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SOC 49-2093
Under the U.S. O*NET-SOC combined framing, installs, adjusts, or maintains various electrical and electronic equipment: reads drawings and manuals, uses instruments to measure and locate faults, replaces or calibrates parts, carries out preventive maintenance and records it, and finally retests and hands off to an authorized role for release confirmation.
Model impact index for three equally weighted representative core tasks; not a measured share of working time or a job-loss probability. floor((75+50+0)/3+0.5)=42; fermatmind-ai-impact-v1; 2026-10-18.
First judge whether you are willing to do repetitive, detailed measurement and recording under safety constraints,Then verify with this page's paper exercises and seven-day experience, rather than only judging whether the equipment is “fun.”
This page does not constitute work authorization, safety training, or a hiring conclusion; real work may only be performed by trained and authorized personnel under applicable regulations and employer procedures.
More likely suited: someone who is willing to troubleshoot step by step per procedure, patiently record raw data,and who proactively stops and escalates when finding an unclear state or exceeding authorization.
This page is written as general background for the five sub-occupations under the BLS installer and repairer combination; industry, motor and tool, power facilities, transportation, and motor vehicle electronics each have their own scope, and avionics is an adjacent different occupation that is not part of the 117,700 combined statistic.
It revolves around equipment installation, maintenance, and repair: first check the equipment and drawing versions, safety isolation, and work permits, then measure, replace, and calibrate per manufacturer procedures and applicable standards and record it, and finally retest and hand off to an authorized role for release confirmation.
Career direction comparison
The following occupations are all related to electrical or electronic equipment, but their work objects, responsibility levels, permits, and deliverables differ; use them to check directions, not as substitutes for one another.
| Career direction | Core work and outputs | Key differences | Which choice is a better fit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Electricians | Wire and install electrical systems per electrical installation codes, responsible for circuits, protection, grounding, and electrical safety. | Take on building and facility electrical installation, inspection, and repair, and must work per local electrical codes and permit requirements. | The goal is to obtain and maintain electrical installation qualifications and complete wiring and acceptance per code; the object is mainly building electrical systems. |
| Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technologists and Technicians |
AI's impact on the occupation
AI and digital tools can assist with equipment manual retrieval, fault history retrieval, measurement data organization, and repair record drafts; they cannot replace on-site voltage verification and safety judgments, root cause confirmation, part replacement decisions, and equipment release, nor do they bear work permit and safety responsibility. AI Impact Score 42% is an editorial estimate. Model impact index for three equally weighted representative core tasks; not a measured share of working time or a job-loss probability. floor((75+50+0)/3+0.5)=42; fermatmind-ai-impact-v1; 2026-10-18.The three tasks, ratings and sources are listed in the FermatMind method source record on this page.
FermatMind AI Impact Score estimation method v1
FermatMind / 费马测试 · 2026-10-18
Editorial ratings use the existing occupational responsibilities and AI task analysis on this page. They are not adoption rates, measured effects, job-disappearance or personal-unemployment probabilities, or official scores from Stanford or another external institution. No measured time weights or future robot deployment are assumed.
Mainland China pay reference
Chinese pay framing
Public material classifications
Insufficient evidence: no national single-occupation framing was obtained
Insufficient evidence: no Mainland China national single-occupation wage percentile precisely corresponding to this combined occupation was obtainedNationwide 2025 pre-tax annual average: non-private/private manufacturing 113,594/76,055 yuan; electricity, heat, gas, and water 160,897/66,451 yuan. Used as broad-scope proxies according to the actual equipment industry, not the repair combination's median or take-home income.
Insufficient evidence: a single recruitment quote is not used to substitute for occupational wages
U.S. pay reference
For the BLS combination, the May 2025 10/50/90 are 44,940/74,490/114,240 USD/year, with a median hourly wage of 35.81; the 25/75 were not obtained this round, and 49-2094 sub-percentiles are not used to assemble a combined distribution.
| Framing | Value | Statistical position | Limitations |
|---|---|---|---|
| Low end | 44,940 USD/year (combined 10th percentile, May 2025) | BLS combined 10th percentile | The combined 10th percentile is 44,940 USD/year (May 2025), not a starting salary or minimum wage. |
| Median | 74,490 USD/year (35.81 USD/hour, May 2025) | Combined-framing median | Median: combined framing 74,490 USD/year (35.81 USD/hour, May 2025); half of practitioners are below and half above this value. |
Career fit guide
The key is not “liking electronic products,”Rather, whether you can troubleshoot step by step per procedure under safety constraints, record data honestly, and stop when the state is unclear or authorization is exceeded.
Worth experiencing further： When materials and measurements disagree, first check the object, version, instrument, and conditions, keep the discrepancy and escalate; do not presume in advance that you or the equipment is at fault.
Check the real conditions first： Willing to repeat the same measurement and recording steps, rather than skipping verification to “fix” it as fast as possible.
Do a small trial first： Treat live, high-voltage, and stored-energy work with respect, and when uncertain stop first and find someone to confirm.
Work pressure and occupational boundaries
The six risk categories are an editorial summary covering energy state, heights and spaces, heavy objects and postures, instruments, records, and overreach; specific risks and measures must be checked against the actual equipment, and no incident rates or measured measure effectiveness were obtained.
The following risks are summarized from public electrical safety and work permit provisions, official occupational profiles, and work environment materials, and are used only to suggest directions for checking, not as work guidance.
Typical scenario：Before repair the equipment may still be live or hold stored energy, with the state unconfirmed by voltage verification.
Main positions：Field installation and repair positions
Possible consequences：Can cause electric shock, arc flash burns, or equipment damage.
Entering the field, qualifications, and career development
Entry usually starts with supervised installation and maintenance; first build up electrical safety and instrument use, then obtain the corresponding permits or authorization by equipment category; education, licenses, and work authorization are verified per work location, institution, and employer.
Career prospects and transitions to related occupations
BLS combination employment 117,700 in 2025, an overall 2% increase over 2025—2035, with 8,900 annual openings, mainly replacements; not a ten-year total, net gain, or AI causal effect.Openings mainly come from replacement; there is no evidence this round quantifying the employment impact of short-term equipment renewal investment, so no short-term demand ranking is given.
United States · O*NET-SOC combined framing (Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers)
2% (slower than average)
Employment growth
Growth is slower than average, indicating limited overall job expansion, with demand coming more from replacement and the continuing need for equipment maintenance.
Cannot show：A projection is not the actual outcome and does not constitute a personal employment guarantee.
Install, adjust, or maintain various electrical and electronic equipment: read drawings and manuals, measure with instruments and locate faults, replace or calibrate parts, carry out preventive maintenance and record it, and finally retest and hand off to an authorized role to confirm the equipment can return to service.
This combined occupation covers the installation, maintenance, and repair of many kinds of equipment; electricians focus on the installation of and code compliance for building electrical systems, engineering technologists and technicians focus on design support and test records under the guidance of engineering staff, and engineers carry design approval. Their responsibility levels and entry requirements differ.
Choose a real task from this page for a small practice project or a conversation with someone in the field. Use the planning guides to set a date, an output and feedback questions before deciding whether to continue.
This only verifies work-style preferences,It does not test physical fitness or safety qualifications, and it does not make a hiring conclusion.
Verify with a hands-on task performed under de-energized or supervised conditions:You are given fictional equipment materials and a set of measurement records; see whether you can complete troubleshooting per criteria, document it, and write clear stop conditions.
Includes directions such as industrial controls, power facilities, transportation equipment, and motor vehicle electronics
Troubleshooting and part replacement under de-energized or supervised conditions
Repair complete means the full chain from object and version confirmation, safety isolation, measurement and replacement per criteria, deviation handling, to retest and release; If any step lacks a record, criteria, or authorization, the conclusion cannot be passed forward.
| Dimension | Main directions | Comparison direction |
|---|---|---|
| Object and version | Equipment, parts, and drawings are consistent | Record the nameplate and serial number; stop and escalate on conflict |
| Safety conditions | Isolation, voltage verification, and tagging confirmed | Performed by authorized personnel with the work permit retained |
| Criteria and methods | From manufacturer procedures and applicable standards | Record the instrument, range, and measurement conditions |
| Execution and documentation | Record readings and replaced parts each time | Do not substitute processed data for the raw readings |
| Deviation handling | Record out-of-range items separately and retest | Do not delete data or mask it with averages |
| Review and release | Confirmed by an authorized role after retesting | Do not restore operation on your own beyond your authority |
| Record archiving | Repair records enter the equipment ledger | Keep the responsible person and the basis |
Install, adjust, or maintain electrical and electronic equipment per manufacturer procedures and applicable standards, and confirm that equipment and part versions are consistent.
Use instruments such as multimeters and oscilloscopes to measure and locate faults, recording raw readings, ranges, and measurement conditions each time.
Replace or calibrate parts, check substitute part parameters, and record replaced parts and the basis for handling.
Carry out preventive maintenance and organize repair records, writing deviations, outstanding issues, and recommendations into the equipment ledger.
Comply with electrical safety and work permit rules, and carry out live, high-voltage, or stored-energy work per authorization and procedure.
Retest and hand off to an authorized role to confirm the equipment can return to service, and do not release on your own beyond your authority.
This combined occupation covers the installation, maintenance, and repair of many kinds of equipment; electricians focus on the installation of building electrical systems and code compliance, engineering technologists and technicians focus on design support and test records under the guidance of engineering staff, and engineers carry design approval. Their responsibility levels and entry requirements differ and they are not interchangeable.
Depends on the specific equipment direction
Mainly installation and repair
Permits and employer authorization
The U.S. figure is a combined-occupation statistic
| Provide design support, assembly and testing, maintenance and troubleshooting, and recording under the guidance of engineering staff. |
| Takes on the closed loop of engineering input and test records, usually working under engineer guidance, without independent design approval. |
| The goal is to build up engineering drawing, test criteria, and recording capability and develop toward technical support positions. |
| Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment | Repair, test, and adjust commercial and industrial equipment such as industrial controls, transmitters, and antennas. | Takes on troubleshooting, calibration, and return to service for industrial site equipment, with responsibility centered on equipment availability. | The goal is to master diagnostic methods for industrial control systems and instrumentation and go deep in this direction. |
|---|
| Transportation equipment electrical and electronic installers and repairers | Install and repair the electrical and electronic systems of transportation equipment such as vehicles, rail, and aviation. | Takes on troubleshooting and maintenance of mobile equipment electrical systems and must comply with the inspection and airworthiness or operating rules for the corresponding transport vehicle. | The goal is to become familiar with transportation equipment electrical systems and the corresponding inspection rules and enter the transportation equipment repair direction. |
|---|
| Power plant, substation, and relay electrical repairers | Maintain power plant, substation, and relay protection equipment, dealing with high voltage and protection systems. | Takes on the maintenance and repair of power facility equipment and protection devices, with work constrained by power safety regulations and work permits. | The goal is to obtain power work qualifications and master relay protection and high-voltage equipment maintenance methods. |
|---|
| Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers | Install and repair heating, refrigeration, and ventilation equipment, including controls and electrical components. | Takes on the installation, commissioning, and repair of refrigeration and ventilation systems, covering both mechanical and electrical aspects. | The goal is to cover both mechanical and electrical skills and develop toward facility and equipment maintenance positions. |
|---|
Adjacent directions differ in object (equipment category), responsibility level (installation and repair versus design approval), and entry (permits, practice qualifications, employer authorization); before choosing, check the target position's actual tasks and requirements, then add the corresponding evidence.
Compare in the order of “object and authorization first, then responsibility level.”
Refers to tasks the tool can complete under controlled conditions, such as retrieval, organization, data comparison, and draft generation; it does not mean it is usable in a real field setting.
Depends on whether the equipment materials are digitized, whether networking is allowed, whether the data and permission model are reliable, and the employer's safety rules.
Refers to changes in employment and task structure, which require industry-level statistics; technical capability and adoption cannot directly imply job outcomes.
| Work direction | Task | Current changes | Human control points |
|---|---|---|---|
| Materials and versions | Consult drawings, manuals, and wiring diagrams | Can assist: retrieve parameters, organize version differences, and suggest possible wiring relationships. | Check versions against the physical object, nameplate, and original drawings on site, and stop and escalate on conflict. |
| Measurement and diagnosis | Test with instruments and locate faults | Can assist: organize measurement data, compare historical faults, and list hypotheses to check. | Technicians confirm the wiring, range, and safety conditions and confirm the root cause. |
| Parts and calibration | Replace parts and calibrate equipment | Can assist: check substitute part parameters and the source of calibration steps. | Replace per manufacturer procedures and authorization, with calibration results confirmed by people and documented. |
| Installation and wiring | Install and wire per codes | Not automatically authorized | Work per applicable electrical codes, employer procedures, and work permits, with voltage verification and isolation performed by authorized personnel. |
| Maintenance and recording | Carry out preventive maintenance and record it | Can assist: generate maintenance list drafts and organize repair records. | People confirm the maintenance items, measured values, and outstanding issues, and records enter the equipment ledger. |
| Acceptance and release | Confirm the equipment can return to service | May assist with organizing | An authorized role confirms release per inspection and safety requirements, and individuals must not restore operation beyond their authority. |
| Boundaries and anomalies | Identify uncertainty and out-of-bounds situations | Conditions for adoption: object and version, safety isolation, data format, and the permission model are reliable. | Stop and escalate on discovering a live state, an unclear status, or overreach. |
Evidence has three layers: first, what the tool can do; second, whether it is actually used in the field; third, its impact on job numbers and structure. The three cannot be inferred from one another.
Different work directions have different equipment objects, safety constraints, and responsibility levels, and AI plays a different role in each.
What AI mainly changesEditorial trial: retrieve manuals, compare fault histories, and organize measurement data; accuracy and time on task must be measured.
Still the responsibility of peopleOn-site safety isolation, root cause confirmation, and part replacement decisions remain with people.
What AI mainly changesMaterial organization and test record processing can be assisted.
Still the responsibility of peopleHigh-voltage work, protection setting confirmation, and equipment release remain with trained and authorized personnel.
What AI mainly changesPart material and inspection record organization can be assisted.
Still the responsibility of peopleOperation, inspection, and release rules are checked per the specific transport equipment; aviation airworthiness is an adjacent occupation's rule and is not part of this combination.
Once AI enters repair and installation processes, the chain of responsibility still rests with people; keep traceability per the steps below.
Check that equipment, parts, and drawing/manual versions are consistent and record nameplate and serial information.
Confirm that de-energization, isolation, voltage verification, and tagging were completed by authorized personnel, and record the work permit.
Determine test items, ranges, and pass criteria from manufacturer procedures, applicable standards, and employer rules.
Measure and repair per criteria, recording raw readings, measurement conditions, replaced parts, and deviation handling.
Retest and hand off to an authorized role for confirmation, keeping complete acceptance records before the equipment returns to service.
May lead to selecting the wrong part or incorrect wiring, endangering equipment and people.
Control method:Control method: go by the physical object, nameplate, and original drawings on site, and stop and escalate on conflict.
Working in a live or stored-energy state can cause electric shock or arc flash injury.
Control method:Control method: follow the employer's energy control procedures, with only authorized personnel operating isolation and tagging.
May mask a single out-of-range or abnormal value and produce a false pass conclusion.
Control method:Control method: keep every raw reading, range, and measurement condition and compare item by item against criteria.
May put unverified changes into operation and amplify safety and quality risk.
Control method:Control method: retest and record per process, with release confirmed by an authorized role.
Hard to trace the basis for changes, making incident or fault review impossible.
Control method:Control method: record items, measured values, replaced parts, and responsible persons per equipment ledger requirements.
First build electrical and electronic fundamentals, ranges, and safety basics, and use practicum or course projects to accumulate checkable measurement and repair records.
Let tools assist with drafts in an authorized environment; take on only the voltage verification, root cause, or release duties you have been authorized for, since a technician title does not automatically carry all authority.
First check the target direction's permit and entry requirements, demonstrate basic skills with low-voltage, de-energized practicum work, and do not overstate real-machine experience.
Define the scope of tool use, review responsibility, and recording requirements, and ensure safety isolation and release authority are granted only to trained personnel.
A displacement rate cannot be inferred from assisted tasks; retrieval and recording can be trialed, while safety, root cause, and release still require verification by trained and authorized personnel.
Source:O*NET OnLine — 49-2094.00 Commercial and Industrial Equipment RepairOriginal materials ↗
No. Whether it can be energized depends on isolation, voltage verification, insulation, and protection status and must be confirmed and documented by authorized personnel per procedure.
Source:NIST AI RMF1.0Original materials ↗
Trial manual retrieval, version comparison, and record drafts, and check accuracy and time on task; no measured acceleration evidence was obtained.
Source:O*NET OnLine — 49-2094.00 Commercial and Industrial Equipment RepairOriginal materials ↗
Demonstrate with measurement records, troubleshooting processes, and criteria comparison explanations from coursework or practicum, and clearly state that it was completed under de-energized or supervised conditions.
Source:O*NET OnLine — 49-2094.00 Commercial and Industrial Equipment RepairOriginal materials ↗
The focus is applicable electrical codes and safety rules, repair procedures for the specific equipment category, instrument use and recording requirements, and the employer's work permit system.
Source:BLS OOH — Electrical and Electronics Equipment Installers and Repairers (combined framing)Original materials ↗
Yes. Industrial controls, power facilities, transportation equipment, and motor vehicle electronics differ in object, rules, and entry, so direction choices must be checked against the target position.
Source:O*NET OnLine — 49-2095.00 Powerhouse, Substation, and Relay RepairersOriginal materials ↗
They can only serve as a direction reference. Employment and wage data are statistical framings, and actual requirements depend on the target region's job postings and entry rules.
Source:NIST AI RMF1.0Original materials ↗
Technical capability, actual adoption, and job outcomes are judged separately and do not substitute for one another.
Historical case status
| Position or scope | Pay and disclosure situation | Scope of application and gaps |
|---|---|---|
| Entry requirements | Equipment maintenance and repair positions | Education, discipline, and experience are checked against the actual position; no Chinese national education distribution for this occupation was obtained this round, so a unified vocational school or junior college requirement is not generalized. |
| On-the-job training | Manuals, instruments, and diagnostic methods | On-the-job training focuses on equipment manuals, instrument use, fault diagnosis, and safety procedures and deepens with the equipment category and industry. |
| Safety and authorization | Live, high-voltage, and stored-energy work | Where high-voltage, live, and stored-energy work is involved, qualifications and authorization are verified per organizational safety rules and work permits. |
| Occupation-level wage framing | National single occupation | Occupation-level wage framing: insufficient evidence, no national single-occupation distribution was obtained. |
If you see a recruitment figure, first check whether it is monthly, annual, hourly, a project total, or a benefits-inclusive framing.
Manufacturing and industrial equipment maintenance demand is affected by production line automation and equipment renewal and must be checked against the specific position.
Industry averages are not used to substitute for occupational wages.
The power and utilities direction involves power facility maintenance and repair, with work constrained by power safety regulations.
Work is constrained by power safety regulations.
Electronic equipment repair in transport and aviation directions must comply with the corresponding inspection and operating rules.
Must be checked against the corresponding inspection rules.
AI-assisted retrieval and recording is an editorial judgment; no causal evidence on Chinese occupational adoption, wages, or demand changes was obtained this round.
| High end | 114,240 USD/year (combined 90th percentile, May 2025) | BLS combined 90th percentile | The combined 90th percentile is 114,240 USD/year (May 2025), not a seniority level, a cap, or an income guarantee. |
|---|
Pay · combined 10th percentile：44,940 USD/year (combined 10th percentile, May 2025)；A combined wage statistical position, not a starting salary, seniority level, or personal income guarantee.
Pay · combined 25th percentile：Insufficient evidence: no combined percentile was obtained this round；Not obtained this round, which does not mean it was not published； sub-occupations are not substituted and no interpolation is done.
Pay · median (combined framing)：74,490 USD/year (35.81 USD/hour, May 2025)；National median under the combined framing (May 2025)； half of practitioners are below and half above this value.
Pay · combined 75th percentile：Insufficient evidence: no combined percentile was obtained this round；Not obtained this round, which does not mean it was not published； sub-occupations are not substituted and no interpolation is done.
Pay · combined 90th percentile：114,240 USD/year (combined 90th percentile, May 2025)；A combined wage statistical position, not a starting salary, seniority level, or personal income guarantee.
The statistical subject is the U.S. combined framing “Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers,” covering commercial and industrial equipment, transportation equipment, power facilities, and motor vehicle electronics directions, and different from electricians and engineering technologists.
and cannot be directly extrapolated. No Mainland China national single-occupation wage percentile precisely corresponding to this occupation was obtained, and neither industry or broad personnel-category averages nor recruitment quotes can substitute.
No. The median and percentiles are statistics; individual pay depends on direction, industry, region, qualifications, and experience, and openings do not equal hiring probability.
Use it to understand magnitude and framing: first check the occupation, region, period, and units, then whether it is your direction and whether you hold certification, and keep U.S. and Chinese framing in separate columns.
| Industry | Industry annual wage median for the combined occupation (USD/year) | How to understand |
|---|---|---|
| Utilities | 105,740 USD/year (May 2025 combined median) | The annual wage median for the installer and repairer combination within that industry, not a single equipment sub-direction or the average of all occupations in the industry. |
| State and local government (except education and hospitals) | 88,370 USD/year (May 2025 combined median) | The annual wage median for the installer and repairer combination within that industry, not a single equipment sub-direction or the average of all occupations in the industry. |
| Manufacturing | 73,110 USD/year (May 2025 combined median) | The annual wage median for the installer and repairer combination within that industry, not a single equipment sub-direction or the average of all occupations in the industry. |
| Wholesale trade | 60,910 USD/year (May 2025 combined median) | The annual wage median for the installer and repairer combination within that industry, not the average of all occupations in the industry; the repair and maintenance industry is separately 55,540 USD/year. |
The median is 74,490 USD/year under the combined framing May 2025 (35.81 USD/hour); half of practitioners are below and half above this value.
Direction and industry: pay and entry requirements differ for industrial controls, power facilities, transportation equipment, and motor vehicle electronics, and the job title alone should not be used.
Certification and authorization affect which duties you can take on; there is no causal evidence this round on wages after controlling for other factors, so a certified pay raise is not guaranteed.
Combined-framing employment size in 2025, which is not exactly the same population covered by the wage statistics.
Projected change over the period under the combined framing (slower than average), not an individual's probability of getting a job.
Openings include growth and replacements and are not net new jobs.
O*NET occupational interest baseline
Interest code RCI for the 49-2094 sub-occupation: realistic maintenance, procedural recording, and fault analysis; that sub-profile's interest is not treated as a unified measurement for the whole combination.
Interest code RCI is used only to explain work activity preferences and not as a capability, hiring, or personality conclusion.
Are you willing to take repeated measurements for the same fault?
Use checkable measurement records to verify whether criteria were completed item by item, rather than concluding from a single reading.
Do not use it this way:Not used for personality diagnosis or hiring conclusions.
Learn about my career interestsWill you stop first when the state is unclear?
Use fictional scenarios to observe whether isolation, voltage verification, and work permits are confirmed before starting work.
Do not use it this way:Not used for a safety qualification conclusion.
Learn about my Big Five traitsCan you keep raw readings without “tidying” them?
Use a record sheet containing out-of-range items to see whether each is kept and marked separately.
Do not use it this way:Not used for capability scoring.
Learn about my personality preferencesCan you hand over clearly during multi-person work?
Use an interface and responsibility list to see whether it states clearly who may restore operation and under what conditions.
Do not use it this way:Not used for a hiring conclusion.
Learn about my motivation cuesAre you willing to keep updating your knowledge of equipment and codes?
Check with learning records on new equipment manuals and code updates.
Do not use it this way:Not used for a personality conclusion.
Learn about my cognitive performanceCan you still work per process under fault pressure?
Use emergency scenario assumptions to see whether safety steps and escalation paths are still retained.
Do not use it this way:Not used for capability scoring.
Learn about my communication cuesBetter match:Willing to locate faults per manuals and criteria and verify item by item.
Note:Does not treat “it works after replacing the part” as root cause confirmation.
Better match:Willing to confirm the range, calibration, and measurement conditions before reading values.
Note:Does not substitute processed data for raw readings.
Better match:Willing to add building electrical wiring, codes, and acceptance, rather than only equipment repair.
Note:Local electrician permits and code systems must be checked; maintenance experience is not automatically recognized.
View related occupations:Electricians (electricians)Better match:Willing to do testing, design support, and verification records per engineering instructions.
Note:Engineering drawings, acceptance criteria, and position authorization must be added; installation habits do not substitute for design support.
View related occupations:Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technologists and Technicians (electrical-and-electronics-engineering-technicians)Better match:Willing to deepen industrial controls, instrumentation diagnosis, and calibration.
Note:Training must be added for the specific industrial equipment, and recording habits do not imply employment.
View related occupations:Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment (electrical-and-electronics-repairers-commercial-and-industrial-equipment)Better match:Willing to add refrigeration principles, mechanical installation, and system commissioning.
Note:Refrigerants and local qualifications must be checked, and on-site collaboration does not substitute for specialist skills.
View related occupations:Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers (heating-air-conditioning-and-refrigeration-mechanics-and-installers)It is advisable to observe whether the person is willing to troubleshoot per procedure, record honestly, accept review and safety constraints; a single preference description is not enough to judge fit or unfitness.
Typically high school or above in the U.S., with most directions requiring further preparation; Chinese education and experience are checked against the actual position, and no precise national distribution was obtained.
Depends on the equipment direction. Industrial controls and equipment maintenance mostly work under de-energized or controlled conditions; power facilities and high-voltage equipment directions additionally require power work qualifications and authorization.
Start with a supervised maintenance or installation position, demonstrate measurement, recording, and safety awareness with practicum and course records, and fill in the entry requirements for the target direction.
Material retrieval and recording tasks can be assisted by tools, but on-site safety judgments, root cause confirmation, part replacement, and equipment release remain with people.
The U.S. combined framing shows a 2025 median annual wage of 74,490 USD; no corresponding single-occupation percentile was obtained for Mainland China, and U.S. figures cannot be directly extrapolated.
Mostly in repair shops, factories, or the field, possibly lifting heavy objects and working in constrained postures, mostly full time with overtime and shift work.
Varies by direction and region: may involve an electrician certificate, a special operation certificate, internal employer authorization, or equipment release authority, all of which must be verified by work location.
Complete a full closed loop in a de-energized or supervised hands-on task: read the materials, measure per criteria, record, and write clear stop conditions and escalation paths.
This page is a career exploration reference and does not constitute work guidance, safety training, or a hiring basis; actual requirements follow applicable regulations, employer procedures, and job postings.
Basis：OSHA 29 CFR1910.147
Typical scenario：Installation or maintenance requires working on ladders, platforms, or in confined spaces.
Main positions：Installation and field maintenance positions
Possible consequences：Can involve falls, impact injuries, or oxygen deficiency risk.
Reduce risk：Use qualified protective measures and a standby attendant, work per confined space procedures, and confirm the rescue plan.
Basis：BLS OOH — Electrical and Electronics Equipment Installers and Repairers (combined framing)
Typical scenario：Equipment and parts are heavy and working postures are constrained.
Main positions：Equipment handling and installation positions
Possible consequences：Can cause back and joint injuries.
Reduce risk：Use lifting tools and multi-person collaboration, and assess the load per employer safety rules.
Basis：BLS OOH — Electrical and Electronics Equipment Installers and Repairers (combined framing)
Typical scenario：Choosing the wrong range or using an uncalibrated instrument to make a judgment.
Main positions：Measurement and fault diagnosis positions
Possible consequences：Can lead to incorrect conclusions and mask the real fault.
Reduce risk：Send instruments for calibration per procedure, record the range and measurement conditions, and retest on anomalies.
Basis：O*NET OnLine — 49-2094.00 Commercial and Industrial Equipment Repair
Typical scenario：Repair records are missing or operation is restored without authorization.
Main positions：Acceptance and release handover positions
Possible consequences：Hard to trace the basis, making incident or fault review impossible and potentially amplifying risk.
Reduce risk：Record items, measured values, replaced parts, and responsible persons per the equipment ledger, with release confirmed by an authorized role.
Basis：BLS OOH — Electrical and Electronics Equipment Installers and Repairers (combined framing) · Ministry of Emergency Management: Regulations on the Safety Technology Training and Assessment of Special Operations Personnel (2025 Order No. 19)
Typical scenario：Taking on in-catalog special operations, equipment release, or other regulated tasks beyond your qualifications or authorization.
Main positions：Positions constrained by qualifications
Possible consequences：Can violate regulations and expose both the individual and the organization to consequences.
Reduce risk：Work within applicable regulations and employer authorization, and stop and escalate when exceeded.
Basis：OSHA 29 CFR1910.147 · Ministry of Emergency Management: Regulations on the Safety Technology Training and Assessment of Special Operations Personnel (2025 Order No. 19)
| Entry directions | What you mainly do initially | Employer requirements and observation basis | How to demonstrate ability without experience | Differences from other directions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Entry in industrial and commercial equipment maintenance | Completes cleaning, fastening, part replacement, and measurement records under mentorship. | Education and coursework, practicum or cooperative education experience, electrical safety awareness. | Show a checkable process with practicum measurement records and troubleshooting explanations. | Leans toward industrial site equipment; attention to control loops and instrumentation. |
| Entry in the power facilities direction | Takes part in power equipment inspection and repair preparation under authorization and supervision. | Power safety training records, work permit experience, familiarity with high-voltage equipment. | Show understanding of isolation and permit conditions with a paper maintenance plan. | Leans toward power facilities and protection devices; attention to high voltage and work permits. |
| Entry in transportation equipment electrical work | Repairs train, vessel, or other transportation equipment electronic systems under mentorship; avionics is not included in this combination's statistics. |
Check the discipline, coursework, and education level in the job posting, and record the posting date and whether it is still open.
Check the explicit requirements for instruments, ranges, drawing reading, and equipment categories, and distinguish “familiar with” from “expert in”.
Check the work type, whether certification or authorization is required, and distinguish participation from ownership, recording the applicable jurisdiction.
Check whether electrical safety training, work permits, or specific industry inspection experience are required.
Complete a maintenance plan from fictional equipment and work orders, covering criteria, tools, and safety conditions.
Record test steps, raw readings, ranges, and hypotheses, and flag items to confirm.
Complete one replacement and retest per fictional records, writing clearly the basis and acceptance criteria.
Organize items, measured values, replaced parts, and outstanding issues into a traceable ledger.
| Scenario | What to check | How to observe | What cannot be inferred from it |
|---|---|---|---|
| Interview | Can they explain the relationship among equipment, criteria, and safety conditions? | Check whether isolation, voltage verification, and work permits are confirmed before starting work. | Where conditions do not match, the employer and the position decide, not the individual. |
| Technical assessment or hands-on review | Can they complete measurements per criteria and locate common faults? | Check data sources, ranges, measurement conditions, and the basis for handling. | If not passed, they must not independently take on live or high-voltage work. |
| Probation and mentorship period | Completes maintenance and repair under supervision with documentation. |
| Qualification / preparation item | Who it mainly suits | Practical value in job seeking | Whether it is a common entry requirement | Application / processing conditions | Investment considerations | Important limitations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High school or above plus on-the-job training | Most entry-level position candidates | Yes: the typical U.S. entry point is high school or above plus advanced training or experience | A typical U.S. starting point, checked against the specific sub-direction and employer, not a unified statutory education requirement. | Apply per employer recruitment and training requirements | On-the-job training and apprenticeship investment | Education is not the same as a practice qualification or work authorization |
| Associate's degree or vocational college certificate |
Gives nameplate information, drawing versions, and maintenance requirements as exercise input.
Exercise output: list the object, version, and safety conditions.
Gives instrument ranges, calibration status, and pass criteria.
Exercise output: write the criteria source for this measurement and the reason for the range selection.
Gives per-reading values and measurement conditions, including one out-of-range value and one missing condition.
Exercise output: mark the out-of-range item and the missing-condition item and write the retest requirements.
Lists the required record items and the scope that must not be exceeded (no real live or high-voltage work involved).
Copy one applicable electrical safety or work permit clause and write its scope of application and uncertain points.
Use fictional equipment materials to organize nameplates, drawing versions, and part lists.
Compare a set of readings item by item against fictional criteria and mark out-of-range items.
Write a troubleshooting record in the order of materials — hypotheses — verification — conclusion.
Organize items, measured values, replaced parts, and outstanding issues into ledger entries.
Change one criterion and one reading respectively and write clearly the impact scope and items to retest.
Summarize the conditions under which you must stop and escalate, producing a one-page review record.
Typical duties：Completes cleaning, fastening, part replacement, and measurement records under mentorship.
Promotion evidence：Supervised practicum records and mentorship comments.
Qualification boundaries：Verified per work location and employer.
Next step：Independently completes routine maintenance items.
Typical duties：Independently completes inspection, maintenance, and troubleshooting of routine equipment.
Promotion evidence：Maintenance records, troubleshooting explanations, and instrument use records.
Qualification boundaries：Verified per work location and employer.
Next step：Takes on multiple equipment types or more complex faults.
Typical duties：Independently takes on field troubleshooting, part replacement, and calibration and completes retesting.
Promotion evidence：Repair work orders, calibration records, and retest conclusions.
Qualification boundaries：Verified per work location and employer.
Next step：Takes on the technical confirmation before equipment release.
Typical duties：Guides others and confirms repair and safety conclusions per authorization.
Promotion evidence：Mentorship records and technical conclusion records.
Qualification boundaries：Verified per work location and employer.
Next step：Check the next level's authorization boundaries.
Typical duties：Go deep in one of the five sub-directions: industrial controls, motor and tool, power facilities, transportation, or motor vehicle electronics; avionics is an adjacent occupation checked separately.
Promotion evidence：Course, practicum, or project evidence for that direction.
Qualification boundaries：Verified per work location and employer.
Next step：Add the direction's specialist tools and methods.
Typical duties：Takes on key equipment diagnosis, calibration, and maintenance in that direction.
Promotion evidence：Specialist repair records and instrument use evidence.
Qualification boundaries：Verified per work location and employer.
Next step：Review specialist indicators and common failure modes.
Typical duties：Completes inspection, compliance checking, and problem closure for that direction per standards.
Promotion evidence：Inspection records, deviation handling, and retest records.
Verified per work location and employer.
Typical duties：Arrange installation, maintenance, and supplier tasks within authorization.
Promotion evidence：A plan with clear boundaries and responsible persons.
Qualification boundaries：Verified per work location and employer.
Next step：Check delivery and documentation.
Typical duties：Organize repair and safety reviews and track problem closure.
Promotion evidence：Review records and problem lists.
Qualification boundaries：Verified per work location and employer.
Next step：Handle exceptions and disputes.
Typical duties：Set stop conditions and report safety and compliance risk.
Promotion evidence：Risk ledger and escalation records.
Qualification boundaries：Verified per work location and employer.
Next step：Keep the basis for decisions.
Confirm the equipment and drawing versions and the safety isolation state, and record the nameplate and work permit.
Complete measurement, replacement, and calibration per manufacturer procedures and employer rules and record each time.
Isolate deviations, retest, and submit changes or escalate, keeping the basis for handling.
Complete inspection and maintenance conclusions within authorization and hand off to an authorized role for release confirmation.
United States · O*NET-SOC combined framing (Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers)
About 117,700
Employment size
Employment size and annual openings are not the same indicator, and openings include both growth and replacements.
Cannot show：The combination contains five sub-occupations with different growth and headcounts by direction, and no single O*NET combined task profile exists.
United States · O*NET-SOC combined framing (Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers)
About 8,900 per year
Annual job openings
Automation and equipment renewal change the task structure, but on-site diagnosis and safety responsibility remain with people.
Cannot show：An existing overall projection is not the actual change; there is no AI causal job outcome this round, and a data gap is not written up as no occupational projection.
These are ability adjacency relationships and do not represent automatic promotion or exemption from further study.
Transferable：Code compliance and electrical safety for electrical installation and wiring.
Needs to be filled in：Building electrical codes, wiring, and acceptance requirements must be added, and qualifications obtained per local permits.
View occupation detailsTransferable：Drawing reading, measurement records, and test support.
Needs to be filled in：Engineering drawings, test criteria, and recording standards must be added, and the work is done under engineer guidance.
View occupation detailsTransferable：Diagnosis and calibration of industrial controls and instrumentation.
Needs to be filled in：Industrial control systems, instrumentation, and process control methods must be added.
View occupation detailsTransferable：Troubleshooting and maintenance of transportation equipment electrical systems.
Needs to be filled in：Transportation equipment electrical systems and the corresponding inspection and operating rules must be added.
View occupation detailsTransferable：Maintenance and repair of power facilities and relay protection equipment.
Needs to be filled in：Power safety regulations, relay protection, and high-voltage equipment maintenance methods must be added.
View occupation detailsTransferable：Installation, commissioning, and repair of refrigeration and ventilation systems.
Needs to be filled in：Refrigeration principles, mechanical installation, and system commissioning methods must be added.
View occupation detailsTransferable：Installation, maintenance, and alignment of mechanical equipment.
Needs to be filled in：Mechanical transmission, hydraulic and pneumatic, and equipment alignment methods must be added.
View occupation detailsTransferable：Installation and commissioning of security and fire protection systems.
Needs to be filled in：Fire protection and security codes, system interlocks, and acceptance requirements must be added.
View occupation detailsThe U.S. O*NET-SOC combined framing “Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers” covers commercial and industrial equipment, transportation equipment, power plant substation and relay, motor vehicle electronics, and avionics directions; employment and growth use the combined figures, while wage percentiles are labeled separately by sub-occupation.
BLS OOH shows a May 2025 median annual wage of 74,490 USD (median hourly wage 35.81 USD); the percentiles come from the sub-occupation “commercial and industrial equipment repair (49-2094.00)”: annual wages of 46,840／60,040／74,090／88,710／105,590 USD.
BLS OOH shows about 117,700 employed in 2025, a projected 2% increase over 2025—2035 (slower than average), an employment change of about +2,000, and about 8,900 annual openings; openings include growth and replacements.
The National Bureau of Statistics materials checked here reach only industry and broad personnel-category framing and do not provide a national single-occupation wage percentile precisely corresponding to this occupation; this page registers insufficient evidence accordingly and does not substitute industry averages or a single recruitment quote.
In the U.S., typically high school or above, with most directions prepared through vocational colleges, associate's degrees, on-the-job training, or apprenticeships; Mainland China education and qualification requirements are checked item by item against the target employer's job postings and competent authority rules, and this page obtained no nationally unified conditions that can be cited externally; where the work falls under the Special Operations Catalog (such as electrical work), Article four of Ministry of Emergency Management Order No. 19 requires specialized safety technology training, passing the assessment, and obtaining a Special Operations Certificate before taking the post; for positions not in the catalog, qualifications and equipment release are still verified per employer and industry rules.
Material retrieval and recording tasks can be assisted by tools, but on-site safety judgments, fault root cause confirmation, part replacement, and equipment release must still be borne by trained and authorized people; public sources are insufficient to conclude changes in job numbers.
Mostly work in repair shops, factories, or the field, possibly lifting heavy objects and working in constrained postures, with some directions involving heights and confined spaces; mostly full time, with possible night shifts, rotating shifts, and overtime.
It can only serve as a direction reference. Employment and wages are statistical framings, openings do not equal hiring probability, and U.S. figures cannot be extrapolated to Mainland China; actual requirements follow applicable regulations, employer procedures, and job postings.
FermatMind research workflow
2026-09-20
Source register and fact register for this page (BLS OOH, O*NET, National Bureau of Statistics, etc.)
Limitations of use：The entry page does not carry this occupation's figures.
Limitations of use：Does not carry this occupation's wage or demand figures.
Limitations of use：The entry page does not carry this occupation's figures.
Limitations of use：Applies only to the U.S. combined framing; the median is not a starting salary, and openings are not net gains.
Limitations of use：Applies only to operations listed in the Special Operations Catalog and does not constitute a unified qualification requirement for all electrical installation positions, nor does it replace employer authorization and equipment release processes.
Limitations of use：Does not carry this occupation's adoption rate or job outcome data.
Limitations of use：Applies only to that sub-occupation and does not represent the combined framing.
Limitations of use：Applies only to the adjacent occupation, used to explain direction differences.
Limitations of use：Applies only to the adjacent occupation, used to explain direction differences.
Limitations of use：Applies only to the adjacent occupation, used to explain direction differences.
Limitations of use：The entry page does not carry occupation-level wage distributions.
Limitations of use：Interest results are not used for capability or hiring conclusions.
Limitations of use：Cannot substitute for occupation-level wages; used only to explain framing boundaries.
Limitations of use：International materials do not provide this occupation's adoption or displacement rate data.
Limitations of use：Explains statistical methods and does not substitute for specific occupational figures.
Limitations of use：Applies only to that sub-occupation and does not represent the combined framing or Chinese positions.
Limitations of use：Does not provide this occupation's adoption rate or job change data.
Limitations of use：Applies only to that sub-occupation; a percentile is not a seniority level.
Limitations of use：Applies only to the U.S. combined framing; does not represent Mainland China education requirements.
Limitations of use：Method descriptions do not substitute for specific occupational figures.
Limitations of use：Does not substitute for a specific country's or employer's work permits and standards.
Limitations of use：Applies only to that sub-occupation and does not represent the combined framing or Chinese positions.
Limitations of use：Applies only to that sub-occupation; a percentile is not a seniority level.
Limitations of use：Applies only to the adjacent occupation, used to explain direction differences.
Limitations of use：Not occupational adoption, efficiency, or safe operating standards.
Limitations of use：Not a rule for all electrical work; electrical exposure is checked separately under Subpart S.
Limitations of use：Editorial ratings use the existing occupational responsibilities and AI task analysis on this page. They are not adoption rates, measured effects, job-disappearance or personal-unemployment probabilities, or official scores from Stanford or another external institution. No measured time weights or future robot deployment are assumed.
Source scope, limitations, and statistical periods are checked separately against the original evidence: U.S. wages are May 2025 and the outlook is 2025—2035; Education, discipline, experience, and qualification requirements in a job posting must be read item by item; one relaxable item does not mean other conditions can be substituted. Chinese and U.S. data are in separate columns: the U.S. is a combined-framing statistic (May 2025 wages, 2025—2035 outlook), while Mainland China figures are industry and broad personnel-category framing, with no precise occupational percentile obtained. This page does not constitute work authorization, safety training, or equipment release authority; live, high-voltage, and stored-energy work may only be performed by trained and authorized personnel under applicable regulations and employer procedures.
Test whether my career interests suit electrical and electronic equipment installation and repair · Learn about my Big Five traits · Learn about my personality type · Learn about my career anchors
No corresponding single-occupation percentile was obtained
This page does not replace safety regulations
| Transportation equipment electrical fundamentals, awareness of the corresponding inspection or operating rules. |
| Show troubleshooting thinking with part test records and criteria comparison. |
| Leans toward mobile equipment electrical systems; attention to the corresponding inspection rules. |
| Avionics (adjacent transition, not a combination entry point) | Completes avionics component testing and recording under supervision. | Avionics training, awareness of airworthiness and quality systems. | Show rigor with component test and traceability records. | Belongs to another occupation and regulatory scope; this combination's wages, employment, and training conditions do not automatically apply. |
|---|
| Entry in installation and commissioning | Completes equipment installation and pre-energization checks per drawings under supervision. | Drawing reading, wiring codes, installation safety experience. | Show understanding of codes and safety with an installation checklist. | Leans toward field installation; attention to code compliance and voltage verification and isolation. |
|---|
| Any overreach or violation means immediate stop and retraining. |
| Independent responsibility period | Independently completes routine equipment maintenance and delivers per process. | Check repair records, retest conclusions, and release authorization. | Safety or overreach situations are handled per organizational rules. |
|---|
| Technical or repair positions |
| Depends on the position: can serve as a supplementary path |
| No: it is not a common requirement |
| Apply per the institution's and program's accreditation requirements |
| Two years of study or a certificate program investment |
| Requires additional evidence of hands-on and safety capability |
| Electrician or special operation certificate | Positions involving electrical installation or special operations | Depends on direction and region: required for some positions | No: verified per direction and jurisdiction | Certified per the actual catalog operations and the competent authority's examination; Article 9 conditions may waive training, not the examination or the certificate. | Training, examination, and current certificate renewal investment, checked against the rules effective in 2026. | Valid only within its applicable work scope and validity period |
|---|
| Power work qualifications and authorization | Power facilities and high-voltage equipment directions | Depends on the position and employer: required for some positions | No: verified per employer and procedures | Complete training and authorization per organizational rules | Training, experience, and refresher training investment | Authorization is not automatically transferable across organizations or equipment |
|---|
| Avionics or airworthiness qualifications (checked separately for the adjacent occupation) | Avionics direction | Depends on the position and regulatory requirements: required for some positions | No: verified per regulator and employer | Obtained per airworthiness and quality system requirements | Training, assessment, and continuing airworthiness investment | Not a combination statistics entry point; the original aviation regulations were not checked item by item, so no signing or release qualification conclusion is made. |
|---|
| Employer internal equipment release authorization | Positions that confirm repair conclusions | Yes: internal organizational authorization | Internal authority to perform duties must be checked; internal authority is not a national qualification certificate and does not mean no authorization is needed. | Granted per organizational rules and review records | Internal training and responsibility-period investment | Cannot be inferred from a job title or personal assumption |
|---|
Next step：Takes on responsibility for inspection conclusions and compliance.
Typical duties：Provides technical judgment and guidance in that direction.
Promotion evidence：Technical review records and internal and external conclusions.
Qualification boundaries：Verified per work location and employer.
Next step：Re-confirm authorization before expanding responsibility.
Typical duties：Take on equipment safety and repair system responsibility per rules.
Promotion evidence：Approval records and the evidence chain.
Qualification boundaries：Verified per work location and employer.
Next step：Develop toward facility or safety management.
