starting example: after meeting the actual personnel, equipment and process, and supervision conditions, perform approved disassembly and shaping; supervision does not replace statutory qualifications.
Typical scope：Responsible for repair dimensions, paint quality, and safety protection.
Readiness evidence：Independent work orders, dimensional and process parameter records.
Credential boundary：Welding and painting training is preparation, and completion does not automatically grant independent repair rights. The special operations training and assessment provisions effective 2026-06-01 define the work by catalog, and applicable tasks require specialized training and assessment and an operation certificate; an ordinary internal authorization or supervision does not replace the statutory conditions. The catalog was not fully verified this round, and the same certificate is not required of all body workers on the basis of the occupation name.
Next moves：Editorial development example: take on routine tasks within real ability, statutory conditions, and the work order scope, and quality inspection and delivery follow the actual division of labor.
Typical scope：Actual process work, quality inspection release, training, and personnel management follow statutory and position rules; Article 29 of the repair provisions requires repairing according to standards and publicly available vendor technical materials and not damaging emission systems such as OBD; Article 30 prohibits counterfeit and substandard parts, and requires recording purchase and use information, checking conformity certificates, and keeping the source. Article 31 applies intake, in-process, and completion inspections to level-two maintenance, assemblies, and whole-vehicle repair; Article 32 requires the corresponding release certificate to be issued by quality inspection personnel, with no delivery without a signature, and ordinary technicians or supervisors must not automatically sign on their behalf. Article 33 requires the electronic file to lawfully include the contract, work order, items, personnel, and settlement, and the listed repair additionally includes inspection and certificate copies; upload the genuine motor vehicle repair electronic health record.
Readiness evidence：Mentoring records, process documents, and rework cases.
Credential boundary：Complete mentoring and quality inspection training.
Next moves：Editorial mentoring example: take part in process mentoring and difficult rework once the real conditions and duties are met, and this does not automatically make you the quality inspection issuer.
Typical scope：Responsible for estimating conclusions, delivery quality, and workshop compliance.
Readiness evidence：Estimating and settlement materials, scheduling and cost records.
Credential boundary：Supplement with estimating, claims assessment, and workshop management training.
Next moves：Responsible for checking estimate items and the basis, delivery time, and cost control, or move into workshop management and insurance claims support.
Typical scope：Take responsibility for the accuracy of installation and inspection records, and report anomalies.
Readiness evidence：Supervised installation records and inspection items.
Credential boundary：Basic training in glass and sealant materials.
Next moves：Editorial starting example: disassemble, install, and inspect after meeting the real glass task conditions and supervision procedures; body repair experience does not equal full glass ability.
Typical scope：Responsible for sealing quality, optical quality, and customer delivery.
Readiness evidence：Independent work orders, sealing and inspection records.
Credential boundary：Home visit and testing training is preparation, and completion does not automatically grant all independent glass tasks or jurisdictional permits.
Next moves：Editorial development example: take on approved tasks according to the real glass processes, personnel, and permit conditions; the OOH figure of 6 months for basics and up to 1 year for full independence is not a guarantee for everyone.
Responsible for mentoring quality, difficult judgments, and delivery quality.
Typical scope：Take responsibility for dimensional and compliance checks, and report anomalies.
Readiness evidence：Supervised modification records and compliance checklists.
Credential boundary：Basic training in materials and regulations.
Next moves：Editorial starting example: prepare customization within the real personnel and supervision conditions; Article 22 of the repair provisions prohibits unauthorized modification, and changes involving vehicle color, engine, body, or frame must be repaired only after checking the statutory paperwork.
Typical scope：Responsible for material suitability, dimensional accuracy, and compliance.
Readiness evidence：Independent work orders, material and dimensional records.
Credential boundary：Plastic and composite training is preparation, and completion does not automatically grant all-model repair or customization permits.
Next moves：Editorial development example: after acquiring actual process ability and statutory conditions, perform approved plastic and fiberglass tasks, and the specific hot air or hot water process follows the real material specification.
Editorial starting example: after meeting the real personnel conditions and supervised process procedures, perform approved disassembly and shaping and the like; supervision does not exempt statutory qualifications.
Editorial development example: after acquiring actual trained ability, statutory conditions, and the task scope, take on routine repair and accept inspection; a course does not mean independently performing all tasks.
Able to mentor newcomers, take part in developing process and inspection procedures, and take on coordination responsibility in structural part repair and emergency rework.
Move into estimating and claims assessment, painting specialization, glass installation and repair, workshop management, or insurance claims technical support directions (requiring the corresponding training and qualifications).
163,200 people (this occupation)
Employment size
The U.S. 49-3021 body and related repairers occupation had 163,200 jobs in 2025 and is projected at 169,300 in 2035, growing 3.7% from 2025 to 2035 (O*NET average of 3% to 4%), a net gain of 6,100, and about 12,600 openings per year, with the self-employed at 8.5%. Openings include growth and replacements and are not the net gain or an individual hiring rate. The combined OOH body and glass group had 185,800 jobs in 2025 and is projected at 193,200 in 2035, growing about 4%, a net gain of 7,400, and about 13,900 openings per year; glass 49-3022 is listed separately as 22,600 → 23,900, 5.7%, and 1,300 per year. The fixed identity of this page, 49-3021, is not changed, and the combined group and glass statistics are not treated as this occupation's independent data.
Does not establish：The current data for this occupation and the OOH combined group share the same reference period but cover different scopes and cannot be mixed as statistical objects.
United States · exact
Average 3% to 4% (about 12,600 openings per year)
Growth rate and annual average openings
The U.S. 49-3021 body and related repairers occupation had 163,200 jobs in 2025 and is projected at 169,300 in 2035, growing 3.7% from 2025 to 2035 (O*NET average of 3% to 4%), a net gain of 6,100, and about 12,600 openings per year, with the self-employed at 8.5%. Openings include growth and replacements and are not the net gain or an individual hiring rate. The combined OOH body and glass group had 185,800 jobs in 2025 and is projected at 193,200 in 2035, growing about 4%, a net gain of 7,400, and about 13,900 openings per year; glass 49-3022 is listed separately as 22,600 → 23,900, 5.7%, and 1,300 per year. The fixed identity of this page, 49-3021, is not changed, and the combined group and glass statistics are not treated as this occupation's independent data.
Does not establish：The precise BLS figure of 3.7% for this occupation is in fact available, and the about 4% OOH combined figure is listed separately; openings do not equal an individual hiring guarantee or AI causality.
Mainland China · industry_proxy
Evidence gap: no national income and employment distribution for this occupation was obtained
Industry-category average wages (comparison definition)
The National Bureau of Statistics aggregates by industry category and job category: resident services, repair, and other services 70,226 yuan/year (non-private) and 52,059 yuan/year (private); wholesale and retail trade 135,749 yuan/year (non-private) and 69,622 yuan/year (private); manufacturing 113,594 yuan/year (non-private) and 76,055 yuan/year (private); manufacturing and related personnel in enterprises above designated size 80,739 yuan/year.
Does not establish：The NBS total wage may include piece-rate and lump-sum pay, bonuses, allowances and subsidies, and overtime pay, and they cannot all be excluded; verify items excluded by rule according to the nature of the actual payments. Unit industry and job category averages are not this occupation's income. The labor time and material cost in customer repair settlement are also not employee wages.
These are capability relationships, not automatic promotions or credential waivers.
Transfers：What transfers is vehicle structure and disassembly experience.
Build next：Editors check the gap: windshield and window glass repair and replacement, and the specific technical and jurisdictional permits should be verified separately; the transition distance, success rate, or qualification mutual recognition was not measured.
View career profileTransfers：What transfers is disassembly and work order record experience.
Build next：Editors check the gap: automotive system diagnosis, adjustment, repair, and overhaul; body experience does not equal all mechanical and electrical training; the transition distance, success rate, or qualification mutual recognition was not measured.
View career profileTransfers：What transfers is metalworking and measurement experience.
Build next：Editors check the gap: sheet metal fabrication, installation, and repair, including ductwork, roofing, drainage, and vehicle bodies, and not only buildings or automobiles; the transition distance, success rate, or qualification mutual recognition was not measured.
View career profileTransfers：What transfers is mechanical and tool use experience.
Build next：Editors check the gap: diagnosis and repair of buses, trucks, and other diesel engines, including automotive and marine engines, with no uniform statement of higher intensity; the transition distance, success rate, or qualification mutual recognition was not measured.
View career profileTransfers：What transfers is tool use and basic electrical knowledge.
Build next：Editors check the gap: maintenance, repair, and installation of electric motors, wiring, and switches, and the electrical system and personnel conditions should be verified separately; the transition distance, success rate, or qualification mutual recognition was not measured.
View career profileTransfers：What transfers is vehicle structure and tool use experience.
Build next：Editors check the gap: diagnosis, repair, and overhaul of motorcycles, scooters, mopeds, off-road vehicles, and similar motor vehicles, with the specific systems verified separately; the transition distance, success rate, or qualification mutual recognition was not measured.
View career profileTransfers：What transfers is metal structure repair and welding fundamentals.
Build next：Editors check the gap: inspection, maintenance, and repair of railway and rail vehicles, also including mining and urban rail, without inferring a uniform national railway qualification; the transition distance, success rate, or qualification mutual recognition was not measured.
View career profileTransfers：What transfers is grinding and surface treatment experience.
Build next：Editors check the gap: grinding, polishing, and sanding objects with hand tools, including wood, stone, clay, plastic, metal, and glass, not only industrial metal parts; the transition distance, success rate, or qualification mutual recognition was not measured.
View career profileThe more explanatory signals are: being able to complete shaping, welding, grinding, and spraying to process and record honestly, reviewing repair results by dimensions and symmetry, and stopping and escalating when structural parts, safety parts, process parameters, or work authorization are unclear; "liking cars" alone cannot settle it. The Holland interest code is RC (Realistic + Conventional), and a consistent interest only indicates that the direction is close.
AI and automation can change damage estimating and quotation support, damage measurement and dimensional comparison, spray mixing and color matching, and labor time and parts ledgers and settlement compilation; but there is no official evidence that they will replace on-site damage determination, frame and dimensional measurement, welding and structural part repair, and spray application and quality release responsibility as a whole. The official materials also do not give an automation substitution rate or a job disappearance year for this occupation.
Determining the extent of damage, frame and dimensional measurement, decisions on repairing structural and safety parts, welding and cutting process execution, paint mixing and spray parameters, glass and accessory installation quality, and road test and quality release conclusions must all be undertaken by the individual according to institutional procedures; tool output must first be marked as reference and can only enter the formal work order and settlement after on-site measurement and process verification.
U.S. side: O*NET lists 49-3021.00 as Job Zone 1–2 (SVP below 6.0), and the BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook lists the typical entry-level education as a high school diploma or equivalent and notes that most employers prefer to hire people who have completed a body or glass repair training program, with industry certification increasingly important; certification is used to demonstrate specific abilities but is not a statutory work permit. Mainland China side: motor vehicle repair operations are subject to filing and classification management under the Provisions on the Administration of Motor Vehicle Repair, and class one and class two operations must be staffed with technical responsible personnel, quality inspection personnel, and repair technicians engaged in sheet metal and paint work, and body repair, auto detailing and trim, and auto glass installation and repair are special repair items. Education, training, certification, unit filing, and position authorization cannot substitute for one another.
Yes. The O*NET work context shows that 95% need to use their hands to handle tools and equipment continuously or almost continuously, 52% bend or twist continuously or almost continuously, 52% stand more than half the time, 50% kneel, squat, bend, or crawl more than half the time, and 47% walk or run more than half the time; the ability list includes manual and finger dexterity, arm-hand steadiness, trunk strength, near vision, and color discrimination. It also requires material and process understanding and dimensional measurement and record-keeping ability.
The work context shows that 66% work more than 40 hours per week, 53% face time pressure every day, 100% are exposed to contaminants every day, 84% are exposed to noise every day, 81% are exposed to hazardous conditions every day, and 88% wear routine protective equipment every day. Common arrangements include overtime to meet delivery deadlines and peak-season scheduling; when comparing jobs, put the working-hours structure, the overtime and piece-rate arrangements, ventilation and protection conditions, and whether settlement is itemized by labor time and material cost into the written terms.
The official employment projection is about 172,600 people employed in 2024, growth below average from 2024 to 2034 (1% to 2%), and about 14,600 openings per year; the BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook gives, for 2025—2035, about 185,800 people employed in the combined occupation group, 4% growth, and about 13,900 openings per year, mostly from replacement needs. A projection is not an individual hiring probability. For transitions you can compare directions such as automotive glass installers, automotive service technicians and mechanics, sheet metal workers, bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists, electric motor and power tool repairers, and motorcycle mechanics, but qualifications and authorizations must be verified item by item.
The U.S. figures come from the BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS, 2025, under the 49-3021.00 occupation definition) and the BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook Automotive Body and Glass Repairers (2025 median annual wage of 52,530 USD, under the combined occupation group definition); mainland China has no nationwide occupational wage distribution precisely corresponding to 49-3021.00, and this page only shows industry-category and job-category average wages as a comparison. The two markets differ in statistical definitions, the population covered, and reference periods and cannot be converted directly.
The actual official materials read this round support limited nine-module author verification, and accessible links or old records are not treated as independent sign-off.
Verified on 2026-10-09: employment, wages, and recruiting are 2025 and projections 2025—2035; Chinese wages are 2025, the wage provisions are 1990, the classification is 2022, the repair provisions are the 2023 fifth amendment, and the special operations training provisions take effect 2026-06-01; the current EPA introduction was updated 2025-10-26 and the 2023 summary is not the full current text. Old entry points were not re-read and the dates are retained.
Actually read: O*NET49-3021 summary/details/wages/hottech/industry/trends and 8 adjacent definitions, BLS EP49-3021/49-3022 and the OOH employment and wages including the medians for 3 body industries, and training; 2022 classification PDF276. China's repair provisions 7—12/20/22—33 were actually read, and the relevant articles of special operations Order No. 19 are reused from the same window and same day, while the catalog was not fully read. The new OSHA hazard index, the current EPA introduction, and 2 pages of the 2023 summary were actually read, and the current eCFR access control did not yield the full text. The same NBS wage rows and the 1990 provisions and the OEWS method reuse the versions actually read in the same window on the same day; the ILO introduction extended abstract and the NIST brief are background only. The old repair and OSHA URLs failed, custom/training/cert did not give complete conditions, and a Profile failure does not mean industry wages do not exist.
Limitations：A U.S. occupational classification; it does not directly prove Chinese job series or work permits.
Limitations：The task list describes the work of the group as a whole and does not mean every job performs all tasks.
Limitations：The U.S. 49-3021 body and related repairers occupation had 163,200 jobs in 2025 and is projected at 169,300 in 2035, growing 3.7% from 2025 to 2035 (O*NET average of 3% to 4%), a net gain of 6,100, and about 12,600 openings per year, with the self-employed at 8.5%. Openings include growth and replacements and are not the net gain or an individual hiring rate.
Limitations：This occupation publishes both hourly and annual wage percentiles; the median is not a starting salary, nor is it an income promise.
Limitations：The NBS total wage may include piece-rate and lump-sum pay, bonuses, allowances and subsidies, and overtime pay, and they cannot all be excluded; verify items excluded by rule according to the nature of the actual payments. Unit industry and job category averages are not this occupation's income. The labor time and material cost in customer repair settlement are also not employee wages.
Limitations：The NBS total wage may include piece-rate and lump-sum pay, bonuses, allowances and subsidies, and overtime pay, and they cannot all be excluded; verify items excluded by rule according to the nature of the actual payments. Unit industry and job category averages are not this occupation's income. The labor time and material cost in customer repair settlement are also not employee wages.
Limitations：The work context fields are respondent percentages and cannot be used to derive an individual's job conditions.
Limitations：O*NET Zone1–2, SVP<6; the zone generally requires a high school diploma or equivalent, with some occupations lower, and training from a few days to a year, which is not the complete training period for working independently in this occupation. In the survey of education required for new hires, responses were 42% high school, 35% postsecondary certificate, and 23% below high school, which is not the education distribution of incumbents or the threshold for all positions. The BLS EP typical entry for body work is a high school diploma or equivalent, no related work experience, and long-term OJT; the OOH says body work usually takes 2—3 years of hands-on work to become fully independent, while glass basics can take 6 months and full independence up to 1 year.
Limitations：The U.S. 49-3021 body and related repairers occupation had 163,200 jobs in 2025 and is projected at 169,300 in 2035, growing 3.7% from 2025 to 2035 (O*NET average of 3% to 4%), a net gain of 6,100, and about 12,600 openings per year, with the self-employed at 8.5%. Openings include growth and replacements and are not the net gain or an individual hiring rate.
Limitations：In 2025 the only job-posting hot technologies linked to this U.S. occupation were 5 items: Office, Excel, and Outlook each below 1%, and Windows and Word at a proportion of Not available; this is not the adoption rate of incumbents or a requirement of every position. The summary lists 11 broader software examples including estimating, measurement, color matching, and management systems, and these cannot be mixed into one set of proportions with the list of 5 recruiting items.
Limitations：This round the old URL returned Internal Error; the old date is retained without claiming a full re-verification. Newly accessible official sources on the same topic were added and the scope recorded.
Limitations：The introduction and extended abstract were read in the same window on the same day and are global background only; the full index and occupational mapping were not read, and adoption, efficiency gains, or a substitution year for this occupation are not proven.
Limitations：The actual official summary does not prove an independent editorial group record.
Limitations：It does not constitute authorization to work or a work permit. This round did not output complete training, custom, or certification conditions, and the old visit is not refreshed or treated as the full text.
Limitations：The official profile only provides occupational identity and duty descriptions. This round did not output complete training, custom, or certification conditions, and the old visit is not refreshed or treated as the full text.
Limitations：Used to verify the original official duties text.
Limitations：Used for the work activities and skills definition.
Limitations：The task list describes the work of the group as a whole.
Limitations：The hourly and annual wages come from the same source and cannot be mixed with Chinese monthly salaries or piece-rate pay.
Limitations：The education composition does not constitute a uniform licensing standard.
Limitations：Used for the work context and work activities definition.
Limitations：The combined OOH body and glass group had 185,800 jobs in 2025 and is projected at 193,200 in 2035, growing about 4%, a net gain of 7,400, and about 13,900 openings per year; glass 49-3022 is listed separately as 22,600 → 23,900, 5.7%, and 1,300 per year. The fixed identity of this page, 49-3021, is not changed, and the combined group and glass statistics are not treated as this occupation's independent data. The 2025 body industry medians actually read are 55920/52040/50450; body training is usually 2—3 years and glass up to 1 year. The combined median is 52530, body 54890, and glass 47630, each a different statistical object; these are not the conditions of all employers.
Limitations：This round the old URL returned Internal Error; the old date is retained without claiming a full re-verification. Newly accessible official sources on the same topic were added and the scope recorded.
Limitations：Hourly and annual wage percentiles under the OEWS definition for this occupation.
Limitations：The certificate is issued by an industry body and does not equal a statutory work permit. This round did not output complete training, custom, or certification conditions, and the old visit is not refreshed or treated as the full text.
Limitations：OEWS includes paid employees' base pay, commissions, production bonuses, and other incentive pay and tips; it excludes overtime premiums, shift differentials, and nonproduction bonuses. The self-employed, owners and partners of unincorporated businesses, and unpaid family workers are excluded, and paid corporate employees are not excluded wholesale because of small scale or a family business. Not all piece-rate or hourly workers can be excluded from the statistics, and this is not an individual's net take-home income.
Limitations：2022 occupational classification, PDF276 page 4-12-01-01 auto mechanic: inspecting, maintaining, repairing, and adjusting automobiles and special-purpose vehicles, with tasks including diagnosing and repairing engine, chassis, body, and electrical faults, appearance, interior, and wheel trim, tool maintenance, used-car reconditioning, and process records; it lists job types such as automotive glass repairer, automotive body shaping and repairer, and automotive body refinisher. It overlaps with US49-3021/49-3022, and the job type classification does not equal business item classification, wages, or mutual recognition of qualifications.
Limitations：The special operations training and assessment provisions effective 2026-06-01 define the work by catalog, and applicable tasks require specialized training and assessment and an operation certificate; an ordinary internal authorization or supervision does not replace the statutory conditions. The catalog was not fully verified this round, and the same certificate is not required of all body workers on the basis of the occupation name. The training, examination, and certificate articles described in the same window on the same day are reused, and they are not the complete catalog or all field standards.
Limitations：Only a cross-industry voluntary risk reference introduction and summary; no full text, occupational adoption measurement, or personnel work authorization.
Limitations：Current O*NET broad industry: other services (except public administration) 67%, retail trade 17%, and other 16%; this is not a Chinese distribution, nor does it equal OOH repair and similar specialized industries.
Limitations：The U.S. 49-3021 body and related repairers occupation had 163,200 jobs in 2025 and is projected at 169,300 in 2035, growing 3.7% from 2025 to 2035 (O*NET average of 3% to 4%), a net gain of 6,100, and about 12,600 openings per year, with the self-employed at 8.5%. Openings include growth and replacements and are not the net gain or an individual hiring rate. The combined OOH body and glass group had 185,800 jobs in 2025 and is projected at 193,200 in 2035, growing about 4%, a net gain of 7,400, and about 13,900 openings per year; glass 49-3022 is listed separately as 22,600 → 23,900, 5.7%, and 1,300 per year. The fixed identity of this page, 49-3021, is not changed, and the combined group and glass statistics are not treated as this occupation's independent data. The typical entry for this occupation is a high school diploma or equivalent, no experience, and long-term OJT; for glass it is medium-term OJT.
Limitations：China's Provisions on the Administration of Motor Vehicle Repair, fifth amendment in 2023: Articles 7—9 require filing with the county-level transport department after registration and classification by vehicle type, capability, and item; Article 12 requires at least 1 each of technical responsible person, quality inspector, business reception, and mechanical, electrical, sheet metal, and paint technicians for class one and two, and staffing by item for class three, where body repair additionally requires a technical responsible person and quality inspection personnel. Quality inspection requires an appropriate driver's license, and this license is not required of all sheet metal personnel; Article 20 requires operating within the filed scope. Unit filing, personnel conditions, and the statutory qualifications for specific work cannot substitute for one another. Article 29 of the repair provisions requires repairing according to standards and publicly available vendor technical materials and not damaging emission systems such as OBD; Article 30 prohibits counterfeit and substandard parts, and requires recording purchase and use information, checking conformity certificates, and keeping the source. Article 31 applies in-shop and process completion inspection to level-two maintenance, assemblies, and whole-vehicle repair; Article 32 requires the corresponding release certificate to be issued by quality inspection personnel, with no delivery without a signature, and ordinary technicians or supervisors must not automatically sign on their behalf. Article 33 requires the electronic file to lawfully include the contract, work order, items, personnel, and settlement, and the listed repair additionally includes inspection and certificate copies; upload the genuine motor vehicle repair electronic health record. Articles 7—12/20/22—33 were actually read, and these are not all local implementation rules, GB/T16739, or fire and hazardous waste standards.
Limitations：The index was actually read, covering hazards and links such as isocyanates, solvents, dust, noise, and welding and cutting; it is not all federal standards or specific PPE and ventilation conditions.
Limitations：The actual introduction and the forms and training example entry points; the current eCFR link redirected to access control and the full text was not obtained, so it is not concluded from the introduction that all shops share the same permit.
Limitations：The actual 2-page summary: covering MeCl paint stripping and related metal spraying, applicability and exemptions, and paint training and controls; it includes Cr/Pb/Mn/Ni/Cd, not mercury; the current eCFR full text was not obtained, so it is not treated as complete 2026 compliance conditions.
Limitations：The Profile visit this round returned Internal Error and no table was obtained, which does not mean industry wages are unpublished; the OOH in fact has 3 detailed industry medians that have been adopted.
Limitations：A duty comparison is not a uniform transition distance, qualification, or success rate.
Limitations：A duty comparison is not a uniform transition distance, qualification, or success rate.
Limitations：A duty comparison is not a uniform transition distance, qualification, or success rate.
Limitations：A duty comparison is not a uniform transition distance, qualification, or success rate.
Limitations：A duty comparison is not a uniform transition distance, qualification, or success rate.
Limitations：A duty comparison is not a uniform transition distance, qualification, or success rate.
Limitations：A duty comparison is not a uniform transition distance, qualification, or success rate.
Limitations：A duty comparison is not a uniform transition distance, qualification, or success rate.
The NBS total wage may include piece-rate and lump-sum pay, bonuses, allowances and subsidies, and overtime pay, and they cannot all be excluded; verify items excluded by rule according to the nature of the actual payments. Unit industry and job category averages are not this occupation's income. The labor time and material cost in customer repair settlement are also not employee wages. OEWS includes paid employees' base pay, commissions, production bonuses, and other incentive pay and tips; it excludes overtime premiums, shift differentials, and nonproduction bonuses. The self-employed, owners and partners of unincorporated businesses, and unpaid family workers are excluded, and paid corporate employees are not excluded wholesale because of small scale or a family business. Not all piece-rate or hourly workers can be excluded from the statistics, and this is not an individual's net take-home income. 2022 occupational classification, PDF276 page 4-12-01-01 auto mechanic: inspecting, maintaining, repairing, and adjusting automobiles and special-purpose vehicles, with tasks including diagnosing and repairing engine, chassis, body, and electrical faults, appearance, interior, and wheel trim, tool maintenance, used-car reconditioning, and process records; it lists job types such as automotive glass repairer, automotive body shaping and repairer, and automotive body refinisher. It overlaps with US49-3021/49-3022, and the job type classification does not equal business item classification, wages, or mutual recognition of qualifications. Specific employer contracts, all training and certification and special catalogs, GB/T standards, all vehicle model processes, PPE, fire and hazardous waste, and recovery procedures, the complete eCFR and privacy conditions, AI occupational effects, scale prediction, and transition mutual recognition were not verified. The shared facts and out-of-scope consumers are frozen, so full-page consistency or formal acceptance cannot be signed.
Big Five (English) · MBTI (English) · Enneagram (Chinese) · IQ (Chinese)
Sheet metal and painting tasks
| Work orders, dimension, and process records |
| Core process | Assessment and planning → disassembly and shaping → welding or panel replacement → grinding and degreasing and masking → spraying to parameters → assembly and road-test review, or escalate per procedure. | Assess—shape—weld—grind—paint—review |
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| Main outputs | The extent of damage and the repair plan, frame and dimensional measurement results, welding and replacement part records, paint mixing ratio and application parameters, glass and trim installation records, road test and acceptance conclusions, and a statement of open items. | Reviewable repair and painting records |
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| Accountable party | Repair dimensions, process execution, and record accuracy are the individual's responsibility; authorization for structural part repair, welding and cutting, and painting is granted by organizations and personnel with the appropriate training and authorization following procedures, and when conditions are unclear work must stop and be escalated. | The individual and the workshop supervisor (or quality inspection personnel) |
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| Authority and approval | O*NET lists 49-3021.00 as Job Zone 1–2 (SVP below 6.0), typically requiring a high school diploma or equivalent and providing from a few days to a year of on-the-job training; among the education levels published on the page, 42% is requiring a high school diploma or equivalent, 35% is requiring a postsecondary certificate, and 23% is requiring less than a high school diploma. The BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook notes that most employers prefer to hire people who have completed a body or glass repair training program and that industry certification is increasingly important, and O*NET also lists 5 hot technologies and 3 registered apprenticeship titles (automotive body repairer, service mechanic, and truck body builder). On the mainland China side, training is mainly for positions such as automotive operation and maintenance, automotive body repair, and sheet metal and painting, with specific requirements set by the employer. | Education and preparation |
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| Conclusion boundaries | Education, on-the-job training, industry and vendor certification, institutional authorization to work, special repair item filing, and position work authorization are different statuses: education does not bring institutional filing, and certification does not mean you can perform structural part repair, welding and cutting, or painting in any setting. | Not interchangeable |
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Education and major pathways
Authorization to work and work permits
Equipment and site safety
Shifts and working hours
Continuing training and review
The special operations training and assessment provisions effective 2026-06-01 define the work by catalog, and applicable tasks require specialized training and assessment and an operation certificate; an ordinary internal authorization or supervision does not replace the statutory conditions. The catalog was not fully verified this round, and the same certificate is not required of all body workers on the basis of the occupation name. Article 23 of the repair provisions covers safety education and safety procedures and Article 24 covers waste disposal in accordance with national requirements; the OSHA body hazards page is in fact a hazard and guidance link index, covering isocyanate asthma, solvents, dust, noise, and welding and cutting, and is not the full text of all current standards. The current EPA 6H introduction and the 2023 outreach summary cover applicable spray painting and paint stripping scope and exceptions, training, and paint controls, and do not imply the same permit or complete environmental conditions for all shops. This round did not obtain all PPE and ventilation parameters, fire and hazardous waste, and recovery procedures.
Security requirements for customer, vehicle, and insurance materials vary by institution, and the access scope and compliance obligations must be confirmed before starting.
The details do show Importance: updating knowledge 78, getting information 77, making decisions and solving problems 76, operating vehicles and mechanized devices 73, identifying objects and inspecting and organizing work 72, and so on; the summary selects 24 items and does not equal all 41 items in the details, and the scores are not frequency or an individual elimination line. RC is an occupational interest description.
Work context: 100% are exposed to contaminants every day, 84% are exposed to noise every day, 81% are exposed to hazardous conditions every day, 88% wear routine protective equipment every day, 95% use their hands continuously, 52% bend or twist continuously, 66% work more than 40 hours per week, 52% consider precision extremely important, and 41% consider the consequences of errors very serious. These fields describe the characteristics of the occupational group and do not constitute an individual competence threshold.
In 2025 the only job-posting hot technologies linked to this U.S. occupation were 5 items: Office, Excel, and Outlook each below 1%, and Windows and Word at a proportion of Not available; this is not the adoption rate of incumbents or a requirement of every position. The summary lists 11 broader software examples including estimating, measurement, color matching, and management systems, and these cannot be mixed into one set of proportions with the list of 5 recruiting items.
Before using estimating and color matching tools in the repair process, confirm data traceability, access permissions, and manual review arrangements.
Real customer information must not be handled and real welding and painting equipment must not be operated during the exercise; matters involving structural parts, welding and cutting, and painting must be handled by authorized personnel following procedures.
The exercise does not replace institutional procedures and work authorization and does not constitute any welding, painting, or field handling instruction.
| Do not promise structural part repair, welding and cutting, or painting arrangements beyond the authorization, and do not start work when the process and materials are unclear. |
| Probation period | Complete shaping, grinding, and spraying according to the process card, and accept peer and quality inspection personnel review of dimensions and appearance. | Records are complete and traceable; dimensional and material checks are done properly; anomalies and open items are explicitly marked. | Do not skip dimensional review and degreasing and masking, and do not work when welding, painting, or structural part work authorization is unclear. |
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| 90 days after starting | Check whether pre-job training, the scope of welding and painting work authorization, and occupational health and environmental training have actually been put in place. | Able to complete routine collision repair work orders independently and accept review; training and authorization status confirmed in writing. | Work authorization and training must be confirmed in writing; verbal promises are not a substitute. |
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Output: review comments and a note of changes.
Output: a one-page decision note with an evidence list.
| Education does not equal authorization to work or work authorization. |
| Institutional pre-job training and assessment (sheet metal and paint job types) | Collision repair position personnel | Training, statutory conditions, and actual professional ability must be verified separately, and completing training does not mean independently performing all repairs | Article 23 of the repair provisions in fact covers safety education; the certificate conditions applicable to catalog operations should be verified separately, and it is not the same certificate for all occupations | The special operations training and assessment provisions effective 2026-06-01 define the work by catalog, and applicable tasks require specialized training and assessment and an operation certificate; an ordinary internal authorization or supervision does not replace the statutory conditions. The catalog was not fully verified this round, and the same certificate is not required of all body workers on the basis of the occupation name. | Complete according to institutional arrangements. | Passing the training does not equal welding, cutting, and structural part repair authorization. |
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| Motor vehicle repair business filing (unit qualification) | Units engaged in motor vehicle repair operations | Determines whether the unit may lawfully carry out the corresponding repair business. | It is a statutory requirement when operating a motor vehicle repair business. | China's Provisions on the Administration of Motor Vehicle Repair, fifth amendment in 2023: Articles 7—9 require filing with the county-level transport department after registration and classification by vehicle type, capability, and item; Article 12 requires at least 1 each of technical responsible person, quality inspector, business reception, and mechanical, electrical, sheet metal, and paint technicians for class one and two, and staffing by item for class three, where body repair additionally requires a technical responsible person and quality inspection personnel. Quality inspection requires an appropriate driver's license, and this license is not required of all sheet metal personnel; Article 20 requires operating within the filed scope. Unit filing, personnel conditions, and the statutory qualifications for specific work cannot substitute for one another. | Handled by the unit and updated according to change requirements. | Unit filing does not equal individual position training or work authorization. |
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| Industry and vendor certification (such as body repair certification) | People who wish to advance their professional direction | Can serve as preparation for a specific process, and the scope of recognition must be checked against the real certificate conditions, without automatically proving complete ability | It is not a universal threshold. | This round did not output all industry and vendor certification conditions and maintenance rules | Maintain according to institutional arrangements and the certificate validity period. | Certification does not equal a statutory work permit or recognition by all institutions. |
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| Specialized training in aluminum body and high-strength steel structural part repair | People who take on new material repair | Verify the real material processes and personnel ability; a course does not automatically grant repair rights for all vehicle models | Check the real vehicle model vendor processes and position requirements separately; a uniform threshold was not obtained | Check the specific material joining parameters and training in the actual vendor materials; not all were obtained this round | Retrain according to vendor and institutional arrangements. | Do not infer all-model coverage or cross-brand mutual recognition from a certificate name, and verify the specific scope separately |
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| Occupational health and environmental training | Personnel involved in welding, grinding, and painting | Training and actual protective conditions are kept separate, and attending a class is not treated as proven protective ability | Article 23 of China's repair provisions on safety education, the applicable special operations training and examination, and the applicable U.S. 6H paint training requirements must be verified, and it cannot be generalized that it is not a universal threshold | Article 23 of the repair provisions covers safety education and safety procedures and Article 24 covers waste disposal in accordance with national requirements; the OSHA body hazards page is in fact a hazard and guidance link index, covering isocyanate asthma, solvents, dust, noise, and welding and cutting, and is not the full text of all current standards. The current EPA 6H introduction and the 2023 outreach summary cover applicable spray painting and paint stripping scope and exceptions, training, and paint controls, and do not imply the same permit or complete environmental conditions for all shops. This round did not obtain all PPE and ventilation parameters, fire and hazardous waste, and recovery procedures. The special operations training and assessment provisions effective 2026-06-01 define the work by catalog, and applicable tasks require specialized training and assessment and an operation certificate; an ordinary internal authorization or supervision does not replace the statutory conditions. The catalog was not fully verified this round, and the same certificate is not required of all body workers on the basis of the occupation name. | Retrain according to institutional arrangements. | Training does not mean you may handle hazardous waste yourself; it must be done according to environmental requirements. |
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China's Provisions on the Administration of Motor Vehicle Repair, fifth amendment in 2023: Articles 7—9 require filing with the county-level transport department after registration and classification by vehicle type, capability, and item; Article 12 requires at least 1 each of technical responsible person, quality inspector, business reception, and mechanical, electrical, sheet metal, and paint technicians for class one and two, and staffing by item for class three, where body repair additionally requires a technical responsible person and quality inspection personnel. Quality inspection requires an appropriate driver's license, and this license is not required of all sheet metal personnel; Article 20 requires operating within the filed scope. Unit filing, personnel conditions, and the statutory qualifications for specific work cannot substitute for one another. The special operations training and assessment provisions effective 2026-06-01 define the work by catalog, and applicable tasks require specialized training and assessment and an operation certificate; an ordinary internal authorization or supervision does not replace the statutory conditions. The catalog was not fully verified this round, and the same certificate is not required of all body workers on the basis of the occupation name.
Operational recommendation: before starting, list "education / on-the-job training / industry and vendor certification / institutional authorization to work / unit filing items / position work authorization / occupational health and environmental training" as a table, and state the source and reference period for each item; leave items that cannot be verified blank and mark them as evidence gaps, and do not fill them in with speculation.
Readiness evidence：Mentoring records, difficult cases, and procedure documents.
Credential boundary：Complete mentoring and difficult glass handling training.
Next moves：Editorial mentoring direction: check the actual technical procedures and required abilities for glass with camera sensors; all-model calibration and delivery conditions were not obtained, and a mentoring status does not grant full-system qualifications.
Typical scope：Responsible for operational efficiency, delivery quality, and work authorization.
Readiness evidence：Scheduling and parts materials, and customer and insurance liaison records.
Credential boundary：Supplement with store operations and customer service training.
Next moves：Responsible for scheduling, parts, and customer coordination, or move into glass service store operations and insurance liaison.
Typical scope：Work execution, inspection, and factory release for new materials follow the actual division of labor, and specialized training does not automatically grant full quality responsibility.
Readiness evidence：Specialized training records, process parameters, and review conclusions.
Credential boundary：Complete specialized aluminum body and high-strength steel training.
Next moves：Editorial specialty direction: joining and repair of aluminum, high-strength steel, and the like must be verified against the specific vendor materials, actual ability, and inspection procedures; full parameters were not obtained this round, and a course does not guarantee joint strength.
Typical scope：Responsible for authorization compliance, technical training, and the quality system.
Readiness evidence：Authorized process materials, equipment and consumables ledgers, and training records.
Credential boundary：Supplement with project and brand authorization management training.
Next moves：Responsible for implementing authorized brand processes and managing equipment and consumables, or move into technical training and quality systems.
Limitations：Editorial ratings use the existing occupational responsibilities and AI task analysis on this page. They are not adoption rates, measured effects, job-disappearance or personal-unemployment probabilities, or official scores from Stanford or another external institution. No measured time weights or future robot deployment are assumed.
