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Glass Blowers, Molders, Benders, and Finishers correspond to the precise occupation O*NET/SOC 51-9195.04 Glass Blowers, Molders, Benders, and Finishers: shaping molten glass according to patterns, including heating and gathering, forming, bending and joining, annealing and cooling, cutting, grinding and polishing, decorating and inspection; common job titles include Glassblower, Gaffer, Glass Artist, Neon Glass Bender, Glass Lathe Operator and Glass Worker. The official scope text reads: Shape molten glass according to patterns. Measure note: the US wages, employment and industry data that O*NET presents on the 51-9195.04 page are taken from the parent occupation 51-9195.00 (Molders, Shapers, and Casters, Except Metal and Plastic), and this page faithfully labels them as the parent occupation measure and does not call them this precise occupation's own values.
This list is only for self-questioning and does not constitute hiring standards, ability ratings or an assessment of job competence, nor any material, process, kiln, gas, electrical, safety production or investment advice. This page corresponds to the precise occupation O*NET/SOC 51-9195.04 Glass Blowers, Molders, Benders, and Finishers: shaping molten glass according to patterns. The official scope text reads: Shape molten glass according to patterns. O*NET's core tasks include: heating glass to a workable state with a gas flame or furnace and rotating it so the heat is even (importance 94); forming, bending or joining glass sections with paddle, flattening and smoothing hand tools or cork (90); blowing tubing into a specified shape with compressed air or the maker's own breath, or blowing and rotating a gather in moulds and on plates to obtain the final shape (87); cutting tubing to specified dimensions with a file or cutting wheel (85); inspecting, weighing and measuring products with instruments such as micrometers, calipers, magnifiers and rulers to verify they meet specifications (85); developing glass product sketches into blueprint specifications (83); recording manufacturing information such as output and dimensions or types (82); determining the type and quantity of glass needed to make a product (82); designing and creating glass objects with blowpipes, hand tools and equipment (79); operating and maintaining finishing machines to grind, drill, sand, bevel, decorate, clean or polish glass or glass products (75); operating an electric kiln to heat and mould glass sheets to the shape and curvature of a metal fixture (70); and placing electrodes at the pipe end and heating and fusing them with a glass torch (64). Supplementary tasks include: tapping the finished piece's neck to separate it from the blowpipe (69); fitting a rubber hose at the pipe end and inflating the pipe (69); placing glass into a press mould and controlling the press to form glassware parts or optical blanks (68); repairing broken spools by replacing the pipe section (65); spraying or wiping an oil solution onto moulds to prevent glass from sticking (61); stacking bent tubing on an asbestos pattern to ensure accuracy (61); setting and adjusting press stroke length and pressure and adjusting furnace temperature according to the type of glass to be worked (60); and applying surface decoration such as coloured glass, enamel and lustre. O*NET marks this occupation as Bright Outlook. The wage, employment and industry figures on this page use the parent occupation 51-9195.00 (Molders, Shapers, and Casters, Except Metal and Plastic) measure presented by O*NET on that page, not the precise occupation 51-9195.04's own measure; the measures and boundaries are set out in the sections below. The asbestos pattern wording in the original source is not a modern materials recommendation, and this page gives no handling operations; actual materials must be checked against safety training and a workplace assessment.
Insufficient evidence: the Chinese materials read this round do not provide precise wages or employment statistics for 51-9195.04, and it cannot be asserted that none exist nationally. 51-9195.04 glass blowing, forming, bending and finishing: shaping molten glass according to patterns, also covering sketch-to-specification work and design creation, so design cannot be excluded across the board. O*NET lists 20 tasks: 12 core, 7 supplementary and 1 added task with no importance score. Wages use the 2025 parent occupation 51-9195.00 national data, with a median of 46,170 USD per year and 22.20 USD per hour; projections use the new BLS direct table. BLS direct 2025—2035 projection table: parent occupation 51-9195 employment 43,000 people in 2025 and 45,500 in 2035, growth 5.8%, average annual job openings 5,100. The original table shows employment and openings in thousands; multiply each by 1000; openings include growth and replacement demand and are not net new jobs. This parent occupation also includes other non-metallic forming work and cannot be treated as the 51-9195.04 glass sub-occupation's own figures or as individual opportunities. Insufficient evidence: this round read the National Bureau of Statistics 2025 urban unit wage release, which contains industry and five-category aggregation, but obtained no national wage percentiles or employment scale precisely matching 51-9195.04. The legacy MOHRSS link is retained only as a lead to be checked, and the absence of national statistics is not asserted from unread text; industry averages, job-posting offers or US data are not substituted. For mainland China, verify against the actual activity: Article 28 of the Work Safety Law covers training and Article 30 provides for special operation qualifications; Article 2 of the Special Equipment Safety Law covers the catalogue and Article 14 covers the qualifications of relevant personnel, while Articles 39—42 cover maintenance, inspection and handling of abnormal conditions, so ordinary kilns cannot be treated as fully listed in the catalogue on the strength of their name alone; statutory inspection is checked separately against Articles 50—51 on the qualifications of bodies and personnel. Articles 34—35 of the Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Law cover training and health examinations for workers exposed to occupational disease hazards. The Ecological Environment Code takes effect on 2026-08-15 and repeals the old Environmental Protection Law; Article 80 covers monitoring authenticity and Articles 150—151 cover emissions and permits according to the actual scope. Articles 4/6/13/19 of the Personal Information Protection Law apply only to information about identifiable individuals, checking the lawful basis, necessity and retention period; ordinary drawings, formulations and equipment parameters are not automatically personal information. Hot work, gas, electricity, ventilation, dust control and emergency arrangements are checked against the real process and the applicable provisions, and no nationwide uniform permit or explosion-proof duty for all glass dust can be inferred from the occupation name.
10th percentile annual wage 35,850 USD / hourly wage 17.24 USD (2025, BLS OEWS, parent occupation 51-9195.00 measure)
Scope | the 10th percentile annual and hourly wages of the parent occupation 51-9195.00 (2025, BLS OEWS, presented via O*NET); boundaries | a position in the parent occupation wage distribution, not the glass sub-occupation itself; it does not correspond to experience, qualifications or starting pay. OEWS excludes self-employment and benefits, includes production bonuses and commissions and excludes non-production bonuses, overtime premiums and shift differentials; it is not total compensation or actual personal take-home pay. Percentiles are positions in the wage distribution and cannot be mapped to experience, qualifications or personal starting pay.
2025 parent occupation wages | https://www.onetonline.org/link/localwages/51-9195.00; BLS direct 2025—2035 projections | https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm; OEWS wage concepts | https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/oews/concepts.htm
10th percentile annual wage 35,850 USD / hourly wage 17.24 USD (2025, BLS OEWS, parent occupation 51-9195.00 measure)
| Occupation direction | Starting tasks | Evidence you can prepare | Work samples you can show without experience | How it differs from this occupation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-metallic moulder and shaper | Assisting with batching, moulds and forming | Materials or mechanical training records and workshop internship records | A mock key-points sheet for non-metallic forming and moulds | It covers a broader range of non-metallic materials and casting, while this occupation covers molten glass and lampworking processes |
| Stone Cutter and Carver (manufacturing) | Assisting with cutting, grinding and polishing | Stone or craft art training records and workshop internship records | A mock key-points sheet for stone cutting and polishing | It covers cold stoneworking, while this occupation covers hot glassworking and annealing |
The glass blowers, moulders, benders and finishers on this page are the precise occupation O*NET 51-9195.04 (Glass Blowers, Molders, Benders, and Finishers): shaping molten glass according to patterns. Core tasks include heating glass to a workable state with a gas flame or furnace and rotating it so the heat is even (importance 94), forming, bending or joining glass sections with paddle, flattening and smoothing hand tools or cork (90), blowing tubing into a specified shape with compressed air or the maker's own breath, or blowing and rotating a gather in moulds and on plates (87), cutting tubing to specified dimensions with a file or cutting wheel (85), inspecting, weighing and measuring products with micrometers, calipers, magnifiers and rulers (85), developing glass product sketches into blueprint specifications (83), recording manufacturing information such as output and dimensions or types (82), determining the glass type and quantity needed (82), designing and creating glass objects with blowpipes and hand tools (79), operating and maintaining finishing machines (75), operating an electric kiln to heat and mould glass sheets to the shape and curvature of a metal fixture (70) and placing electrodes at the pipe end and heating and fusing them (64), plus supplementary tasks such as tapping the finished piece's neck to separate it from the blowpipe (69), placing glass into a press mould and controlling the press to form it (68) and setting press stroke and pressure according to the type of glass and adjusting furnace temperature (60). Common job titles include Glassblower, Gaffer, Glass Artist, Neon Glass Bender, Glass Lathe Operator and Glass Worker; on the 51-9195.04 page O*NET shows that the occupation's main industry in the US is manufacturing (the industry data on that page come from the parent occupation 51-9195.00) and marks it Bright Outlook. The above uses the US occupation classification measure, and wages and employment use the parent occupation 51-9195.00 measure as presented via O*NET.
Editorial exercise H1 | 6 complete fictional inputs and reference solutions are given below; use 90 minutes to check dimensional limits, cooling record arithmetic, missing permits, versions, handover time limits and listed costs. Read paper records only; do not heat, blow, cut or operate glass equipment. Deliver a result table, an issues table, a V1 to V2 revision table and a handover of no more than 200 characters.
Fit signals | the O*NET 51-9195.04 work activity importance ratings show that creative thinking (84), getting information (75), handling and moving objects (71), making decisions and solving problems (71), controlling machines and processes (69), inspecting equipment, structures or materials (69), organizing, planning and prioritizing work (65), estimating quantified characteristics (61), monitoring processes, materials or surroundings (61) and drafting, laying out and specifying technical devices, parts and equipment (59) are this occupation's most important activities; the work context shows wearing common protective or safety equipment 96% daily, using hands to handle, control or feel objects, tools or controls 83% continually or almost continually, exposure to minor burns, cuts, bites or stings 70% daily, exposure to very hot or very cold temperatures 50% daily, e-mail 65% daily and face-to-face or in-person and team discussions 55% daily; freedom to make decisions 52% very much freedom, importance of being exact or accurate 52% extremely important, and determining tasks and priorities and goals 48% very much freedom. If you are willing to work long term between high heat, open flame and fine handwork, can keep temperature, viscosity and shape within tolerance by feel and eye and are willing to try and inspect repeatedly, and are also happy to work under protection and safety requirements, this occupation's daily demands are closer to your way of working.
Caution signals | O*NET also shows (51-9195.04, percentage response basis): exposure to minor burns, cuts, bites or stings 70% daily; exposure to very hot or very cold temperatures 50% daily; wearing common protective or safety equipment 96% daily; using hands to handle, control or feel objects, tools or controls 83% continually or almost continually; repetitive motions 30% continually or almost continually and 43% more than half the time; importance of being exact or accurate 52% extremely important. This occupation works with molten glass, open flame, kilns, moulds and finishing equipment, and one failure to follow protection requirements near a furnace body or hot glass, one mishandling of kiln temperature or gas or electricity, one wrong annealing or cooling curve, or one misjudged mould, fixture or dimension can cause personal burns, equipment damage and batch scrap, and may also involve gas and electricity safety, dust, noise, high-temperature work and occupational health management systems. O*NET lists this occupation in Job Zone 1-2 (little to some preparation); the entry education requirement is relatively low, but the safety requirements of high-temperature and hazardous work are not low; if you find it hard to face high heat, open flame, dust and noise long term, find it hard to accept burn risk and the ups and downs of feel and eye, or are unwilling to take responsibility for the traceability of dimensional, appearance and process records, these should be treated as real costs that need careful weighing.
H1 only observes paper checking and evidence stratification habits; it cannot prove real blowing feel, equipment operation, product qualification, qualifications, long-term fit or employment outcomes. Once interested, check the real job's training and conditions.
O*NET and BLS occupation profile essentials | This page corresponds to the precise occupation O*NET/SOC 51-9195.04 Glass Blowers, Molders, Benders, and Finishers, whose official scope text reads: Shape molten glass according to patterns. Common job titles include Bender, Gaffer, Glass Artist, Glass Bender, Glass Block Bender, Glass Lathe Operator, Glass Worker, Glassblower, Neon Glass Bender and Neon Pumper. O*NET's core tasks include: heating glass to a workable state with a gas flame or furnace and rotating it so the heat is even (importance 94); forming, bending or joining glass sections with paddle, flattening and smoothing hand tools or cork (90); blowing tubing into a specified shape with compressed air or the maker's own breath, or blowing and rotating a gather in moulds and on plates (87); cutting tubing to specified dimensions with a file or cutting wheel (85); inspecting, weighing and measuring products with micrometers, calipers, magnifiers and rulers (85); developing glass product sketches into blueprint specifications (83); recording manufacturing information such as output and dimensions or types (82); determining the type and quantity of glass needed (82); designing and creating glass objects with blowpipes, hand tools and equipment (79); operating and maintaining finishing machines (grinding, drilling, sanding, bevelling, decorating, cleaning, polishing) (75); operating an electric kiln to heat and mould glass sheets to the shape and curvature of a metal fixture (70); and placing electrodes at the pipe end and heating and fusing them (64); plus supplementary tasks: tapping the finished piece's neck to separate it from the blowpipe (69), fitting a hose at the pipe end and inflating it (69), placing glass into a press mould and controlling the press to form it (68), repairing broken spools by replacing the pipe section (65), spraying or wiping an oil solution onto moulds to prevent sticking (61), stacking bent tubing on an asbestos pattern to ensure accuracy (61), setting and adjusting press stroke and pressure and adjusting furnace temperature according to the type of glass (60), and applying surface decoration such as coloured glass, enamel and lustre. The most important work activities are creative thinking (84), getting information (75), handling and moving objects (71), making decisions and solving problems (71) and controlling machines and processes (69). Wage and employment measure note for this page: the US wage, employment and industry data that O*NET presents on the 51-9195.04 page are noted on that page as taken from the parent occupation 51-9195.00 (Molders, Shapers, and Casters, Except Metal and Plastic); this page adopts and labels that parent measure in each section and does not call those values the precise occupation 51-9195.04's own, nor substitute adjacent occupations' values. The asbestos pattern in the O*NET original tasks is only a source-text record, and this page neither recommends modern use nor provides handling operations; actual materials are checked against safety training and a workplace assessment.
Protection and handwork | 96% report wearing common protection daily and 83% use their hands continually or almost continually; this is not the same experience for every worker. Communication | 65% e-mail daily and 55% face to face daily; this cannot be used to infer that the work relies mainly on talking and gesturing. Typical weekly hours | 70% report 40 hours, 17% more than 40 hours and 13% fewer than 40 hours, all as category proportions. Work schedule | 74% fixed schedule and 22% not fixed; check the target role's shifts and do not infer universal continuous shift work. Minor injury exposure | 70% report daily exposure to minor burns or cuts, which is not an accident rate or injury severity. Extreme temperatures | 50% report very hot or very cold daily, and no individual heat load was measured. Exactness and decisions | 52% report exactness as extremely important and 52% report very much decision freedom, which grants no release authority. Tasks and repetition | 48% report very much freedom to determine tasks and goals; 30% repeat continually and 43% more than half the time. Site conditions | check gas, electricity, ventilation, protection and emergency arrangements against the real process; equipment operation requires trained authorization.
Work and record notes | start from the drawing and process card and verify the material grade and batch and the state of the kiln, mould and fixture before working; heating and forming must follow the process parameters and timing and leave a record; annealing and cooling curves must follow the material requirements and be logged; dimensional and appearance inspection must use the specified instruments and frequency and log the measured values; moulds and finishing equipment must be maintained and calibrated as specified; lawful correction retains the original value, the actual correction time, the reason, the basis and the review, and backdating or untraceable overwriting is prohibited; controlled materials, or materials involving trade secrets, design drafts or personal information, are managed per the institution and legal requirements; matters involving process finalization, mould design, pressure-bearing or special equipment, or product safety and acceptance conclusions must be confirmed by the role or body holding the corresponding qualifications, and important work and records must be reviewable by supervisors and by process and quality roles.
2025 US parent occupation 51-9195.00 median wage 46,170 USD per year and 22.20 USD per hour, not the glass sub-occupation's own. OEWS excludes self-employment and benefits, includes production bonuses and commissions and excludes non-production bonuses, overtime premiums and shift differentials; it is not total compensation or actual personal take-home pay. Percentiles are positions in the wage distribution and cannot be mapped to experience, qualifications or personal starting pay.
Drawing and process preparation → heating and gathering → forming, bending and joining → annealing and cooling → cutting, finishing and decoration → inspection, records and handover
Mainland China statistical review scope: the National Bureau of Statistics 2025 industry and five-category aggregated wage release; the precise occupation gap is visible in the body text on this page.
For mainland China, verify against the actual activity: Article 28 of the Work Safety Law covers training and Article 30 provides for special operation qualifications; Article 2 of the Special Equipment Safety Law covers the catalogue and Article 14 covers the qualifications of relevant personnel, while Articles 39—42 cover maintenance, inspection and handling of abnormal conditions, so ordinary kilns cannot be treated as fully listed in the catalogue on the strength of their name alone; statutory inspection is checked separately against Articles 50—51 on the qualifications of bodies and personnel. Articles 34—35 of the Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Law cover training and health examinations for workers exposed to occupational disease hazards. The Ecological Environment Code takes effect on 2026-08-15 and repeals the old Environmental Protection Law; Article 80 covers monitoring authenticity and Articles 150—151 cover emissions and permits according to the actual scope. Articles 4/6/13/19 of the Personal Information Protection Law apply only to information about identifiable individuals, checking the lawful basis, necessity and retention period; ordinary drawings, formulations and equipment parameters are not automatically personal information. Hot work, gas, electricity, ventilation, dust control and emergency arrangements are checked against the real process and the applicable provisions, and no nationwide uniform permit or explosion-proof duty for all glass dust can be inferred from the occupation name.
This round's employment projections use the BLS direct 2025—2035 parent occupation table; they are not the older-period figures from the O*NET precise page.
Drawing and process preparation → heating and gathering → forming and pressing or blowing → annealing and cooling → cutting, grinding, polishing and decoration → inspection, records and handover
The quality, protection and records of the actual process are checked against the drawing, material, applicable provisions and job authorization; no uniform explosion-proof duty is inferred from ordinary glass dust. Personal information and trade secrets or copyright are checked separately, and lawful record corrections leave a trace.
Records and collaboration | record drawings, process parameters, kiln temperature, annealing curves, dimensions, appearance, equipment and training information according to the institution's process, quality and safety management systems, using the specified templates and time limits; when kiln temperature, gas or electrical anomalies, product cracks, out-of-tolerance dimensions or improper annealing, or protection, ventilation or records inconsistent with the site are found, stop immediately, report under authorization and ask process, quality and safety roles to review; lawful correction retains the original value, the actual correction time, the reason, the basis and the review, and backdating or untraceable overwriting is prohibited.
Boundary conclusion | 51-9195.04 shapes molten glass according to patterns, including design creation and specification development; the 51-9195.00 parent category includes the glass sub-occupations, and other adjacent occupations are compared by material and process. Classification does not determine the level of legal authorization; actual drawing or process adjustments and acceptance are checked against the real job duties, and glass design cannot be excluded across the board.
Core idea of adjacent roles | most roles in the same and adjacent groups aim to process materials into products that meet requirements within the boundaries of authorization, safety and process and to leave a trace; they differ in object, outputs and authorization level: some take molten glass and hand and kiln processes as their object, some take non-metallic material forming and casting, some take stone, metal or wood machining, and some take welding and brazing or feeding and cutting.
Core purpose of this occupation | with molten glass, open flame, kilns, moulds and finishing equipment as its object, complete hand and equipment work within the boundaries of drawing, process, safety and authorization: heating and gathering, forming, bending and joining, annealing and cooling, cutting, finishing and decoration, inspection and records, so that products meet the drawing, tolerance, appearance and safety requirements, process and inspection records are traceable and boundaries can be explained.
Main objects and basis of adjacent roles | non-metallic moulders, shapers and casters rely on a broader range of non-metallic materials, moulds and casting processes; stone cutters and carvers rely on stone properties and cutting and carving processes; tool and die makers rely on metalworking, die design, tolerances and heat treatment processes; welding, soldering and brazing machine setters and operators rely on welding and brazing processes and parameters; machine feeders and offbearers rely on loading, unloading and takt requirements.
Main objects and basis of this occupation | the objects are glass grade and softening and annealing characteristics; open flame, kilns, electric kilns and fixtures; blowpipes, hand tools, moulds and presses; cutting, grinding, polishing and decorating equipment; measuring instruments and inspection specifications; and gas, electricity, high-temperature and dust protection requirements, based on drawings, process cards, product standards, safety production, occupational health and environmental protection requirements and the institution's process and quality systems.
Glass occupation profile | 51-9195.04 shapes molten glass according to patterns, covering heating, blowing, forming, bending and joining, cutting and trimming, finishing, measurement and records, and also design creation and developing sketches into specifications. The electric kiln task at importance 70 refers to moulding glass sheets and must not be translated directly as annealing. The O*NET2026 page context shows 96% wearing common protection daily, 83% using their hands continually, 70% exposed to minor injuries daily and 50% facing extreme temperatures daily; these are not accident rates. US 2025 parent occupation 51-9195.00 median wage 46,170 USD per year and 22.20 USD per hour; this round's employment uses the BLS direct 2025—2035 parent occupation series with 43,000 to 45,500, growth 5.8% and average annual openings 5,100; O*NET has presented 2025 employment and the 2025—2035 trend this round, consistent with the BLS current-period figures on this page, and the parent occupation and the precise scope must still be distinguished. The 2024 parent occupation industry share for manufacturing is 70%, which is not the glass sub-occupation's employer distribution. This round's 2025 parent occupation manufacturing share is 64%, again not the glass sub-occupation's employer distribution, and the 2024 figure of 70% is historical only.
Editorial adjacent material comparison: glass, stone, metal moulds, metal welding and feeding are distinguished by main material and task, and classification does not determine the level of legal authorization. The parent occupation of non-metallic forming includes this glass sub-occupation; design creation can also belong to the glass occupation.
Core process of this occupation | drawing and process preparation, heating and gathering, forming, bending and joining, annealing and cooling, cutting, finishing and decoration, inspection, records and handover; each step must leave a trace according to the process, safety and quality systems and must be reviewable by supervisors and by process and quality roles.
Main outputs of adjacent roles | non-metallic moulders, shapers and casters produce non-metallic formed and cast parts; stone cutters and carvers produce stone products and carved pieces; tool and die makers produce dies, tooling and tryout reports; welding, soldering and brazing machine setters and operators produce welded parts and parameter records; machine feeders and offbearers produce loading, unloading and takt records.
Main outputs of this occupation | glass products that meet the drawing, tolerance and appearance requirements; heating, forming, annealing and cooling process records; cutting, grinding, polishing, decoration and inspection records; dimensional, appearance and defect judgment records; and traceable material, equipment and training records.
Responsible party for adjacent roles | responsibility in the same and adjacent groups is usually defined by the employing institution together with process, safety and authorization, and the objects of responsibility are mostly site safety, product quality, the environment and user safety.
Responsible party for this occupation | this occupation is responsible for the heating, forming, bending, annealing, finishing, inspection and records that the individual performs, and for the work and verification completed according to the drawing, process card and safety and quality requirements; matters involving process finalization, mould design, pressure-bearing and special equipment inspection, and product safety and acceptance conclusions are decided by the role or body holding the corresponding qualifications according to the system, and this occupation does not replace their decisions.
This occupation bears responsibility according to the real operations, records and drawing or process duties; design creation can belong to this occupation, and mould or process design is not excluded across the board. Statutory inspection is checked separately against the qualifications of statutory bodies and personnel, and acceptance or release follows the real job duties and is not inferred from the name.
Drawing or process adjustments, operations and acceptance are checked against the real job authorization, data and applicable provisions; matters beyond authority are reported to the corresponding responsible party. Qualifications, training and employer authorization differ, and no single permit is inferred for all glass roles.
Conclusion boundaries of adjacent roles | conclusions in the same and adjacent groups are mostly limited to the project, process and duty in question and usually do not constitute a determination of product safety, compliance or legal liability; conclusions that cross disciplines or are used for process, inspection or legal purposes have limits on their applicability.
Conclusion boundaries of this occupation | work conclusions state only verifiable process parameters, dimensions, appearance, annealing and inspection records, and distinguish on-site observed facts from judgments, inferences and items pending verification; no unauthorized judgment or promise may be made on matters beyond the individual's authorization (process finalization, mould design, pressure-bearing and special equipment inspection, product safety and acceptance conclusions); when kiln temperature, gas or electrical anomalies, product cracks, out-of-tolerance dimensions, improper annealing or records inconsistent with the site occur, work must stop and be escalated or handed over, and conclusions must also withstand review by supervisors and by process, quality and regulatory checks.
Pre-employment verification notes | the following six items are for checking one by one before applying and starting work, to avoid inferring actual duties and authorization from the job title or promotional wording; the results should be based on written recruitment information, the labour contract, the job description and the process, safety and quality system documents, and should be confirmed continuously after starting. This page only lists verification directions and does not constitute a formal list of conditions for any institution or project. Special note: this occupation often involves open flame, high temperature, molten glass, gas, electricity, dust and noise work, so be sure to confirm the role's specific requirements for safety training, protective equipment, work permits, certification and data disclosure.
Verification point notes | similar job titles can differ greatly in duties and authorization: some focus on hand blowing, artistic creation and lampworking, some on mould and press forming and volume production, some on annealing, kilns and fixture moulding, some on cutting, grinding, polishing and decorative finishing, and some on inspection and dimensional and appearance judgment; institutions and jurisdictions also differ in authorizing process finalization, mould modification, product release and data disclosure.
01 Actual job duties and authorization boundaries | check whether the role genuinely takes on independent heating and forming, annealing, finishing or inspection work, or is mainly assistance, material preparation, handling and records; check which kilns, electric kilns, presses, moulds, finishing equipment and measuring instruments may be used, the permit and protection requirements for open flame, high temperature, gas, electricity and dust work, the approval requirements for disclosing process and inspection data externally, and the collaboration and reporting paths with process, quality, equipment and safety teams.
Verification point notes | this occupation often involves open flame, high temperature, molten glass, gas, electricity, dust, noise and repetitive motion, and usually requires gas and electricity safety, occupational health training, protective equipment, work permits and emergency drill requirements.
02 Safety, environment and occupational health requirements | check whether the institution requires and provides: training and permits for open flame, high temperature and molten glass work, gas and electrical equipment operation, confined spaces and hot work; burn, cut, dust, noise, ventilation and emergency response requirements; dust, combustible gas, chemical and waste handling requirements; occupational health, medical examination, high temperature, noise and dust protection requirements; confidentiality and personal information management requirements for process and product drawings, formulations and design drafts; and the reporting and investigation process for accidents, anomalies and quality problems.
In the US, O*NET Job Zone 1-2 and SVP below 6.0 are a general preparation description. The education question asks what education new entrants need; 27% answered a high school diploma or equivalent, 23% less than high school and 23% an associate or other two-year degree; this is not the education already held by workers, and it cannot be used to infer the same education or training duration for every role.
The AGMT issuer's current description targets experienced architectural glass installers and requires at least 7,500 hours of related experience within 5 years, OSHA-10 or an equivalent Canadian requirement, and a written and practical assessment; it is not training for people with no experience, and listing it in the O*NET catalogue does not make it a general qualification for hot glass blowing. Only those moving towards architectural glass installation should check the application conditions and programme requirements further; it does not replace mainland China permits or employer authorization.
Contract review suggestion | ask about base pay, production and non-production bonuses, piece-rate definitions, overtime and shift differentials, benefits, working hours, training and ownership of work; these are items to check, and it is not proven that every glass role has these pay arrangements.
04 Pay, hours and employment contract measures | check the composition of the offered pay (base pay, piece rate or output performance, high-temperature, night-shift or hazardous-work allowances, overtime and bonuses, protective equipment and tool arrangements), working hours and shifts and rotations and overtime and on-call arrangements, contract term and order or project source, probation and assessment measures (product pass rate and process, safety, record and collaboration indicators), and whether product drawings, formulations, design drafts, trade secrets, intellectual property ownership and insurance arrangements are involved.
Verification point notes | the interfaces with process, quality, equipment, safety and supply chain parties determine the boundaries of work, records and responsibility and must be clarified in advance.
05 Interface authority with process, quality, equipment and safety parties | check the confirmation path for process documents, drawing changes and parameter adjustments; the use, maintenance and calibration arrangements for kilns, electric kilns, presses, moulds, finishing equipment and measuring instruments; the material, mould, spare part, vendor support and deviation handling paths; product release, nonconforming handling and external submission approvals; the reporting paths for anomalies, accidents, environmental protection and quality problems; and cross-crew, outsourced processing, record handover and responsibility division.
Verification point notes | the traceability and audit-trail requirements for drawings, process parameters, kiln temperature, annealing curves, dimensions, appearance, equipment and training records determine how quality, safety and responsibility are defined, and the templates, time limits, modification, archiving, access and retention rules must be clarified in advance (data that is controlled or involves trade secrets, design drafts or personal information must also be managed under confidentiality and minimum-necessary requirements).
06 Work, records and audit-trail requirements | check the drawing, process card, parameter adjustment, kiln temperature and annealing curve records; material, mould, fixture and equipment ledgers and maintenance and calibration records; original heating, forming, finishing and inspection records; nonconforming, rework, scrap and corrective action records; training and permit records; and their templates, time limits, modification, archiving rules, retention periods and access rights, as well as the duty to produce evidence and cooperate during institutional, safety, quality and market supervision checks, and the requirements that records be truthful and that lawful correction retain the original value, the actual correction time, the reason, the basis and the review, with backdating or untraceable overwriting prohibited.
Compare directions by main material, process and product; legal authority levels cannot be inferred from occupation codes. 51-9195.00 is the parent category that includes the glass sub-occupations; design creation and developing sketches into specifications already belong to 51-9195.04. Moving roles requires checking the target tasks and training and is not an automatic promotion.
Evidence note | the comparison objects in the table below come from the O*NET occupation classification and public materials and are used to help distinguish adjacent occupations' work content and choice fit; they do not constitute qualification, hiring or compensation conclusions, nor any material, process, kiln, gas, electrical, safety production or investment advice. Each occupation's wages and employment must be checked separately against its own SOC measure; this table makes no numerical comparison and does not use one occupation's wage as a proxy for another; safety, permit, environmental protection and occupational health requirements must be checked against each jurisdiction and institution. The US wages and employment on this page use the parent occupation 51-9195.00 measure presented by O*NET on the 51-9195.04 page and do not borrow adjacent occupations' values.
Preface | the comparison below is laid out in four columns: occupation direction, core work and outputs, key differences, and which choice fits better. Glass, stone, metal and welding processes often connect within the same manufacturing enterprise or supply chain, but connection does not mean they are interchangeable; when choosing across directions, the material characteristics, process, equipment, permits and responsibility boundaries of that direction must be learned anew.
This occupation focuses on glass heating, blowing, bending, forming and finishing and also includes design creation and specification development. The parent occupation 51-9195.00 includes this sub-occupation and other non-metallic forming work and cannot be treated as fully mutually exclusive parallel roles.
Better suited to people who are willing to work long term at the furnace and at hand and equipment workstations, can keep temperature, viscosity and shape within tolerance by feel and eye, complete heating, forming, annealing and finishing according to drawings and process cards, and work under open flame, high temperature and dust conditions in line with safety and protection requirements.
Glass heating, blowing, forming, bending and finishing, measurement and records, and also designing objects and developing sketches into specifications. The electric kiln importance rating of 70 refers to glass sheet moulding; annealing training is checked separately against the real process and that score does not prove annealing tasks.
This occupation: Glass Blowers, Molders, Benders, and Finishers (O*NET/SOC 51-9195.04, Glass Blowers, Molders, Benders, and Finishers)
Stone cutting and carving 51-9195.03 works stone to drawings; it differs from glass working in materials and tools while sharing measurement and surface finishing habits. Occupation classification does not directly determine authority to sign off structural design or product safety.
Better suited to people who want to work on non-metallic material forming, casting and mould work; this occupation leans more towards hand, kiln and lampworking forming and finishing of molten glass.
Core work and outputs: batching, forming, pouring or pressing, curing and trimming non-metallic materials according to formulations and moulds, controlling curing and cooling and inspecting the products; the outputs are non-metallic formed and cast parts.
Molders, Shapers, and Casters, Except Metal and Plastic (51-9195.00)
Tool and die making 51-4111 machines, assembles and repairs dies, fixtures and tools; its main outputs differ from glassware production, and it does not follow that glass workers can never design or adjust moulds.
Better suited to people who want to work on stone selection, cutting, carving and polishing; this occupation leans more towards forming, bending, annealing and finishing of molten glass.
Core work and outputs: select stone and lay out according to drawings and stone properties, process the stone with sawing, carving, grinding and polishing equipment and inspect dimensions and appearance; the outputs are stone products and carved pieces.
Stone Cutters and Carvers, Manufacturing (51-9195.03)
Welding machine operation 51-4122 focuses on machines or robots for welding, brazing and heat treating metal products or parts (including laser equipment); the glass sub-occupation focuses on glass forming and joining, and no difference in responsibility level is inferred from the classification.
Better suited to people who want to work on metalworking, die design and tryout; this occupation leans more towards forming, annealing, finishing and inspection of glass products.
Core work and outputs: machine, heat treat, assemble and try out dies and tooling according to drawings, recording dimensions and tryout conclusions; the outputs are dies, tooling and tryout reports.
Tool and Die Makers (51-4111.00)
Machine feeding and offbearing 53-7063 feeds material into or removes material or products from machines; the glass sub-occupation also has heating, forming, finishing and measuring tasks. Check inspection and recording against the real role, and do not infer that feeders never make quality judgments.
Better suited to people who want to set up and operate metal welding and brazing equipment; this occupation leans more towards hot working, forming and finishing of glass materials.
Core work and outputs: set welding and brazing parameters according to the process, fixture and operate the equipment, inspect weld appearance and dimensions and record parameters; the outputs are welded parts and parameter records.
Welding, Soldering, and Brazing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders (51-4122.00)
Compared by main material and process; actual tasks may overlap, and classification descriptions create no authorization or uniform legal liability level.
Better suited to people who want to feed and remove parts to takt on a production line and do simple inspection; this occupation leans more towards forming and finishing that combines hand work with equipment, and process judgment.
Core work and outputs: feed material into machines and remove finished products to takt, do simple appearance and quantity inspection and record takt and anomalies; the outputs are loading, unloading and takt records.
Machine Feeders and Offbearers (53-7063.00)
Editorial comparison: first check the material and process you want to work with and the target role's conditions; do not infer competence or transfer outcomes from a single assessment score or occupation label.
Entry and shadowing stage
Use tools in reversible supporting steps: organizing sketches, patterns and drawings, recording output and dimensions, organizing material and mould ledgers, and drafting quotations and documents; heating, forming, annealing, finishing and high-temperature hazardous work follow the process, mentoring and authorization.
Independent forming and finishing role
Use digital tools for parameter, dimension and appearance records, defect classification, and inventory and work order lookups; temperature, viscosity, forming and annealing judgments remain the individual's own responsibility under the process and drawing.
Skilled, process and quality role
Use tools to consolidate multi-batch data, pass rates, defect trends, process knowledge bases and training materials; complex or controlled matters (process finalization and parameter changes, mould and fixture modification, product release determinations) are confirmed by the individual together with process and quality roles.
Process and production management role
Use tools for output, yield and cost statistics, quality reports, documentation and knowledge management; process finalization, mould design and conclusions disclosed externally must be human-approved with an audit trail.
Insufficient evidence: no precise generative AI exposure level, adoption rate, substitution rate or income causality for 51-9195.04 was obtained. Editorial task analysis: assistance may be explored for sketches, record organization, and inventory and document drafts; effects must be checked by comparing the original draft with the tool-assisted draft, and automation or ordinary software must not be equated with generative AI. The detailed occupation page lists 4 software categories — Billing, Outlook, Inventory control and Excel; the hot technologies page lists only Excel and Outlook, and the 2025 US job-posting mention shares are all NA. Software entries do not prove widespread use, actual adoption rates, AI use or productivity gains.
O*NET 51-9195.04 detailed information (tasks and work activities)
For defining this occupation's task scope and work context (heating glass to a workable state and rotating it to heat it evenly 94, forming, bending or joining glass sections with tools 90, blowing or forming in moulds and on plates 87, cutting tubing to specified dimensions 85, inspecting, weighing and measuring products 85, developing sketches into blueprint specifications 83, recording manufacturing information 82, determining the glass type and quantity 82, designing and creating glass objects 79, operating and maintaining finishing machines 75, operating an electric kiln to mould glass sheets 70, placing electrodes at the pipe end and fusing them 64; creative thinking 84, getting information 75, handling and moving objects 71, making decisions and solving problems 71, controlling machines and processes 69, inspecting equipment, structures and materials 69); the US occupation classification measure, which does not cover mainland China's gas, electricity, high-temperature, dust and occupational health management systems.
BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS 2025)
For the point-in-time estimate of US wages and percentiles; this page uses the parent occupation 51-9195.00 measure presented by O*NET on the 51-9195.04 page and does not call it 51-9195.04's own values.
BLS Employment Projections (2025—2035)
BLS direct 2025—2035 projection table: parent occupation 51-9195 employment 43,000 people in 2025 and 45,500 in 2035, growth 5.8%, average annual job openings 5,100. The original table shows employment and openings in thousands; multiply each by 1000; openings include growth and replacement demand and are not net new jobs. This parent occupation also includes other non-metallic forming work and cannot be treated as the 51-9195.04 glass sub-occupation's own figures or as individual opportunities.
O*NET 51-9195.04 hot technologies (software skills)
The detailed occupation page lists 4 software categories — Billing, Outlook, Inventory control and Excel; the hot technologies page lists only Excel and Outlook, and the 2025 US job-posting mention shares are all NA. Software entries do not prove widespread use, actual adoption rates, AI use or productivity gains.
ILO research on the generative AI and employment occupational exposure index
The ILO2025 index estimates exposure by mapping tasks and ISCO occupations; this round obtained no precise mapping result for 51-9195.04. General exposure does not equal actual adoption, automatic disappearance of the role or individual opportunity.
NIST Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0)
For general principles of governance and risk control; not gas, electricity, high-temperature or product safety standards.
O*NET 51-9195.04 work context (high temperature, burns, handwork and exactness)
To explain this occupation's high-temperature and burn exposure and its handwork and exactness characteristics (wearing common protective or safety equipment 96% daily, using hands to handle, control or feel objects, tools or controls 83% continually or almost continually, exposure to minor burns, cuts, bites or stings 70% daily, exposure to very hot or very cold temperatures 50% daily, importance of being exact or accurate 52% extremely important, repetitive motions 30% continually or almost continually).
Differences preface | the comparison below looks at adjacent roles through what AI mainly changes and what people remain responsible for. The conclusion is consistent: what tools can enhance is the drawing, pattern, record, inventory and document drafting steps; heating, forming, annealing, finishing and high-temperature hazardous work, kiln temperature, gas and electrical handling, and product release and process conclusions always remain the responsibility of personnel with the corresponding authorization and training together with process and quality roles. Technical feasibility, institutional and regulatory adoption (depending on gas, electricity, high-temperature, dust, occupational health and product safety requirements) and job outcomes must be judged separately.
Editorial trial suggestion | compare the original sketch or record with the tool-assisted version and check dimensions, units, versions and errors item by item; no actual spread or realized productivity gain in this occupation was verified.
Judging the temperature, viscosity and forming feel of molten glass
Output, dimension and defect records and trends, inventory, mould ledgers and quotation drafts can be assisted by tools
Annealing and cooling curves and appearance and defect judgment
Training, process knowledge bases and yield statistics material can be generated by tools
Process finalization, mould design, product release and external disclosure responsibility
Task importance, context response percentages, job-posting software mentions and generative AI exposure are different measurements. The detailed occupation page lists 4 software categories — Billing, Outlook, Inventory control and Excel; the hot technologies page lists only Excel and Outlook, and the 2025 US job-posting mention shares are all NA. Software entries do not prove widespread use, actual adoption rates, AI use or productivity gains.
An occupation-level description, not an automation rate or quality risk rating
O*NET 51-9195.04 detailed information
Tasks and work context are occupation-level descriptions, showing high handcraft skill, creative thinking and high-temperature hazardous exposure
Task descriptions cannot prove AI substitution difficulty or current productivity gains; sketch and record assistance is only an editorial trial suggestion.
Not applicable to other jurisdictions; it is the parent occupation measure; the median is not a starting salary
BLS OEWS (2025, parent occupation 51-9195.00 measure as presented via O*NET)
A point-in-time sample estimate of US wages
US 2025 parent occupation median wage 46,170 USD per year and 22.20 USD per hour, which does not prove the glass sub-occupation's wages or an AI income effect. OEWS excludes self-employment and benefits, includes production bonuses and commissions and excludes non-production bonuses, overtime premiums and shift differentials; it is not total compensation or actual personal take-home pay. Percentiles are positions in the wage distribution and cannot be mapped to experience, qualifications or personal starting pay.
Projections are not actual hires; they differ in basis from the point-in-time OEWS employment estimate
BLS direct projections 2025—2035: parent occupation 51-9195
Projections include growth and replacement demand
BLS direct 2025—2035 projection table: parent occupation 51-9195 employment 43,000 people in 2025 and 45,500 in 2035, growth 5.8%, average annual job openings 5,100. The original table shows employment and openings in thousands; multiply each by 1000; openings include growth and replacement demand and are not net new jobs. This parent occupation also includes other non-metallic forming work and cannot be treated as the 51-9195.04 glass sub-occupation's own figures or as individual opportunities.
No shares are given; technology mentions do not equal adoption or degree of automation
O*NET 51-9195.04 hot technologies
The 2025 US job-posting mention shares for Excel and Outlook are both NA; the detail page lists 4 further software categories.
The software list can help in asking about the target role's tools; it cannot be used to claim that this occupation widely adopts digital tools or AI.
Not gas, electricity, high-temperature or product safety standards
A general AI risk governance framework
Adopting digital tools requires clear ownership of responsibility, protection of process and product drawings and formulations, rollback plans and audit trails
Technically feasible: a task may technically be reachable by a tool; this is only a feasibility judgment, it does not mean use is permitted, nor that an institution has adopted it.
Institutional and regulatory adoption: whether to introduce it depends on gas, electricity, high-temperature, dust, occupational health and product safety requirements and the institution's process and quality systems; safety and quality responsibilities cannot shift because a tool is introduced.
Job outcomes: whether task changes lead to more or fewer jobs depends on demand for glass products, deep processing, lighting and craft goods, batch sizes, the level of automation and the supply of skilled labour; the parent occupation measure on this page grows 5.8% (BLS direct table), which cannot be used to infer this occupation's individual outcomes.
Existing materials cannot assert whether it will or will not be replaced by AI. Sketches and records can be trialed as assistance; actual adoption and role restructuring still need evidence; on-site operation, safety and inspection responsibility follow the real authorization, and tools do not produce permits.
ILO2025: task exposure does not equal job substitution
The software list does not imply a coding entry threshold; check the required software and skills against the target posting. The detailed occupation page lists 4 software categories — Billing, Outlook, Inventory control and Excel; the hot technologies page lists only Excel and Outlook, and the 2025 US job-posting mention shares are all NA. Software entries do not prove widespread use, actual adoption rates, AI use or productivity gains.
O*NET software list and popular job-posting mentions
Editorial trial suggestion | sketches and patterns, dimension and defect records, and inventory and document drafts can be trialed with assistance, checking units, versions and original values first; no task exposure ranking or comparative effect has been established for this occupation, so which tasks are most affected cannot be judged.
O*NET tasks, for editorial trial analysis
BLS direct 2025—2035 projection table: parent occupation 51-9195 employment 43,000 people in 2025 and 45,500 in 2035, growth 5.8%, average annual job openings 5,100. The original table shows employment and openings in thousands; multiply each by 1000; openings include growth and replacement demand and are not net new jobs. This parent occupation also includes other non-metallic forming work and cannot be treated as the 51-9195.04 glass sub-occupation's own figures or as individual opportunities.
BLS direct 2025—2035 parent occupation projections
It cannot be self-assumed. Dimensional, appearance, annealing and defect judgments belong to the process and quality roles and to conclusions made by the individual under standards and authorization; AI can assist with data and image classification, but cannot replace on-site confirmation, the application of standards, release authority and acceptance of responsibility, nor product safety and acceptance conclusions.
NIST general governance, not product standards
The glass temperature and shape control, defect verification and machine and instrument operation described by O*NET can serve as learning observation directions; without a comparison of AI substitution rates for these and other capabilities, they are not claimed to be harder to replace.
O*NET work activities, not substitution rates
Judge with three layers of evidence: technical feasibility; institutional and regulatory adoption (depending on gas, electricity, high-temperature, dust, occupational health and product safety requirements); and job outcomes (this page uses the parent occupation 51-9195.00 measure). Combine local demand for glass products, deep processing and craft goods and the supply of skilled labour rather than looking only at tool demonstrations.
An editorial verification method; ILO is general task exposure background and BLS is parent occupation projections
Responsibility preface | efficiency can be outsourced to tools, but handcraft, high-temperature safety and quality responsibility cannot. The five steps below are the human responsibility points that must be preserved before and after adopting any digital tool.
Requirements and boundaries: drawings, process requirements, tolerances, safety boundaries and work permits must be determined by personnel with the corresponding authorization; tools do not replace judgment on process, drawings or high-temperature work.
On-site confirmation and quality: confirming material state, kiln temperature, mould, fixture and equipment status, and heating, annealing, finishing and inspection must be completed by the individual under the process and standards; tools do not replace on-site verification or determination.
Data and judgment: dimensional, appearance, defect and process data must be checked and reviewed by the individual; tool output must not be used directly as the basis for release, scrap or external reporting, and judgments must not exceed what standards and data support.
Trial synthetic records only in an environment where you have permission; trade secrets, drawing copyright and personal information are checked separately, not all formulations and drawings are treated as personal information, and consent is not treated as the only lawful basis.
Disclosure and change: process parameters, mould and drawing changes, product release and external disclosure must take place within the scope of authorization and process and quality requirements; when kiln temperature anomalies, product cracks or out-of-tolerance dimensions are found, report per the system.
Wrong dimensions or versions may affect product conditions
Verify drawings, units, sources and real approvals, then handle per procedure
May violate trade secret, copyright or information handling requirements
Use only authorized synthetic inputs, and check trade secrets and personal information separately
Missing material, temperature or defect items cannot establish process qualification
On-site training, procedures and record verification; tools do not create release authority
Affects real traceability and responsibility checks
Retain the original value, the actual correction time, the reason and the review; backdating is prohibited
At handover or in a dispute it may be impossible to determine who confirmed or approved
Clarify the operating, reviewing and approving roles and the pending-verification status
Heat and rotate the glass as the task requires; actual operations and conditions are verified by trained and authorized personnel.
Editorial suggestion: assist in organizing temperature and time records; actual adoption not proven.
Tools, moulds, presses and glass joining are performed according to drawings and process.
Forming, bending and joining
Editorial suggestion: assist in organizing sketches and patterns, checking dimensions and versions item by item.
Check conditions against the real material, fixture and procedure; a paper change rate does not establish annealing qualification.
Glass sheet bending and moulding
Editorial suggestion: assist with record organization; the O*NET70 task is electric kiln moulding and must not be translated as annealing.
Cutting, separation and trimming follow actual training and authorization and cannot be operated directly from tool drafts.
Tubing cutting and finished piece separation
Editorial suggestion: assist with dimension records; substitution rate not proven.
Grinding, polishing, bevelling, decoration and appearance verification are confirmed by the actually responsible role.
Finishing and decoration
Editorial suggestion: pattern drafts can be compared for errors and applicability; no spread proven.
Dimensions, appearance, defects and release follow the evidence and job duties; lawful corrections leave a trace.
Dimension, weight and manufacturing records
Editorial suggestion: consolidate records and check units and original values; do not fabricate measurement data.
This occupation includes design creation and specification development, and real process or drawing changes are checked under authorization.
Specifications and design
Design creation and material preparation
Editorial suggestion: assist with sketch and layout work and material lists; productivity gains not proven.
Editorial judgment | this round has no evidence of actual adoption rates or a productivity comparison. Sketch and record assistance can be trialed first, then the error and human review costs checked; on-site glass operations and temperature and dimension judgments are not released directly from text tool output.
25th percentile annual wage 39,280 USD / hourly wage 18.88 USD (2025, BLS OEWS, parent occupation 51-9195.00 measure)
Scope | the 25th percentile annual and hourly wages of the parent occupation 51-9195.00 (2025, BLS OEWS, presented via O*NET); boundaries | a position in the parent occupation wage distribution, not the glass sub-occupation itself; it does not correspond to experience, qualifications or starting pay. OEWS excludes self-employment and benefits, includes production bonuses and commissions and excludes non-production bonuses, overtime premiums and shift differentials; it is not total compensation or actual personal take-home pay. Percentiles are positions in the wage distribution and cannot be mapped to experience, qualifications or personal starting pay.
Median annual wage 46,170 USD / median hourly wage 22.20 USD (2025, BLS OEWS, parent occupation 51-9195.00 measure as presented via O*NET)
Scope | US parent occupation 51-9195.00 (Molders, Shapers, and Casters, Except Metal and Plastic) national median (2025, BLS OEWS, presented via O*NET on the 51-9195.04 page); boundaries | a position in the parent occupation wage distribution, not the glass sub-occupation itself; it does not correspond to experience, qualifications or starting pay. OEWS excludes self-employment and benefits, includes production bonuses and commissions and excludes non-production bonuses, overtime premiums and shift differentials; it is not total compensation or actual personal take-home pay. Percentiles are positions in the wage distribution and cannot be mapped to experience, qualifications or personal starting pay.
75th percentile annual wage 53,000 USD / hourly wage 25.48 USD (2025, BLS OEWS, parent occupation 51-9195.00 measure)
Scope | the 75th percentile annual and hourly wages of the parent occupation 51-9195.00 (2025, BLS OEWS, presented via O*NET); boundaries | a position in the parent occupation wage distribution, not the glass sub-occupation itself; it does not correspond to experience, qualifications or starting pay. OEWS excludes self-employment and benefits, includes production bonuses and commissions and excludes non-production bonuses, overtime premiums and shift differentials; it is not total compensation or actual personal take-home pay. Percentiles are positions in the wage distribution and cannot be mapped to experience, qualifications or personal starting pay.
90th percentile annual wage 61,530 USD / hourly wage 29.58 USD (2025, BLS OEWS, parent occupation 51-9195.00 measure)
Scope | the 90th percentile annual and hourly wages of the parent occupation 51-9195.00 (2025, BLS OEWS, presented via O*NET); boundaries | a position in the parent occupation wage distribution, not the glass sub-occupation itself; it does not correspond to experience, qualifications or starting pay. OEWS excludes self-employment and benefits, includes production bonuses and commissions and excludes non-production bonuses, overtime premiums and shift differentials; it is not total compensation or actual personal take-home pay. Percentiles are positions in the wage distribution and cannot be mapped to experience, qualifications or personal starting pay.
Employment 43,000 people (2025, BLS direct projection base period, parent occupation 51-9195)
Scope | BLS direct 2025—2035 parent occupation 51-9195 projections; boundaries | BLS direct 2025—2035 projection table: parent occupation 51-9195 employment 43,000 people in 2025 and 45,500 in 2035, growth 5.8%, average annual job openings 5,100. The original table shows employment and openings in thousands; multiply each by 1000; openings include growth and replacement demand and are not net new jobs. This parent occupation also includes other non-metallic forming work and cannot be treated as the 51-9195.04 glass sub-occupation's own figures or as individual opportunities. Employment projections include self-employment, which differs from the OEWS employer wage coverage.
Growth 5.8% (2025—2035, BLS direct table, parent occupation 51-9195)
Scope | BLS direct 2025—2035 parent occupation 51-9195 projections; boundaries | BLS direct 2025—2035 projection table: parent occupation 51-9195 employment 43,000 people in 2025 and 45,500 in 2035, growth 5.8%, average annual job openings 5,100. The original table shows employment and openings in thousands; multiply each by 1000; openings include growth and replacement demand and are not net new jobs. This parent occupation also includes other non-metallic forming work and cannot be treated as the 51-9195.04 glass sub-occupation's own figures or as individual opportunities. Employment projections include self-employment, which differs from the OEWS employer wage coverage.
Average annual job openings 5,100 (2025—2035, parent occupation 51-9195, including growth and replacement)
Scope | BLS direct 2025—2035 parent occupation 51-9195 projections; boundaries | BLS direct 2025—2035 projection table: parent occupation 51-9195 employment 43,000 people in 2025 and 45,500 in 2035, growth 5.8%, average annual job openings 5,100. The original table shows employment and openings in thousands; multiply each by 1000; openings include growth and replacement demand and are not net new jobs. This parent occupation also includes other non-metallic forming work and cannot be treated as the 51-9195.04 glass sub-occupation's own figures or as individual opportunities. Employment projections include self-employment, which differs from the OEWS employer wage coverage.
Insufficient evidence: no precise generative AI exposure level, adoption rate, substitution rate or income causality for 51-9195.04 was obtained. Editorial task analysis: assistance may be explored for sketches, record organization, and inventory and document drafts; effects must be checked by comparing the original draft with the tool-assisted draft, and automation or ordinary software must not be equated with generative AI. The detailed occupation page lists 4 software categories — Billing, Outlook, Inventory control and Excel; the hot technologies page lists only Excel and Outlook, and the 2025 US job-posting mention shares are all NA. Software entries do not prove widespread use, actual adoption rates, AI use or productivity gains.
Occupation definition | the glass blowers, moulders, benders and finishers on this page are the precise occupation O*NET 51-9195.04 (Glass Blowers, Molders, Benders, and Finishers): shaping molten glass according to patterns. Common job titles include Bender, Gaffer, Glass Artist, Glass Bender, Glass Lathe Operator, Glass Worker, Glassblower, Neon Glass Bender and Neon Pumper. The outputs are glass products meeting the drawing, tolerance and appearance requirements together with process and inspection records; the above uses the US measure, while mainland China's gas, electricity, high-temperature, dust, occupational health and product quality management systems and statistical measures are described elsewhere on this page.
Education and vocational training in materials, mechanical, craft art or lighting related fields
In the US, O*NET Job Zone 1-2 and SVP below 6.0 are a general preparation description. The education question asks what education new entrants need; 27% answered a high school diploma or equivalent, 23% less than high school and 23% an associate or other two-year degree; this is not the education already held by workers, and it cannot be used to infer the same education or training duration for every role.
Hand forming, lampworking, mould, press, annealing and finishing skills
Checked against the target process
Skill preparation is checked against the actual blowing, forming, bending and finishing direction, and it cannot be inferred that every role must master all processes. The detailed occupation page lists 4 software categories — Billing, Outlook, Inventory control and Excel; the hot technologies page lists only Excel and Outlook, and the 2025 US job-posting mention shares are all NA. Software entries do not prove widespread use, actual adoption rates, AI use or productivity gains.
Open flame, high temperature, gas, electricity, dust and emergency training
Work involving open flame, high temperature, molten glass, gas, electricity and dust requires safety and occupational health training and must follow protection, ventilation and permit requirements.
Industry certification and process qualifications (where involved)
Some institutions and roles
The AGMT issuer's current description targets experienced architectural glass installers and requires at least 7,500 hours of related experience within 5 years, OSHA-10 or an equivalent Canadian requirement, and a written and practical assessment; it is not training for people with no experience, and listing it in the O*NET catalogue does not make it a general qualification for hot glass blowing. Only those moving towards architectural glass installation should check the application conditions and programme requirements further; it does not replace mainland China permits or employer authorization.
Glass products and glass deep processing manufacturing
Editorial role search directions; check the industry attribution against the actual product and process, as this round established no precise China occupation classification or industry mapping. Industry averages cannot be used to fill this occupation's income.
Lighting fixtures and craft art and decorative goods manufacturing
Editorial role search directions; check the industry attribution against the actual product and process, as this round established no precise China occupation classification or industry mapping. Industry averages cannot be used to fill this occupation's income.
Other manufacturing (including automotive, construction, optical and instrument supporting work)
Editorial role search directions; check the industry attribution against the actual product and process, as this round established no precise China occupation classification or industry mapping. Industry averages cannot be used to fill this occupation's income.
National Bureau of Statistics: 2025 urban unit wage release | https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/zxfb/202605/t20260515_1963707.html
Occupation name mapping | Glass Blowers, Molders, Benders, and Finishers (O*NET/SOC 51-9195.04 Glass Blowers, Molders, Benders, and Finishers; in job postings and the industry often called glassblower, lampworker, glass moulder, glass bender, finisher, glass grinder and polisher, neon worker, glass lathe operator and so on; distinct in main material and task from Molders, Shapers, and Casters, Except Metal and Plastic, Stone Cutters and Carvers, Tool and Die Makers, Welding, Soldering and Brazing Machine Setters, Operators and Tenders, Machine Feeders and Offbearers, Cutting and Slicing Machine Setters, Operators and Tenders, Molding and Casting Machine Setters, Operators and Tenders, and Woodworking Machine Setters, Operators and Tenders; classification does not determine the level of legal authorization)
Insufficient evidence: this round read the National Bureau of Statistics 2025 urban unit wage release, which contains industry and five-category aggregation, but obtained no national wage percentiles or employment scale precisely matching 51-9195.04. The legacy MOHRSS link is retained only as a lead to be checked, and the absence of national statistics is not asserted from unread text; industry averages, job-posting offers or US data are not substituted. For mainland China, verify against the actual activity: Article 28 of the Work Safety Law covers training and Article 30 provides for special operation qualifications; Article 2 of the Special Equipment Safety Law covers the catalogue and Article 14 covers the qualifications of relevant personnel, while Articles 39—42 cover maintenance, inspection and handling of abnormal conditions, so ordinary kilns cannot be treated as fully listed in the catalogue on the strength of their name alone; statutory inspection is checked separately against Articles 50—51 on the qualifications of bodies and personnel. Articles 34—35 of the Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Law cover training and health examinations for workers exposed to occupational disease hazards. The Ecological Environment Code takes effect on 2026-08-15 and repeals the old Environmental Protection Law; Article 80 covers monitoring authenticity and Articles 150—151 cover emissions and permits according to the actual scope. Articles 4/6/13/19 of the Personal Information Protection Law apply only to information about identifiable individuals, checking the lawful basis, necessity and retention period; ordinary drawings, formulations and equipment parameters are not automatically personal information. Hot work, gas, electricity, ventilation, dust control and emergency arrangements are checked against the real process and the applicable provisions, and no nationwide uniform permit or explosion-proof duty for all glass dust can be inferred from the occupation name.
Statistical boundaries | this round read the National Bureau of Statistics 2025 urban unit wage release, which contains industry and five-category aggregation, but obtained no national wage percentiles or employment scale precisely matching 51-9195.04. The legacy MOHRSS link is retained only as a lead to be checked, and the absence of national statistics is not asserted from unread text; industry averages, job-posting offers or US data are not substituted. US wages use the 2025 parent occupation, and national percentiles cannot be used to infer causal income differences by industry, region, skill or individual. BLS direct 2025—2035 projection table: parent occupation 51-9195 employment 43,000 people in 2025 and 45,500 in 2035, growth 5.8%, average annual job openings 5,100. The original table shows employment and openings in thousands; multiply each by 1000; openings include growth and replacement demand and are not net new jobs. This parent occupation also includes other non-metallic forming work and cannot be treated as the 51-9195.04 glass sub-occupation's own figures or as individual opportunities.
MOHRSS compensation survey: a lead to be checked, not used to fill this occupation's wages | https://www.mohrss.gov.cn/
Pay verification suggestions | OEWS excludes self-employment and benefits, includes production bonuses and commissions and excludes non-production bonuses, overtime premiums and shift differentials; it is not total compensation or actual personal take-home pay. Percentiles are positions in the wage distribution and cannot be mapped to experience, qualifications or personal starting pay. Ask about the actual contract's base pay, piece rate, bonuses, overtime and shift differentials and benefits; do not treat the asked items as universally present arrangements.
Mainland China urban non-private units (industry category measure, for reference)
Insufficient evidence: this round read the National Bureau of Statistics 2025 urban unit wage release, which contains industry and five-category aggregation, but obtained no national wage percentiles or employment scale precisely matching 51-9195.04. The legacy MOHRSS link is retained only as a lead to be checked, and the absence of national statistics is not asserted from unread text; industry averages, job-posting offers or US data are not substituted.
Mainland China urban private units (industry category measure, for reference)
Insufficient evidence: this round read the National Bureau of Statistics 2025 urban unit wage release, which contains industry and five-category aggregation, but obtained no national wage percentiles or employment scale precisely matching 51-9195.04. The legacy MOHRSS link is retained only as a lead to be checked, and the absence of national statistics is not asserted from unread text; industry averages, job-posting offers or US data are not substituted.
Precise national occupational wage for this occupation in mainland China
Insufficient evidence: this round read the National Bureau of Statistics 2025 urban unit wage release, which contains industry and five-category aggregation, but obtained no national wage percentiles or employment scale precisely matching 51-9195.04. The legacy MOHRSS link is retained only as a lead to be checked, and the absence of national statistics is not asserted from unread text; industry averages, job-posting offers or US data are not substituted.
Classification comparison | 51-9195.04 belongs to the parent occupation 51-9195.00; adjacent stone, die, welding and feeding work is compared by task and material, not by legal authorization level. This round established no mapping to China's occupation classification or ISCO precise statistics and makes no wage conversion.
US parent occupation wages | https://www.onetonline.org/link/localwages/51-9195.00
Growth 5.8% (2025—2035, BLS direct table, parent occupation 51-9195)
Median annual wage 46,170 USD / median hourly wage 22.20 USD (2025, BLS OEWS, parent occupation 51-9195.00 measure as presented via O*NET on the 51-9195.04 page)
Scope | the 10th percentile annual and hourly wages of the parent occupation 51-9195.00 (2025); boundaries | a position in the parent occupation wage distribution, not the glass sub-occupation itself; it does not correspond to experience, qualifications or starting pay. OEWS excludes self-employment and benefits, includes production bonuses and commissions and excludes non-production bonuses, overtime premiums and shift differentials; it is not total compensation or actual personal take-home pay. Percentiles are positions in the wage distribution and cannot be mapped to experience, qualifications or personal starting pay.
25th percentile annual wage 39,280 USD / hourly wage 18.88 USD (2025, BLS OEWS, parent occupation 51-9195.00 measure)
Scope | the 25th percentile annual and hourly wages of the parent occupation 51-9195.00 (2025); boundaries | a position in the parent occupation wage distribution, not the glass sub-occupation itself; it does not correspond to experience, qualifications or starting pay. OEWS excludes self-employment and benefits, includes production bonuses and commissions and excludes non-production bonuses, overtime premiums and shift differentials; it is not total compensation or actual personal take-home pay. Percentiles are positions in the wage distribution and cannot be mapped to experience, qualifications or personal starting pay.
Median annual wage 46,170 USD / median hourly wage 22.20 USD (2025, BLS OEWS, parent occupation 51-9195.00 measure as presented via O*NET)
Scope | US parent occupation 51-9195.00 (Molders, Shapers, and Casters, Except Metal and Plastic) national median (2025, BLS OEWS, presented via O*NET on the 51-9195.04 page); boundaries | a position in the parent occupation wage distribution, not the glass sub-occupation itself; it does not correspond to experience, qualifications or starting pay. OEWS excludes self-employment and benefits, includes production bonuses and commissions and excludes non-production bonuses, overtime premiums and shift differentials; it is not total compensation or actual personal take-home pay. Percentiles are positions in the wage distribution and cannot be mapped to experience, qualifications or personal starting pay.
75th percentile annual wage 53,000 USD / hourly wage 25.48 USD (2025, BLS OEWS, parent occupation 51-9195.00 measure)
Scope | the 75th percentile annual and hourly wages of the parent occupation 51-9195.00 (2025); boundaries | a position in the parent occupation wage distribution, not the glass sub-occupation itself; it does not correspond to experience, qualifications or starting pay. OEWS excludes self-employment and benefits, includes production bonuses and commissions and excludes non-production bonuses, overtime premiums and shift differentials; it is not total compensation or actual personal take-home pay. Percentiles are positions in the wage distribution and cannot be mapped to experience, qualifications or personal starting pay.
90th percentile annual wage 61,530 USD / hourly wage 29.58 USD (2025, BLS OEWS, parent occupation 51-9195.00 measure)
Scope | the 90th percentile annual and hourly wages of the parent occupation 51-9195.00 (2025); boundaries | a position in the parent occupation wage distribution, not the glass sub-occupation itself; it does not correspond to experience, qualifications or starting pay. OEWS excludes self-employment and benefits, includes production bonuses and commissions and excludes non-production bonuses, overtime premiums and shift differentials; it is not total compensation or actual personal take-home pay. Percentiles are positions in the wage distribution and cannot be mapped to experience, qualifications or personal starting pay.
Employment 43,000 people (2025, BLS direct projection base period, parent occupation 51-9195)
Scope | BLS direct 2025—2035 parent occupation 51-9195 projections; boundaries | BLS direct 2025—2035 projection table: parent occupation 51-9195 employment 43,000 people in 2025 and 45,500 in 2035, growth 5.8%, average annual job openings 5,100. The original table shows employment and openings in thousands; multiply each by 1000; openings include growth and replacement demand and are not net new jobs. This parent occupation also includes other non-metallic forming work and cannot be treated as the 51-9195.04 glass sub-occupation's own figures or as individual opportunities. Employment projections include self-employment, which differs from the OEWS employer wage coverage.
Growth 5.8% (2025—2035, BLS direct table, parent occupation 51-9195)
Scope | BLS direct 2025—2035 parent occupation 51-9195 projections; boundaries | BLS direct 2025—2035 projection table: parent occupation 51-9195 employment 43,000 people in 2025 and 45,500 in 2035, growth 5.8%, average annual job openings 5,100. The original table shows employment and openings in thousands; multiply each by 1000; openings include growth and replacement demand and are not net new jobs. This parent occupation also includes other non-metallic forming work and cannot be treated as the 51-9195.04 glass sub-occupation's own figures or as individual opportunities. Employment projections include self-employment, which differs from the OEWS employer wage coverage.
Average annual job openings 5,100 (2025—2035, parent occupation 51-9195, including growth and replacement)
Scope | BLS direct 2025—2035 parent occupation 51-9195 projections; boundaries | BLS direct 2025—2035 projection table: parent occupation 51-9195 employment 43,000 people in 2025 and 45,500 in 2035, growth 5.8%, average annual job openings 5,100. The original table shows employment and openings in thousands; multiply each by 1000; openings include growth and replacement demand and are not net new jobs. This parent occupation also includes other non-metallic forming work and cannot be treated as the 51-9195.04 glass sub-occupation's own figures or as individual opportunities. Employment projections include self-employment, which differs from the OEWS employer wage coverage.
Insufficient evidence: no industry-level or regional wages for 51-9195.04 itself were obtained; the parent occupation figures do not represent this precise occupation, another jurisdiction or personal income. BLS direct 2025—2035 projection table: parent occupation 51-9195 employment 43,000 people in 2025 and 45,500 in 2035, growth 5.8%, average annual job openings 5,100. The original table shows employment and openings in thousands; multiply each by 1000; openings include growth and replacement demand and are not net new jobs. This parent occupation also includes other non-metallic forming work and cannot be treated as the 51-9195.04 glass sub-occupation's own figures or as individual opportunities. This round's 2025 parent occupation manufacturing share is 64%, not the glass sub-occupation's employer distribution, and the 2024 figure of 70% is historical only.
Wage answer | 2025 parent occupation 51-9195.00 median 46,170 USD per year and 22.20 USD per hour, with the 10th/25th/75th/90th percentiles at 35,850/39,280/53,000/61,530 USD per year. OEWS excludes self-employment and benefits, includes production bonuses and commissions and excludes non-production bonuses, overtime premiums and shift differentials; it is not total compensation or actual personal take-home pay. Percentiles are positions in the wage distribution and cannot be mapped to experience, qualifications or personal starting pay. BLS direct 2025—2035 projection table: parent occupation 51-9195 employment 43,000 people in 2025 and 45,500 in 2035, growth 5.8%, average annual job openings 5,100. The original table shows employment and openings in thousands; multiply each by 1000; openings include growth and replacement demand and are not net new jobs. This parent occupation also includes other non-metallic forming work and cannot be treated as the 51-9195.04 glass sub-occupation's own figures or as individual opportunities.
Contract review suggestion: ask clearly about product type, order arrangements, and piece-rate and bonus definitions; this round did not establish the causal magnitude of these variables on this occupation's wages.
Industry, structure and cycle
Region verification suggestion: compare the job location, rent, commuting and pay composition; a parent occupation national percentile cannot be used to infer regional income.
Region and cost of living
Skill verification suggestion: ask clearly about the role's blowing, lampworking, pressing and finishing tasks, training and duties; this round has no corresponding income return estimate.
Craft, role type and scope of responsibility
Growth 5.8% (2025—2035, BLS direct table, parent occupation 51-9195)
Insufficient evidence: this round obtained no wage median for this industry or subcategory that can be read for this occupation (51-9195.04); industry averages or third-party estimates are not substituted.
The 2024 industry data on O*NET's current detail page come from parent occupation 51-9195.00: manufacturing 70%, which is not the distribution of 51-9195.04 glass sub-occupation personnel; the standalone industry page failed to load and no figures were filled in from it.
Glass and Glass Product Manufacturing
Insufficient evidence: this round obtained no wage median for this industry or subcategory that can be read for this occupation (51-9195.04); industry averages or third-party estimates are not substituted.
An editorial search category; it is not verified 51-9195.04 wages or headcount share for that industry.
Lighting and Craft Manufacturing
Insufficient evidence: this round obtained no wage median for this industry or subcategory that can be read for this occupation (51-9195.04); industry averages or third-party estimates are not substituted.
An editorial search category; the lighting or craft name establishes no official industry mapping or wage for this occupation.
Other manufacturing and supporting industries (including construction, automotive and optical instruments)
Insufficient evidence: this round obtained no wage median for this industry or subcategory that can be read for this occupation (51-9195.04); industry averages or third-party estimates are not substituted.
An editorial search category; a supporting use does not prove personnel industry attribution or wages.
The parent occupation's 10th to 90th percentile annual wages are 35,850—61,530 USD, which are distribution positions rather than a seniority trajectory; no glass sub-occupation industry or regional figures were obtained.
Hourly and annual wages are taken separately from the official wage tables, and the median hourly wage cannot be precisely multiplied by 2080 to infer personal take-home pay; personal hours, overtime and shift differentials and benefits are checked separately. OEWS includes production bonuses and commissions and excludes benefits, non-production bonuses, overtime premiums and shift differentials.
Wages come from BLS OEWS2025, presented via O*NET as parent occupation 51-9195.00 percentiles; employment comes from the BLS direct 2025—2035 parent occupation projections. The wage coverage excludes self-employment while the projections include it; these are not the glass sub-occupation's own figures or personal income.
Contract review suggestion: ask about base pay, piece-rate rules, production and non-production bonuses, working hours, overtime and shift differentials and benefits; national parent occupation percentiles cannot prove wage causality by craft, experience or region.
Median annual wage 46,170 USD / median hourly wage 22.20 USD (2025, BLS OEWS, parent occupation 51-9195.00 measure as presented via O*NET on the 51-9195.04 page)
The 10th percentile is a position in the parent occupation wage distribution and cannot be identified with new entrants, assistant roles or workers with a single craft.
The median is the midpoint of the parent occupation distribution, not personal starting pay, a seniority trajectory or the glass sub-occupation's typical pay.
The 90th percentile is a position in the parent occupation distribution and cannot be identified with skilled workers, mentoring roles or the return on a particular craft.
Holland (RIASEC) | for understanding your relative position on Realistic and Conventional preferences. The O*NET interest code for this occupation is RC (Realistic—Conventional), corresponding to a willingness to handle materials and equipment with hands and tools at the furnace and workstation (Realistic) and to execute according to drawings, processes, tolerances and records (Conventional); this is consistent with the occupation's activity profile, which is dominated by creative thinking (84), getting information (75), handling and moving objects (71), making decisions and solving problems (71) and controlling machines and processes (69). The questionnaire is only for raising questions, not for judging suitability or fitness to work.
Insufficient evidence: no validity, fit or performance prediction research for this assessment with 51-9195.04 was obtained; it is only for self-questioning and cannot be used for hiring or qualification judgments.
If you find it hard to face open flame, high heat, dust and noise long term, or find it hard to accept burn and cut risk and the ups and downs of handwork, a high interest questionnaire score cannot change that real cost; this occupation also requires confirming the institution's gas, electricity, high-temperature, dust and occupational health protection and training requirements.
The Big Five is only for self-questioning: check whether you are willing to record truthfully, review errors and accept feedback; there is no predictive validity evidence for this occupation, so it cannot be said that people with high conscientiousness or emotional stability adapt better.
Insufficient evidence: no validity, fit or performance prediction research for this assessment with 51-9195.04 was obtained; it is only for self-questioning and cannot be used for hiring or qualification judgments.
Do not use a personality assessment saying I am not suited as a reason to give up or stay out of the field; rely instead on internships, shadowing, simulated forming and finishing tasks, and mentor evaluations and assessment results.
How to read this interest code: RC means Realistic (handling materials and equipment with hands and tools at the furnace and workstation) and Conventional (executing according to drawings, processes, tolerances and records); it is used to understand preferences for this occupation direction, not to predict performance. This is consistent with O*NET's description of this occupation's tasks (heating glass to a workable state and rotating it to heat it evenly 94, forming, bending or joining glass sections with tools 90, blowing or forming in moulds and on plates 87, cutting tubing to specified dimensions 85, inspecting, weighing and measuring products 85, developing sketches into blueprint specifications 83) and work activities (creative thinking 84, getting information 75, handling and moving objects 71, making decisions and solving problems 71, controlling machines and processes 69).
MBTI | typology is used for self-reflection on communication and work preferences; this occupation requires coordinating with batching, upstream, finishing, inspection and maintenance colleagues at the workstation and within the crew (wearing common protective or safety equipment 96% daily, face-to-face or in-person and team discussions 55% daily), and preferences do not determine competence.
Interest experience: enjoying full responsibility for a glass product from drawing and material selection through heating and forming to annealing and finishing and inspection and delivery, and taking satisfaction from keeping tolerances, appearance and safety all under control.
Insufficient evidence: no validity, fit or performance prediction research for this assessment with 51-9195.04 was obtained; it is only for self-questioning and cannot be used for hiring or qualification judgments.
Treat the type only as a reference for communication style; do not use it to infer whether you or others can do glass forming, finishing and safety work well.
The Enneagram is used for self-questioning. Record how you check process and evidence when facing cracks, out-of-tolerance parts or delivery pressure; the relative validity of task observation against type labels was not obtained, so which matters more is not judged.
Insufficient evidence: no validity, fit or performance prediction research for this assessment with 51-9195.04 was obtained; it is only for self-questioning and cannot be used for hiring or qualification judgments.
Do not use type labels to explain quality defects or safety incidents; go back to whether drawings, processes, kiln temperature, annealing and operations were in place.
Observable learning performance in reading drawings, checking dimensions and units, defect records and handwork tasks; the relative predictive validity of IQ against these observations was not obtained, so it is not claimed that this occupation relies more on one of them, and real operations require trained assessment.
Insufficient evidence: no validity, fit or performance prediction research for this assessment with 51-9195.04 was obtained; it is only for self-questioning and cannot be used for hiring or qualification judgments.
A score level cannot show whether someone can learn hand forming, annealing and finishing; this should be tested through internships, shadowing, simulated forming tasks and mentor evaluation.
Emotion-related self-questioning: when out-of-tolerance parts, cracks or handover disputes occur, can you clearly state what is known and unknown and ask for help per procedure; no predictive validity of this occupation's emotional assessment scores against safety or quality was obtained.
Insufficient evidence: no validity, fit or performance prediction research for this assessment with 51-9195.04 was obtained; it is only for self-questioning and cannot be used for hiring or qualification judgments.
Do not limit yourself by assessment scores. After training, actual communication and pressure handling can be observed; no effect of training in this occupation was obtained, and improvement from work or practice is not guaranteed.
Boundaries | the assessments and direction comparisons on this page are only for self-questioning and exploration and do not constitute hiring standards, ability ratings or qualification judgments; entry depends on education, training, craft and institutional authorization. In particular, this occupation involves open flame, high temperature, molten glass, gas, electricity and dust work, so the institution's safety production, occupational health and protection requirements must be confirmed.
Editorial experience suggestion | first complete the H1 paper dimensional check and record error correction below to see whether you are willing to check units, limits and missing items. It cannot test glass feel, on-site safety, long-term fit or authorization; real practice must be checked separately under trained mentoring.
Glass Blowers, Molders, Benders, and Finishers | the outputs are glass products meeting the drawing, tolerance and appearance requirements together with process and inspection records: heating and rotating glass to a workable state, forming, bending and joining with tools, moulds and presses, annealing and cooling, cutting, grinding, polishing and decorating, and inspection (O*NET/SOC 51-9195.04, Glass Blowers, Molders, Benders, and Finishers)
Can independently complete heating, forming, annealing, finishing and inspection work within the scope of authorization and process
Editorial comparison suggestion: compare this direction's materials, processes and training with the target role item by item; a single preference, an assessment score or a paper exercise is not enough to rule out the occupation.
Non-metallic moulder and shaper | the outputs are non-metallic formed and cast parts: batching, forming, pouring or pressing, curing and trimming non-metallic materials according to formulations and moulds, and inspection
Possesses non-metallic material forming, mould and curing control ability
Editorial comparison suggestion: compare this direction's materials, processes and training with the target role item by item; a single preference, an assessment score or a paper exercise is not enough to rule out the occupation.
Stone Cutter and Carver (manufacturing) | the outputs are stone products and carved pieces: selecting stone and laying out according to drawings and stone properties, then sawing, carving, grinding and polishing
Possesses stone selection, cutting, carving and polishing ability
Editorial comparison suggestion: compare this direction's materials, processes and training with the target role item by item; a single preference, an assessment score or a paper exercise is not enough to rule out the occupation.
Tool and Die Maker | the outputs are dies, tooling and tryout reports: machining, heat treating and assembling dies to drawings and trying them out and adjusting
Possesses metalworking, die design, tolerance and tryout ability
Editorial comparison suggestion: compare this direction's materials, processes and training with the target role item by item; a single preference, an assessment score or a paper exercise is not enough to rule out the occupation.
Welding, Soldering and Brazing Machine Setter, Operator and Tender | the outputs are welded parts and parameter records: setting parameters to the process, fixturing and operating welding and brazing equipment and inspecting weld appearance and dimensions
Possesses welding and brazing parameter setting and equipment operation ability
Editorial comparison suggestion: compare this direction's materials, processes and training with the target role item by item; a single preference, an assessment score or a paper exercise is not enough to rule out the occupation.
Machine Feeder and Offbearer | the outputs are loading, unloading and takt records: feeding material into machines to takt, removing finished products and doing simple appearance and quantity inspection
Possesses takt feeding, part removal and production line collaboration ability
Editorial comparison suggestion: compare this direction's materials, processes and training with the target role item by item; a single preference, an assessment score or a paper exercise is not enough to rule out the occupation.
What kind of personality is better suited to being a glass blower, moulder, bender or finisher? This occupation values sensitivity to feel and temperature, adherence to drawings, processes and tolerances, stability and patience under open flame, high heat and dust conditions, and a sense of responsibility for safety, quality and records, rather than a particular personality type; the O*NET interest code is RC (Realistic—Conventional), which can serve as a starting point for exploration.
The degree of independence and collaboration is checked against the real role. O*NET contact with others: 17% continually, 30% most of the time and 35% occasionally; this cannot be summarized as a great deal of independent work.
Introversion and extraversion are not used as an entry conclusion; you can observe whether the H1 handover clearly distinguishes facts, inferences and pending items, without inferring job performance from personality labels.
No evidence was obtained that a particular MBTI type is best for this occupation; type labels are not used for hiring or qualification judgments. Check process, training, safety and authorization against the real role and do not claim these variables have been proven to determine fit.
Which Holland interest type is better suited to this occupation? The O*NET interest code is RC: Realistic (handling materials and equipment with hands and tools at the furnace and workstation) and Conventional (executing according to drawings, processes, tolerances and records); it can be used to explore task preferences, not to predict performance.
This round obtained no personality or assessment predictive validity for 51-9195.04, so fit for this occupation is not inferred from general population trends.
Can someone who is bad at math do this occupation? It requires basic dimension, tolerance, temperature, time and ratio calculation and instrument reading ability; a quantitative foundation can be made up through training, but being wholly uncomfortable with readings, calculations and drawings would be a clear limitation.
Does this occupation require high emotional intelligence? It requires emotional stability, patience and crew collaboration, but not a particular assessment score. High heat, delivery deadlines and rework disputes require self-regulation and communicating and reporting per procedure.
Can the Enneagram be used to judge whether I am suited? No. The Enneagram is a self-exploration tool and does not constitute a conclusion about occupational ability or fit; fit should be judged by whether one can complete heating, forming, annealing, finishing and inspection work under process, safety and protection requirements.
The H1 paper exercise only observes dimensional and unit checking, error correction and handover. It cannot verify real glass forming, equipment operation, authorization, long-term fit or employment; once interested, check the trained practice conditions.
Fit signals: willing to be responsible for product, site and personnel safety and quality within the scope of process and authorization; able to switch between the furnace, the workstation and the finishing area while keeping temperature and tolerances in focus; able to hold to process and review under delivery deadline and rework pressure and to report per the system when anomalies occur or authority is exceeded.
Caution signals: difficulty facing open flame, high heat, dust, noise and repetitive motion long term; or difficulty accepting burn risk and the ups and downs of handwork and quality accountability; or unwillingness to report and hand over per the system when authorization is exceeded.
The H1 paper exercise only observes dimensional and unit checking, error correction and handover. It cannot verify real glass forming, equipment operation, authorization, long-term fit or employment; once interested, check the trained practice conditions.
For checking this occupation's task scope and work context (US occupation classification measure).
For checking this occupation's tasks, work activities and detailed work activities.
For checking the interest code given by O*NET (RC) and the occupation scope.
For checking the point-in-time measure of US wages (the parent occupation 51-9195.00 measure presented via O*NET on the 51-9195.04 page, which does not represent 51-9195.04 itself).
BLS direct 2025—2035 projection table: parent occupation 51-9195 employment 43,000 people in 2025 and 45,500 in 2035, growth 5.8%, average annual job openings 5,100. The original table shows employment and openings in thousands; multiply each by 1000; openings include growth and replacement demand and are not net new jobs. This parent occupation also includes other non-metallic forming work and cannot be treated as the 51-9195.04 glass sub-occupation's own figures or as individual opportunities.
For checking the point-in-time estimate and percentile presentation of US wages (parent occupation 51-9195.00 measure as presented via O*NET).
BLS direct 2025—2035 projection table: parent occupation 51-9195 employment 43,000 people in 2025 and 45,500 in 2035, growth 5.8%, average annual job openings 5,100. The original table shows employment and openings in thousands; multiply each by 1000; openings include growth and replacement demand and are not net new jobs. This parent occupation also includes other non-metallic forming work and cannot be treated as the 51-9195.04 glass sub-occupation's own figures or as individual opportunities.
For checking this occupation's industry distribution and main employer types (the industry data on that page come from the parent occupation 51-9195.00).
Insufficient evidence: no accident frequency or common failure ranking for 51-9195.04 was obtained. The editorial risk questions below are built from tasks and context and are not accident statistics; hazardous equipment operation follows trained authorization and on-site procedures.
O*NET context responses show 70% exposed to minor burns or cuts daily and 96% wearing common protection daily; these are exposure category proportions, not accident rates or severity. The scenarios below are editorial checking prompts, and these percentages cannot prove the probability of major accidents.
Risk basis | this occupation's heating, forming, cutting, measuring and recording tasks and context; NIOSH heat stress is a general workplace guideline. For mainland China, verify against the actual activity: Article 28 of the Work Safety Law covers training and Article 30 provides for special operation qualifications; Article 2 of the Special Equipment Safety Law covers the catalogue and Article 14 covers the qualifications of relevant personnel, while Articles 39—42 cover maintenance, inspection and handling of abnormal conditions, so ordinary kilns cannot be treated as fully listed in the catalogue on the strength of their name alone; statutory inspection is checked separately against Articles 50—51 on the qualifications of bodies and personnel. Articles 34—35 of the Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Law cover training and health examinations for workers exposed to occupational disease hazards. The Ecological Environment Code takes effect on 2026-08-15 and repeals the old Environmental Protection Law; Article 80 covers monitoring authenticity and Articles 150—151 cover emissions and permits according to the actual scope. Articles 4/6/13/19 of the Personal Information Protection Law apply only to information about identifiable individuals, checking the lawful basis, necessity and retention period; ordinary drawings, formulations and equipment parameters are not automatically personal information. Hot work, gas, electricity, ventilation, dust control and emergency arrangements are checked against the real process and the applicable provisions, and no nationwide uniform permit or explosion-proof duty for all glass dust can be inferred from the occupation name. Wages and projections are not used for accident risk assessment.
The individual together with safety and equipment roles; on-site personnel, the workshop and property
Open flame, high-temperature and molten glass work not carried out in line with protection and distance requirements, or gas, kiln and electrical equipment anomalies not handled, or ventilation, dust and explosion-proof measures inadequate; may cause burns, fire, poisoning, explosion and equipment damage
When alarms, leaks or protection or ventilation anomalies are found, stop the relevant work per the established on-site emergency procedure, report, and have trained and authorized personnel handle it; do not operate valves, electrical equipment or kiln isolation yourself, and do not use this page's wording in place of equipment procedures.
Scenario | a kiln or gas alarm shows an anomaly, a delivery deadline is approaching, the parties want to keep producing and repair later, and ventilation and protection conditions have not yet been confirmed.
The individual together with process and quality roles; products, the customer and delivery
Improper annealing or cooling curves causing cracks and deformation, or improper forming, pressing, mould and fixture parameters causing out-of-tolerance dimensions, or finishing and decoration damaging products or creating defects that are not isolated; may cause batch scrap, rework and delivery delay
Execute annealing and cooling curves according to the material and process and record them, set and review mould, fixture and press parameters to the process, and isolate, label, review and rectify nonconforming products; process and quality records must be traceable and left alongside the work.
Scenario | a batch of products shows cracks after annealing, the schedule is tight, and the site is asked to put them into storage as conforming first and fill in the inspection and handling records later.
The individual together with process and record roles; the institution, regulators and the customer
Process, dimension, appearance, equipment and training records missing or altered without trace, or inspection records inconsistent with the site and samples; may violate quality, safety and product traceability requirements and affect how responsibility is defined
Record truthfully; lawful correction retains the original value, the actual correction time, the reason, the basis and the review, and backdating, fabrication or untraceable overwriting is prohibited. Missing information is marked unknown, and no site observations are invented.
Scenario | at handover, the previous shift's kiln temperature, annealing and dimension records are missing and the finished products do not match the records, and completing them from a template and signing later is suggested.
The individual together with process and compliance roles; process and product safety conclusions
Changing process parameters, moulds or drawings beyond authorization on one's own, or treating on-site results as confirmed conclusions in place of process finalization, mould design, or product safety and acceptance conclusions; may give rise to quality, safety, compliance or legal liability
Design creation and specification development are tasks of this occupation and are not excluded wholesale. Drawing or process adjustments and acceptance are checked under job authorization; when authority is exceeded or evidence is missing, report first and have the corresponding responsible role review, and do not let tool drafts become release conclusions.
Scenario | when staffing is tight, untrained personnel are asked to adjust press parameters or furnace temperature themselves, or to state conclusions about product safety and acceptance conditions so they can be delivered the same day.
The individual together with crew and supply chain roles; delivery continuity and craft continuity
Key craft, moulds, materials or outsourced work resting on a single point; vacation, resignation, mould damage, material shortage or kiln maintenance interrupting delivery; may delay delivery and affect quality consistency and craft continuity
Establish backup and handover rules for craft, process parameters, moulds, materials and outsourced resources so that key processes and techniques can be reproduced with a trace; when staff, moulds or materials are insufficient, report per procedures and adjust priorities rather than working with unaddressed hazards
Scenario | the only senior worker familiar with a certain type of glass and lampworking process or a particular set of moulds goes on vacation, and untrained personnel are asked to take over a key order temporarily.
The individual together with outsourcing and supply parties; quality, safety and responsibility
Unclear delivery, acceptance, responsibility and cost-change terms for outsourced processing, incoming materials or mould and equipment supply, or an unclear technical scope and sample approval scope between the designer and the customer; may lead to rework, cost disputes and unclear quality and safety responsibility
Outsourcing and cooperation must define scope, standards, sample approval, acceptance, safety responsibility and cost-change rules with a trace, and incoming materials and deliverables must be reviewed and accepted; when delivery, sample approval or ownership disputes arise, pause, review and report
Scenario | after completing processing or delivering incoming materials, an outsourcing unit asks for settlement and production start without submitting dimensional, appearance and material certificates, and the site is asked to sign first and supplement later.
For checking this occupation's tasks and work context and for identifying the types of failure in heating, forming, annealing, finishing and inspection (US measure).
For checking this occupation's tasks, work activities and work environment descriptions.
For checking the point-in-time measure of US wages (the parent occupation 51-9195.00 measure presented via O*NET, which does not represent 51-9195.04 itself); the wage figures are not used for risk assessment.
The detailed occupation page lists 4 software categories — Billing, Outlook, Inventory control and Excel; the hot technologies page lists only Excel and Outlook, and the 2025 US job-posting mention shares are all NA. Software entries do not prove widespread use, actual adoption rates, AI use or productivity gains.
For checking the governance and risk control principles when adopting digital tools; not gas, electricity, high-temperature or product safety standards.
| Tool and Die Maker | Assisting with metalworking and die assembly | Mechanical or die training records and internship records | A mock key-points sheet for die machining and tryout | Its outputs are metal die design and manufacturing, while this occupation's outputs are glass product forming and finishing |
| Welding, Soldering and Brazing Machine Setter, Operator and Tender | Assisting with equipment fixturing and parameter records | Welding or mechanical training records and internship records | A mock key-points sheet for welding parameters and inspection | It covers metal welding and brazing, while this occupation covers hot glassworking and joining |
| Machine Feeder and Offbearer | Assisting with loading, part removal and inspection | Production line internship records and safety training records | A mock key-points sheet for feeding, part removal and takt | Its outputs are takt-based feeding and part removal, while this occupation carries responsibility for process, dimensional and appearance determination |
In the US, O*NET Job Zone 1-2 and SVP below 6.0 are a general preparation description. The education question asks what education new entrants need; 27% answered a high school diploma or equivalent, 23% less than high school and 23% an associate or other two-year degree; this is not the education already held by workers, and it cannot be used to infer the same education or training duration for every role.
Whether one can work independently or release products does not depend on the education itself but on whether one takes on the corresponding duties within the institution's and process's authorization and the drawings and standards.
Education, training, practice, qualifications and authorization are checked separately; this round has no estimate of their relative contribution to independent glass process ability, so education is not said to affect only entry or to be the single deciding factor.
For mainland China, verify against the actual activity: Article 28 of the Work Safety Law covers training and Article 30 provides for special operation qualifications; Article 2 of the Special Equipment Safety Law covers the catalogue and Article 14 covers the qualifications of relevant personnel, while Articles 39—42 cover maintenance, inspection and handling of abnormal conditions, so ordinary kilns cannot be treated as fully listed in the catalogue on the strength of their name alone; statutory inspection is checked separately against Articles 50—51 on the qualifications of bodies and personnel. Articles 34—35 of the Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Law cover training and health examinations for workers exposed to occupational disease hazards. The Ecological Environment Code takes effect on 2026-08-15 and repeals the old Environmental Protection Law; Article 80 covers monitoring authenticity and Articles 150—151 cover emissions and permits according to the actual scope. Articles 4/6/13/19 of the Personal Information Protection Law apply only to information about identifiable individuals, checking the lawful basis, necessity and retention period; ordinary drawings, formulations and equipment parameters are not automatically personal information. Hot work, gas, electricity, ventilation, dust control and emergency arrangements are checked against the real process and the applicable provisions, and no nationwide uniform permit or explosion-proof duty for all glass dust can be inferred from the occupation name.
Glass design creation can be a task of this occupation; actual drawing or process adjustments and acceptance are checked under job authorization, and statutory inspection against the qualifications of statutory bodies and personnel, so no single certificate can be required of all die design.
The retention, provision and disclosure of controlled data and materials, or data involving trade secrets, design drafts or personal information, must be managed under confidentiality and minimum-necessary requirements; controlled materials must not be sent to unauthorized environments.
The O*NET interest code is RC (Realistic—Conventional), leaning towards handling materials and equipment with hands and tools at the furnace and workstation and executing according to drawings, processes, tolerances and records; the most important work activities are creative thinking (84), getting information (75), handling and moving objects (71), making decisions and solving problems (71), controlling machines and processes (69) and inspecting equipment, structures or materials (69).
The work context (percentage response basis) shows wearing common protective or safety equipment 96% daily, using hands to handle, control or feel objects, tools or controls 83% continually or almost continually, exposure to minor burns, cuts, bites or stings 70% daily, exposure to very hot or very cold temperatures 50% daily, importance of being exact or accurate 52% extremely important, and repetitive motions 30% continually or almost continually.
The interest and work context data are only for self-questioning and do not constitute hiring or performance conclusions.
This occupation's detail task page lists blowpipes, hand tools, moulds, presses, electric kilns, cutting and finishing machines and measuring instruments; actual tools are checked by direction. The detailed occupation page lists 4 software categories — Billing, Outlook, Inventory control and Excel; the hot technologies page lists only Excel and Outlook, and the 2025 US job-posting mention shares are all NA. Software entries do not prove widespread use, actual adoption rates, AI use or productivity gains.
Judgments about material, kiln temperature, annealing, appearance and dimensions depend on professional knowledge, experience and on-site confirmation, while digital tools are used for drawings, records, inventory and document management.
Authority over process parameter changes, product release and disclosure follows institutional authorization and process and quality requirements; tools and software do not produce authorization.
M1 | H1 pure paper case: length 100.0 ± 0.5 mm and diameter 8.0 ± 0.2 mm; the upper and lower limits include the boundary. Check only these two teaching dimensions; this is not a product standard or safety acceptance.
M2 | four fictional measurement records (length/diameter, mm): A = 99.5/7.8, B = 100.5/8.2, C = 100.6/8.0, D = 100.0/7.7. No material, appearance, strength or instrument calibration information is given.
M3 | fictional record: 760°C at 15:00 and 720°C at 15:10; find the average rate of temperature change between the two points. No material, sensor calibration or approved curve was given, so annealing qualification cannot be judged. V1 mistakenly wrote 40°C/min.
M4 | training record A has expired, B is valid but no operation approval was given; V1 mistakenly wrote that four pieces all passed. Organize only the paper package pending review and do not treat it as process or product release. V2 retains V1, records the actual correction time, the reason and the pending S review, and fabricates no signature.
M5 | the current time is 15:28 and the internal handover deadline is 16:00; Q was asked about the missing items at 15:13 and has not replied. Work out the remaining time and the time already waited; no reply does not equal approval, and only the review material may be handed over.
M6 | listed costs only: 4 pieces × 18 CNY per piece for material; 1.5 person-hours × 80 CNY per person-hour for labour. Energy and taxes are not given, so find the listed subtotal rather than a full cost or quotation. Only pen and paper or a calculator are needed; do not operate equipment, measure or heat glass.
Suggested 90-minute allocation: 15 minutes to read M1 to M6, 30 minutes to calculate, 25 minutes for issues and the V2 revision, and 20 minutes for self-check and handover. Submit a result table, an issues table, a revision table and a handover of no more than 200 characters.
The result table judges the two teaching dimensions piece by piece, calculates the average rate of change and the handover times and lists the costs; the issues table separates out-of-limit items, missing evidence, training and approval status and pending review.
The revision table retains the original V1 values and the corrected V2 values, the reason and the actual correction time, with S's status recorded as pending review; values not given are marked unknown, and no observations or signatures are invented.
Reference calculation | the closed length interval is 99.5—100.5 mm and the diameter interval 7.8—8.2 mm; A and B are both within limits, C's length exceeds the upper limit by 0.1 mm and D's diameter falls 0.1 mm below the lower limit. The pass rate on the two teaching dimensions is 2/4 = 50%, which is not an actual production yield or product acceptance. The average rate of change is (720−760)/10 = −4°C/min, a cooling of 4°C/min. The listed subtotal is 72+120 = 192 CNY.
Reference issues table | material, appearance and strength, instrument and temperature sensor calibration and the approved curve are unknown, so annealing or product qualification cannot be judged; A's training has expired and B's valid training does not equal operation approval. From 15:28 to 16:00 there are 32 minutes left, and Q has been waiting 15 minutes since 15:13; no response still means pending review.
Reference V2 | retain V1 with its four pieces all passed and 40°C/min, and change it to A and B passing only on the teaching dimensions, C and D out of limits and an average rate of change of −4°C/min; record the actual correction time, the basis M1 to M3 and S's pending review, without backdating or overwriting the original record.
Handover example | H1 paper package: A and B pass only on the two teaching dimensions, while C's length and D's diameter are out of limits. The rate of change is −4°C/min and the listed cost is 192 CNY. Material, calibration and curve items are missing and training and approval are incomplete; Q is pending review for 15 minutes and 32 minutes remain to the deadline. V1 has been retained and V2 awaits S's review, and this is not product release. Four self-check points: boundaries, units, missing items and versions; only paper checking can be assessed.
H1 reads synthetic records only; do not heat, blow, cut or operate valves, electrical equipment or kilns, and do not provide real curves or formulations. Actual hazardous operations require trained authorization and on-site procedures.
The work sample only shows dimensional and unit checking, evidence stratification and traceable error correction; it cannot prove real glass processing, conforming products, safety competence or qualifications.
The result table contains the M1 limits, the item-by-item judgment for A to D, the temperature change rate, 32/15 minutes and 192 CNY.
State that only the two teaching dimensions were checked and that appearance, strength, calibration and curves were not obtained.
Show the units, formulas and original inputs, and do not call it real product acceptance.
The issues table lists out-of-limit items, missing information, training and approval status and Q's pending response item by item.
Self-check against the reference solution; if there is no mentor, state clearly that it is a self-check only and do not invent others' opinions.
If mentor comments are obtained later, record the actual date, basis and counter-examples separately; they cannot replace on-site assessment.
Keep the V1 and V2 revision table, recording the original values, corrected values, reasons and actual times.
S's status is pending review and no approval is fabricated; use synthetic identifiers and do not send controlled materials out.
Write a handover of no more than 200 characters that distinguishes what is known, calculated, unknown and pending verification.
Note the parts actually performed with a calculator, spreadsheet or generative tool.
Recalculate the limits, ratios, times and costs item by item yourself; if there was no on-site verification, write that it was not performed.
A paper exercise does not represent blowing feel, equipment operation, qualifications, real release or occupational fit.
| Stage | Points that may be checked | Observable evidence | Boundary notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Resume and initial screening | Training in materials, mechanical or craft art fields, forming, finishing or annealing experience and safety training | Training, on-the-job experience, protection training and work records | Self-assessment cannot replace training, process requirements or institutional verification |
| Interview | Understanding of drawings, processes, tolerances, annealing and the boundaries of safety and protection | Judgment on defects, anomalies, exceeding authority and safety boundaries in on-site question and answer | Scenario answers cannot replace gas and electricity, high-temperature and occupational health training |
| Written or practical test | Heating, forming, annealing, finishing, instrument use and record wording | Forming plans, dimension and appearance and annealing records and rectification design results | A hands-on test does not equal the ability to finalize a process or release products independently |
| Onboarding and probation | Complying with process, safety, quality, protection and record management systems | Process, inspection, annealing, protection, training and reporting form records | Duties and authorization are governed by the institution's job assignment and assessment |
Read M1 to M6 and set out the known and unknown items and the H1 paper boundaries.
Do not look for external drawings and do not touch glass equipment.
Calculate the M1 closed interval and mark that the upper and lower limits are included.
Write the length and diameter units and explain that the teaching conditions are not a standard.
Check A to D item by item and calculate 2/4 = 50%.
Only the pass rate on the two dimensions, not treated as a yield or acceptance.
Check the M3 average rate of change and the M4 training and approval status.
Material, calibration and curve are unknown; annealing qualification is not judged.
Check the M5 32 minutes and 15 minutes and the M6 192 CNY.
No reply at handover does not equal approval; a subtotal is not a quotation.
Build the V1 to V2 revision table and self-check against the reference solution.
Retain the original values and actual times; if there is no mentor, write that it is a self-check only.
Write a handover of no more than 200 characters, with the reasons for continuing to explore.
Only decide whether to keep learning or look for a trained path; H1 cannot be used to judge real occupational fit.
| Qualification or preparation item | Who it applies to | Role for this occupation | Whether it is universally required | Conditions for obtaining | Approximate investment | Limitation notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education and vocational training | Applicants for the target role | In the US, O*NET Job Zone 1-2 and SVP below 6.0 are a general preparation description. The education question asks what education new entrants need; 27% answered a high school diploma or equivalent, 23% less than high school and 23% an associate or other two-year degree; this is not the education already held by workers, and it cannot be used to infer the same education or training duration for every role. | Check against the posting; not uniformly high school for everyone | Check against the specific school, training and posting | The specific course duration and cost were not verified | An education response is not a held qualification or licence |
| Blowing, lampworking, bending and finishing skills training | The actual direction chosen | Find mentoring and assessment according to the job tasks | It cannot be said that everyone must master all processes | Check the course equipment, mentoring, practice and assessment conditions | No specific course cost or duration was verified | The paper H1 does not replace hands-on work |
| Safety and occupational health training | On-site roles involving the corresponding hazards | Checked against the actual activity and the applicable law | Mainland China: safety production training and the specified special operation qualifications are checked separately | Employer training; activities that require certification are checked separately | Checked against the actual training; no uniform duration is given | Ordinary kilns do not automatically fall under all special equipment |
| AGMT architectural glass installation certification | Experienced architectural glass installers | The AGMT issuer's current description targets experienced architectural glass installers and requires at least 7,500 hours of related experience within 5 years, OSHA-10 or an equivalent Canadian requirement, and a written and practical assessment; it is not training for people with no experience, and listing it in the O*NET catalogue does not make it a general qualification for hot glass blowing. Only those moving towards architectural glass installation should check the application conditions and programme requirements further; it does not replace mainland China permits or employer authorization. | Not a general threshold for hot glass making | The issuer lists 7,500 hours of experience within 5 years, OSHA-10 or equivalent and an assessment | Current fees and registration windows were not verified | Check further only when moving to architectural glass installation; it does not replace China permits |
| Job authorization and skill evidence | The actual independent process role or mentoring role | Check the employer's tasks, training and assessment | According to the role; no nationwide uniform glass occupation certification requirement was verified | The real employer's authorization and assessment conditions | No specific employer investment requirement was obtained | Do not infer release authority from the catalogue or the job title |
| Quality, record and confidentiality training | Roles handling the relevant records or materials | Check drawing and parameter change and acceptance duties | Checked against the actual tasks and the type of material | Checked against the employer's training, authorization and record systems | No uniform duration or cost was verified | Ordinary drawings are not automatically personal information |
Qualification boundaries (one) | application conditions, education, training evidence, industry certification, institutional and job authorization, authority over process changes and parameter adjustments, authority over product release and inspection conclusions, and authority over product safety and acceptance conclusions are different states: meeting recruitment conditions does not equal obtaining authority to change a process or to release or accept independently, and obtaining an education or certification does not equal obtaining authority to make conclusions about product safety and acceptance conditions independently.
For mainland China, verify against the actual activity: Article 28 of the Work Safety Law covers training and Article 30 provides for special operation qualifications; Article 2 of the Special Equipment Safety Law covers the catalogue and Article 14 covers the qualifications of relevant personnel, while Articles 39—42 cover maintenance, inspection and handling of abnormal conditions, so ordinary kilns cannot be treated as fully listed in the catalogue on the strength of their name alone; statutory inspection is checked separately against Articles 50—51 on the qualifications of bodies and personnel. Articles 34—35 of the Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Law cover training and health examinations for workers exposed to occupational disease hazards. The Ecological Environment Code takes effect on 2026-08-15 and repeals the old Environmental Protection Law; Article 80 covers monitoring authenticity and Articles 150—151 cover emissions and permits according to the actual scope. Articles 4/6/13/19 of the Personal Information Protection Law apply only to information about identifiable individuals, checking the lawful basis, necessity and retention period; ordinary drawings, formulations and equipment parameters are not automatically personal information. Hot work, gas, electricity, ventilation, dust control and emergency arrangements are checked against the real process and the applicable provisions, and no nationwide uniform permit or explosion-proof duty for all glass dust can be inferred from the occupation name.
Qualification boundaries (three) | education, skills, safety training, certification, hiring, authorization, on-site work, process changes, inspection and release and product safety responsibility must each be checked separately; the preparation items listed on this page are directions for searching and verifying and do not constitute a formal qualification list for any institution; where they conflict with the requirements of a competent authority or institution, the latter prevails.
Qualification boundaries (four) | this page provides no guarantee of personal ability or compensation and does not constitute any material, process, kiln, gas, electrical, safety production or investment advice.
Insufficient evidence: this round read the Corning Museum of Glass official recruitment entry and its Open Positions page, where the entry carries a general description of full-time and summer temporary roles, but no glass blowing job posting, pay or conditions that could be fully verified were obtained; this cannot be treated as current hiring volume or a representative market sample. When checking a target posting, record the date, location, process, training, hours, piece rate or bonus and ownership of work, and do not infer universal recruitment channels.
Recruitment verification suggestion | a job title does not equal the actual process; check the work, mentoring, equipment, hours, pay and safety training conditions. When no specific posting has been read, do not fill in wages or years of experience or claim that a company is hiring.
An editorial learning path and capability ladder, not a nationwide uniform promotion sequence or a hiring or qualification conclusion. Actual work follows job authorization and applicable requirements; design creation can belong to this occupation, and design is not excluded by the occupation name nor is the same authority inferred for all workers.
Learn under mentoring: material preparation, heating assistance, handling, cleaning, finishing assistance and records; do not adjust process parameters or release products independently.
Apprentice and workstation assistant role
Can independently complete heating, forming, annealing, cutting, finishing, inspection and records within the scope of process, drawings and authorization, and report and review per procedures when anomalies occur or authority is exceeded.
Independent forming and finishing role
Can take on workstation organization, process implementation, quality, safety, mentoring, multi-process coordination and management of moulds, equipment and materials.
Skilled, process and mentoring role
Can take on process and quality review, yield, cost, moulds, equipment, training, handling of anomalies, countersignature, implementation of technical standards and order coordination.
Process and production management role
Learning suggestion | first check the target role's blowing, lampworking, bending, pressing or finishing direction and the real posting conditions, then find a path with mentoring and safety training. O*NET lists 5 apprenticeship titles (artificial glass eyes, glass bending, glass blowing, laboratory apparatus blowing, glass blowing lathe), which are a discovery entry point and cannot be treated as local current enrolment numbers. In the US, O*NET Job Zone 1-2 and SVP below 6.0 are a general preparation description. The education question asks what education new entrants need; 27% answered a high school diploma or equivalent, 23% less than high school and 23% an associate or other two-year degree; this is not the education already held by workers, and it cannot be used to infer the same education or training duration for every role.
Qualification boundaries | receiving vocational training, completing an apprenticeship and workstation practice, obtaining an education or training certificate, passing open flame, high temperature, gas, electricity, dust and emergency training and permits, and obtaining institutional and job authorization and process change and release authority are different states; the preparation items listed on this page do not equal authorization and do not automatically confer the authority to finalize a process, release products or make product safety and acceptance conclusions independently.
In the US, O*NET Job Zone 1-2 and SVP below 6.0 are a general preparation description. The education question asks what education new entrants need; 27% answered a high school diploma or equivalent, 23% less than high school and 23% an associate or other two-year degree; this is not the education already held by workers, and it cannot be used to infer the same education or training duration for every role. For mainland China, verify against the actual activity: Article 28 of the Work Safety Law covers training and Article 30 provides for special operation qualifications; Article 2 of the Special Equipment Safety Law covers the catalogue and Article 14 covers the qualifications of relevant personnel, while Articles 39—42 cover maintenance, inspection and handling of abnormal conditions, so ordinary kilns cannot be treated as fully listed in the catalogue on the strength of their name alone; statutory inspection is checked separately against Articles 50—51 on the qualifications of bodies and personnel. Articles 34—35 of the Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Law cover training and health examinations for workers exposed to occupational disease hazards. The Ecological Environment Code takes effect on 2026-08-15 and repeals the old Environmental Protection Law; Article 80 covers monitoring authenticity and Articles 150—151 cover emissions and permits according to the actual scope. Articles 4/6/13/19 of the Personal Information Protection Law apply only to information about identifiable individuals, checking the lawful basis, necessity and retention period; ordinary drawings, formulations and equipment parameters are not automatically personal information. Hot work, gas, electricity, ventilation, dust control and emergency arrangements are checked against the real process and the applicable provisions, and no nationwide uniform permit or explosion-proof duty for all glass dust can be inferred from the occupation name.
Summary | understand the path as a cycle of learning, apprenticeship and practice, craft and safety training, authorization and responsibility: first complete education or vocational training and safety and skills training, then become familiar under mentoring with drawings, tolerances, kiln temperature, annealing, protection and quality systems, and after obtaining the corresponding authorization work independently and deepen within a direction; where process finalization, mould design, product safety and acceptance conclusions or major process changes are involved, the corresponding job or institutional approval must be obtained or the matter handed over per the system.
For checking O*NET's general preparation description and new-entrant education requirement questionnaire, not the education distribution of existing workers.
A national training search entry, for discovering education and training paths; it is not direct evidence of occupational tasks or context and does not prove current local enrolment.
The AGMT issuer's current description targets experienced architectural glass installers and requires at least 7,500 hours of related experience within 5 years, OSHA-10 or an equivalent Canadian requirement, and a written and practical assessment; it is not training for people with no experience, and listing it in the O*NET catalogue does not make it a general qualification for hot glass blowing. Only those moving towards architectural glass installation should check the application conditions and programme requirements further; it does not replace mainland China permits or employer authorization.
BLS direct 2025—2035 projection table: parent occupation 51-9195 employment 43,000 people in 2025 and 45,500 in 2035, growth 5.8%, average annual job openings 5,100. The original table shows employment and openings in thousands; multiply each by 1000; openings include growth and replacement demand and are not net new jobs. This parent occupation also includes other non-metallic forming work and cannot be treated as the 51-9195.04 glass sub-occupation's own figures or as individual opportunities.
Materials, mechanical or craft art related training records; open flame, high-temperature and occupational health training.
Familiar with the key points of drawings, process cards, kiln temperature, heating, mould and tool use and record standards.
Material preparation and heating assistance, tools, records and mentor evaluation; can restate the process and safety key points.
Under mentoring, take on material preparation, heating assistance, handling, cleaning, tool preparation and record assistance; do not independently adjust kiln temperature or forming parameters or release products.
Heating and forming assistance role
Institutional job authorization and the corresponding training; practical forming experience.
Accumulate experience across different glasses, products and moulds, and practise temperature, viscosity and tolerance control and defect identification methods.
Forming, dimension, appearance and process records and review opinions.
Independently complete heating and gathering, blowing, pressing, bending and joining, and review and record per drawings, process and tolerances.
Independent forming role
Corresponding job authorization; workstation organization and mentoring records.
Editorial training direction: check safety and emergency arrangements and the properties of gas, electricity and dust against the actual process; it cannot be inferred that all glass dust carries an explosion hazard.
Workstation organization, process, safety and mentoring records.
Take on workstation organization, process implementation, quality, safety, mentoring, multi-process coordination and management of moulds, tools and materials.
Process and mentoring role
Corresponding management appointment or institutional authorization.
Improve the forming process and the safety, mould, training and order management mechanisms.
Coordinating conclusions; process, safety, mould and training documents.
Coordinate forming processes, quality, safety, moulds, training and orders, handle complex and disputed matters and guide newcomers.
Forming technical coordination role
Materials or mechanical related training records; high-temperature and occupational health training.
Familiar with the key points of annealing curves, cooling requirements, cutting, grinding, polishing, inspection and record standards.
Annealing and finishing assistance, measuring instruments, records and review opinions.
Under mentoring, take on annealing and cooling record assistance, cutting, grinding and polishing assistance, instrument use and record assistance; do not independently judge annealing or release products.
Annealing and finishing assistance role
Institutional job authorization and the corresponding training; practical finishing experience.
Accumulate experience across different materials, products and defect conditions, and practise annealing curves, grinding and polishing processes and appearance judgment methods.
Annealing, finishing, inspection and defect handling records and review opinions.
Independently complete annealing and cooling control, cutting, grinding, polishing, bevelling, decoration and dimensional and appearance inspection, and review and record per standards.
Independent annealing and finishing role
Corresponding job authorization; technical review and mentoring records.
Learn annealing and polishing processes, defect analysis and quality improvement methods.
Technical review, quality, mentoring and technical improvement records.
Take on annealing, grinding, polishing and decoration methods, quality, mentoring of personnel, method improvement and technical review.
Finishing methods and mentoring role
Corresponding management appointment or institutional authorization.
Improve the annealing and finishing system and the equipment, outsourcing and training mechanisms.
Coordinating conclusions; annealing, finishing, equipment and training documents.
Coordinate annealing and finishing methods, quality, equipment, outsourcing, training and countersignature, handle complex and disputed matters and guide newcomers.
Annealing and finishing coordination role
Materials, quality or safety related training records; quality, confidentiality and data security training.
Familiar with the key points of process, quality, tolerances, archiving and disclosure standards.
Organization, archiving, supporting records and review opinions.
Under mentoring, take on organizing inspection records, ledger registration, document archiving and training record assistance; do not independently judge conformity or release.
Quality and records assistance role
Institutional job authorization; practical quality and records experience.
Accumulate experience across different products, processes and batch conditions, and practise nonconforming handling, traceability and disclosure methods.
Quality, nonconforming handling, traceability and disclosure records and review opinions.
Independently compile dimensional, appearance and process data records, consolidate inspection data and track nonconforming handling, marking the scope and limitations per standards.
Independent quality and records role
Corresponding job authorization; review and mentoring records.
Learn quality management systems, safety production, emergency response and training standard methods.
Review, quality, safety, mentoring and training records.
Take on quality and safety review, training and records, archiving management, mentoring, and implementation of protection and process conditions.
Quality, safety and mentoring role
Corresponding management appointment or institutional authorization.
Improve quality, safety, process, records and training management mechanisms.
Coordinating conclusions; quality, safety, process and training documents.
Coordinate quality, safety, process, records, training and countersignature, handle complex and disputed matters and guide newcomers.
Quality and safety coordination role
Insufficient evidence: this round read the National Bureau of Statistics 2025 urban unit wage release, which contains industry and five-category aggregation, but obtained no national wage percentiles or employment scale precisely matching 51-9195.04. The legacy MOHRSS link is retained only as a lead to be checked, and the absence of national statistics is not asserted from unread text; industry averages, job-posting offers or US data are not substituted. US 2025 parent occupation median wage 46,170 USD per year and 22.20 USD per hour; this is not the glass sub-occupation itself. BLS direct 2025—2035 projection table: parent occupation 51-9195 employment 43,000 people in 2025 and 45,500 in 2035, growth 5.8%, average annual job openings 5,100. The original table shows employment and openings in thousands; multiply each by 1000; openings include growth and replacement demand and are not net new jobs. This parent occupation also includes other non-metallic forming work and cannot be treated as the 51-9195.04 glass sub-occupation's own figures or as individual opportunities. O*NET has presented 2025 employment and the 2025—2035 trend this round, consistent with the BLS current-period figures on this page, and the parent occupation and the precise scope must still be distinguished.
Insufficient evidence: no wage percentiles or industry or regional values for 51-9195.04 itself were obtained. The parent occupation median is not a starting salary and percentiles are not seniority; the causes of job pay cannot be inferred from the national distribution.
OEWS excludes self-employment and benefits, includes production bonuses and commissions and excludes non-production bonuses, overtime premiums and shift differentials; it is not total compensation or actual personal take-home pay. Percentiles are positions in the wage distribution and cannot be mapped to experience, qualifications or personal starting pay.
Wages (median and percentiles, parent occupation 51-9195.00 measure as presented via O*NET)
SOC 51-9195.00 (OEWS 2025, presented via O*NET on the 51-9195.04 page)
Median annual wage 46,170 USD / median hourly wage 22.20 USD; 10th percentile 35,850, 25th percentile 39,280, 75th percentile 53,000 and 90th percentile 61,530 (USD per year)
The parent occupation projections cover other non-metallic forming work, so 5.8% cannot be used to infer glass sub-occupation demand or wage causality.
BLS employment projections include self-employment, while OEWS wages exclude it. Parent occupation openings include replacement and are not net new jobs or actual hires, and are not extrapolated to mainland China.
Employment scale, growth and job openings (parent occupation 51-9195.00 measure as presented via O*NET)
BLS direct table parent occupation 51-9195, 2025—2035
BLS direct 2025—2035 projection table: parent occupation 51-9195 employment 43,000 people in 2025 and 45,500 in 2035, growth 5.8%, average annual job openings 5,100. The original table shows employment and openings in thousands; multiply each by 1000; openings include growth and replacement demand and are not net new jobs. This parent occupation also includes other non-metallic forming work and cannot be treated as the 51-9195.04 glass sub-occupation's own figures or as individual opportunities.
This round read the National Bureau of Statistics 2025 urban unit wage release, which contains industry and five-category aggregation, but obtained no national wage percentiles or employment scale precisely matching 51-9195.04. The legacy MOHRSS link is retained only as a lead to be checked, and the absence of national statistics is not asserted from unread text; industry averages, job-posting offers or US data are not substituted.
The legal environment, management systems and statistical measures differ, so no splicing or conversion is made; the China section of this page only registers the statistical measures and the visible gaps.
Occupational wages and employment (statistical measures and gaps)
National Bureau of Statistics average wages of urban unit employees (industry category measure) and bounded search
Insufficient evidence: this round read the National Bureau of Statistics 2025 urban unit wage release, which contains industry and five-category aggregation, but obtained no national wage percentiles or employment scale precisely matching 51-9195.04. The legacy MOHRSS link is retained only as a lead to be checked, and the absence of national statistics is not asserted from unread text; industry averages, job-posting offers or US data are not substituted.
2025 parent occupation wage percentiles, not the glass sub-occupation itself
BLS direct 2025—2035 projection table: parent occupation 51-9195 employment 43,000 people in 2025 and 45,500 in 2035, growth 5.8%, average annual job openings 5,100. The original table shows employment and openings in thousands; multiply each by 1000; openings include growth and replacement demand and are not net new jobs. This parent occupation also includes other non-metallic forming work and cannot be treated as the 51-9195.04 glass sub-occupation's own figures or as individual opportunities.
This round read the National Bureau of Statistics 2025 urban unit wage release, which contains industry and five-category aggregation, but obtained no national wage percentiles or employment scale precisely matching 51-9195.04. The legacy MOHRSS link is retained only as a lead to be checked, and the absence of national statistics is not asserted from unread text; industry averages, job-posting offers or US data are not substituted.
Occupational tasks, context and interests; wages and trends are labelled with the parent occupation separately
Capabilities to add include broader non-metallic material, mould and pouring or pressing and curing control; transfer note: editorial direction comparison, with no quantified transfer success rate, required time or distance obtained; check against the real target tasks and training. This page does not quantify the transfer distance or probability of success, and the target role's qualifications, authorization and training are checked separately.
Forming, mould, material and safety experience
Editorial judgment: capabilities to add
Capabilities to add include stone selection, layout, sawing, carving and polishing; transfer note: editorial direction comparison, with no quantified transfer success rate, required time or distance obtained; check against the real target tasks and training. This page does not quantify the transfer distance or probability of success, and the target role's qualifications, authorization and training are checked separately.
Cutting, grinding, polishing and inspection experience
Editorial judgment: capabilities to add
Capabilities to add include metalworking, die design, heat treatment and tryout; transfer note: editorial direction comparison, with no quantified transfer success rate, required time or distance obtained; check against the real target tasks and training. This page does not quantify the transfer distance or probability of success, and the target role's qualifications, authorization and training are checked separately.
Machining, tolerance and inspection experience
Editorial judgment: capabilities to add
Capabilities to add include welding and brazing parameter setting, equipment operation and inspection; transfer note: editorial direction comparison, with no quantified transfer success rate, required time or distance obtained; check against the real target tasks and training. This page does not quantify the transfer distance or probability of success, and the target role's qualifications, authorization and training are checked separately.
Equipment operation, parameters and inspection experience
Editorial judgment: capabilities to add
Capabilities to add include takt-based feeding, part removal and production line collaboration; transfer note: editorial direction comparison, with no quantified transfer success rate, required time or distance obtained; check against the real target tasks and training. This page does not quantify the transfer distance or probability of success, and the target role's qualifications, authorization and training are checked separately.
Production line collaboration, safety and record experience
Editorial judgment: capabilities to add
Capabilities to add include setting up and operating cutting and slicing equipment and inspection; transfer note: editorial direction comparison, with no quantified transfer success rate, required time or distance obtained; check against the real target tasks and training. This page does not quantify the transfer distance or probability of success, and the target role's qualifications, authorization and training are checked separately.
Equipment operation and dimensional inspection experience
Editorial judgment: capabilities to add
Capabilities to add include setting up metal and plastic casting equipment, pouring and inspection; transfer note: editorial direction comparison, with no quantified transfer success rate, required time or distance obtained; check against the real target tasks and training. This page does not quantify the transfer distance or probability of success, and the target role's qualifications, authorization and training are checked separately.
Mould, forming and safety experience
Editorial judgment: capabilities to add
Capabilities to add include setting up and operating woodworking machinery and machining timber; transfer note: editorial direction comparison, with no quantified transfer success rate, required time or distance obtained; check against the real target tasks and training. This page does not quantify the transfer distance or probability of success, and the target role's qualifications, authorization and training are checked separately.
Machine operation, dimensions and safety experience
Editorial judgment: capabilities to add
Compared by task, material and outputs: the parent occupation 51-9195.00 includes the glass sub-occupation and is not a mutually exclusive parallel role; stone work focuses on cutting and carving stone to drawings, tool and die work on machining, assembling and repairing dies and fixtures, welding machine operation on metal welding equipment or robots, and feeding on supplying and removing materials to and from machines. Classification does not determine the level of legal authority; this occupation includes design creation and specification development.
US wages are the 2025 parent occupation 51-9195.00: median 46,170 USD per year and 22.20 USD per hour, with the 10th/25th/75th/90th percentiles at 35,850/39,280/53,000/61,530 USD per year. OEWS excludes self-employment and benefits, includes production bonuses and commissions and excludes non-production bonuses, overtime premiums and shift differentials; it is not total compensation or actual personal take-home pay. Percentiles are positions in the wage distribution and cannot be mapped to experience, qualifications or personal starting pay. BLS direct 2025—2035 projection table: parent occupation 51-9195 employment 43,000 people in 2025 and 45,500 in 2035, growth 5.8%, average annual job openings 5,100. The original table shows employment and openings in thousands; multiply each by 1000; openings include growth and replacement demand and are not net new jobs. This parent occupation also includes other non-metallic forming work and cannot be treated as the 51-9195.04 glass sub-occupation's own figures or as individual opportunities.
Insufficient evidence: this round read the National Bureau of Statistics 2025 urban unit wage release, which contains industry and five-category aggregation, but obtained no national wage percentiles or employment scale precisely matching 51-9195.04. The legacy MOHRSS link is retained only as a lead to be checked, and the absence of national statistics is not asserted from unread text; industry averages, job-posting offers or US data are not substituted. For mainland China, verify against the actual activity: Article 28 of the Work Safety Law covers training and Article 30 provides for special operation qualifications; Article 2 of the Special Equipment Safety Law covers the catalogue and Article 14 covers the qualifications of relevant personnel, while Articles 39—42 cover maintenance, inspection and handling of abnormal conditions, so ordinary kilns cannot be treated as fully listed in the catalogue on the strength of their name alone; statutory inspection is checked separately against Articles 50—51 on the qualifications of bodies and personnel. Articles 34—35 of the Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Law cover training and health examinations for workers exposed to occupational disease hazards. The Ecological Environment Code takes effect on 2026-08-15 and repeals the old Environmental Protection Law; Article 80 covers monitoring authenticity and Articles 150—151 cover emissions and permits according to the actual scope. Articles 4/6/13/19 of the Personal Information Protection Law apply only to information about identifiable individuals, checking the lawful basis, necessity and retention period; ordinary drawings, formulations and equipment parameters are not automatically personal information. Hot work, gas, electricity, ventilation, dust control and emergency arrangements are checked against the real process and the applicable provisions, and no nationwide uniform permit or explosion-proof duty for all glass dust can be inferred from the occupation name.
O*NET context responses: 96% wearing common protection daily, 83% using their hands continually, 70% exposed to minor burns or cuts daily and 50% facing very hot or very cold conditions daily. 70% work 40 hours in a typical week and 17% more than 40 hours; 74% have a fixed work schedule. These are response category proportions, not accident rates or every worker's experience; check the real role's shifts.
Insufficient evidence: no generative AI adoption rate, substitution rate or wage causality for this occupation was obtained. Sketches and records can be trialed as assistance, while hands-on work, safety and acceptance follow the duties. The detailed occupation page lists 4 software categories — Billing, Outlook, Inventory control and Excel; the hot technologies page lists only Excel and Outlook, and the 2025 US job-posting mention shares are all NA. Software entries do not prove widespread use, actual adoption rates, AI use or productivity gains.
In the US, O*NET Job Zone 1-2 and SVP below 6.0 are a general preparation description. The education question asks what education new entrants need; 27% answered a high school diploma or equivalent, 23% less than high school and 23% an associate or other two-year degree; this is not the education already held by workers, and it cannot be used to infer the same education or training duration for every role. For mainland China, verify against the actual activity: Article 28 of the Work Safety Law covers training and Article 30 provides for special operation qualifications; Article 2 of the Special Equipment Safety Law covers the catalogue and Article 14 covers the qualifications of relevant personnel, while Articles 39—42 cover maintenance, inspection and handling of abnormal conditions, so ordinary kilns cannot be treated as fully listed in the catalogue on the strength of their name alone; statutory inspection is checked separately against Articles 50—51 on the qualifications of bodies and personnel. Articles 34—35 of the Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Law cover training and health examinations for workers exposed to occupational disease hazards. The Ecological Environment Code takes effect on 2026-08-15 and repeals the old Environmental Protection Law; Article 80 covers monitoring authenticity and Articles 150—151 cover emissions and permits according to the actual scope. Articles 4/6/13/19 of the Personal Information Protection Law apply only to information about identifiable individuals, checking the lawful basis, necessity and retention period; ordinary drawings, formulations and equipment parameters are not automatically personal information. Hot work, gas, electricity, ventilation, dust control and emergency arrangements are checked against the real process and the applicable provisions, and no nationwide uniform permit or explosion-proof duty for all glass dust can be inferred from the occupation name.
The AGMT issuer's current description targets experienced architectural glass installers and requires at least 7,500 hours of related experience within 5 years, OSHA-10 or an equivalent Canadian requirement, and a written and practical assessment; it is not training for people with no experience, and listing it in the O*NET catalogue does not make it a general qualification for hot glass blowing. Only those moving towards architectural glass installation should check the application conditions and programme requirements further; it does not replace mainland China permits or employer authorization. Education, skills training, certification and job authorization are checked separately, and the occupation name cannot imply uniform process or product release authority.
Editorial risk note: high temperature and equipment anomalies, quality defects, distorted records, exceeding authority and missing collaboration items. No accident frequency was obtained. Report anomalies per the real procedure, and lawful correction retains the original value, actual time, reason and review; do not perform unauthorized equipment handling yourself.
BLS direct 2025—2035 projection table: parent occupation 51-9195 employment 43,000 people in 2025 and 45,500 in 2035, growth 5.8%, average annual job openings 5,100. The original table shows employment and openings in thousands; multiply each by 1000; openings include growth and replacement demand and are not net new jobs. This parent occupation also includes other non-metallic forming work and cannot be treated as the 51-9195.04 glass sub-occupation's own figures or as individual opportunities. Other non-metallic forming, stone, die, welding and feeding work in the parent category can be compared, but the materials, tasks and training must be checked anew, and there is no evidence of a transfer success rate or automatic promotion.
Research this round: checked the O*NET51-9195.04 scope, 20 tasks, context, education questionnaire and software; wages use the 2025 parent occupation percentiles and projections use the BLS direct 2025—2035 series. AGMT is checked with the issuer for the architectural glass installation scope; NIOSH heat stress is a general guideline; China wages only check the NBS release that was read and preserve the specific gaps.
Sources are distinguished by actual use: O*NET occupation descriptions, parent occupation wages, BLS direct projections, OEWS concepts, the AGMT issuer, the Corning recruitment entry, NIOSH general heat risk and the Chinese regulations that were checked. The legacy MOHRSS link is a lead to be checked and cannot be treated as verified fact; internal field rules are not used as external data sources.
On 2026-10-03 this round checked current primary sources: O*NET updated 2026, OEWS wages 2025 and the BLS direct 2025—2035 projections. Chinese law was checked for the current scope in force; shared legal sources already read are reused as real evidence, and it is not claimed that each was reread this round.
Insufficient evidence: no wages or employment for the glass sub-occupation itself, no industry or regional wages, no precise China mapping for wages or employment, no specific fully verifiable recruitment posting, no AI adoption, substitution or wage causality and no assessment predictive validity for the occupation were obtained. The parent occupation proxy must be stated clearly and cannot be treated as the precise occupation; the editorial H1 and the learning suggestions are not survey facts.
For defining the tasks, work context and work activities of 51-9195.04 (heating glass to a workable state and rotating it to heat it evenly 94, forming, bending or joining glass sections with tools 90, blowing or forming in moulds and on plates 87, cutting tubing to specified dimensions 85, inspecting, weighing and measuring products 85; creative thinking 84, getting information 75, handling and moving objects 71, making decisions and solving problems 71, controlling machines and processes 69).
For checking the wording of this page's tasks, work context and work activities.
O*NET OnLine / U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
United States
O*NET updated 2026; accessed 2026-09-21
official occupation details
51-9195.04 exact occupation
An occupation-level description that does not cover mainland China's gas, electricity, high-temperature, dust, occupational health and product quality management systems.
2026-09-21
For checking the official scope (shaping molten glass according to patterns), the common job titles and the Bright Outlook marker.
For checking the RC interest code, Job Zone1-2 and the new-entrant education requirement questionnaire of 27% high school, 23% less than high school and 23% a two-year degree, which is not the education already held.
O*NET OnLine / U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
United States
O*NET updated 2026; accessed 2026-09-21
official occupation profile
51-9195.04 exact occupation
An occupation-level description that does not constitute material, process, kiln, gas, electrical, safety or investment advice.
2026-09-21
Parent occupation 51-9195, not the glass sub-occupation itself
BLS direct 2025—2035 projection table: parent occupation 51-9195 employment 43,000 people in 2025 and 45,500 in 2035, growth 5.8%, average annual job openings 5,100. The original table shows employment and openings in thousands; multiply each by 1000; openings include growth and replacement demand and are not net new jobs. This parent occupation also includes other non-metallic forming work and cannot be treated as the 51-9195.04 glass sub-occupation's own figures or as individual opportunities.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
United States
2025—2035
official statistics
Parent occupation 51-9195, not the glass sub-occupation itself
BLS direct 2025—2035 projection table: parent occupation 51-9195 employment 43,000 people in 2025 and 45,500 in 2035, growth 5.8%, average annual job openings 5,100. The original table shows employment and openings in thousands; multiply each by 1000; openings include growth and replacement demand and are not net new jobs. This parent occupation also includes other non-metallic forming work and cannot be treated as the 51-9195.04 glass sub-occupation's own figures or as individual opportunities.
2026-10-03
Parent occupation 51-9195.00 national wages
OEWS excludes self-employment and benefits, includes production bonuses and commissions and excludes non-production bonuses, overtime premiums and shift differentials; it is not total compensation or actual personal take-home pay. Percentiles are positions in the wage distribution and cannot be mapped to experience, qualifications or personal starting pay.
O*NET / BLS
United States
2025
official statistics
Parent occupation 51-9195.00 national wages
OEWS excludes self-employment and benefits, includes production bonuses and commissions and excludes non-production bonuses, overtime premiums and shift differentials; it is not total compensation or actual personal take-home pay. Percentiles are positions in the wage distribution and cannot be mapped to experience, qualifications or personal starting pay.
2026-10-03
China: industry and five-category aggregation
This round read the National Bureau of Statistics 2025 urban unit wage release, which contains industry and five-category aggregation, but obtained no national wage percentiles or employment scale precisely matching 51-9195.04. The legacy MOHRSS link is retained only as a lead to be checked, and the absence of national statistics is not asserted from unread text; industry averages, job-posting offers or US data are not substituted.
National Bureau of Statistics
Mainland China
2025
official statistics
China: industry and five-category aggregation
Insufficient evidence: the NBS2025 industry and five-category aggregation material read this round does not provide precise wages or employment for 51-9195.04, and it is not asserted from this that no other national statistics exist.
2026-10-03
A source lead to be checked; it does not establish wage percentiles for this occupation.
The China gap on this page is limited to the NBS2025 release that was read.
Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security of the People's Republic of China
Mainland China
2025 survey; accessed 2026-09-21
official survey release
occupation major class proxy
This round obtained no verifiable body text for that legacy link, so it is retained only as a lead to be checked and is not used for conclusions that national statistics do not exist or for wage values.
2026-09-21
Mainland China personal information
Articles 4/6/13/19; ordinary drawings and formulations are not automatically personal information.
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
Mainland China
current; checked 2026-10-03
primary source
Mainland China personal information
Articles 4/6/13/19; ordinary drawings and formulations are not automatically personal information.
2026-10-03
Actual production activities in mainland China
Article 28 covers training and Article 30 provides for special operation qualifications, not uniform certification for all glass work.
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
Mainland China
current; checked 2026-10-03
primary source
Actual production activities in mainland China
Article 28 covers training and Article 30 provides for special operation qualifications, not uniform certification for all glass work.
2026-10-03
Actual emission and other activities in mainland China
In force from 2026-08-15 with the old Environmental Protection Law repealed; Articles 80/150/151 are checked against the activity.
National People's Congress
Mainland China
current; checked 2026-10-03
primary source
Actual emission and other activities in mainland China
In force from 2026-08-15 with the old Environmental Protection Law repealed; Articles 80/150/151 are checked against the activity.
2026-10-03
Occupational disease hazard exposure in mainland China
Articles 34—35 cover training and health examinations for those exposed to hazards, not a uniform examination for everyone.
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
Mainland China
current; checked 2026-10-03
primary source
Occupational disease hazard exposure in mainland China
Articles 34—35 cover training and health examinations for those exposed to hazards, not a uniform examination for everyone.
2026-10-03
Catalogue equipment in mainland China
Articles 2/14/39—42/50—51; ordinary kilns are not all included on the strength of their name.
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
Mainland China
current; checked 2026-10-03
primary source
Catalogue equipment in mainland China
Articles 2/14/39—42/50—51; ordinary kilns are not all included on the strength of their name.
2026-10-03
Task exposure is kept separate from actual adoption and employment outcomes.
No mapping conclusion for this precise occupation was obtained.
International Labour Organization
Global
current
research publication
task exposure context
2025 task and ISCO occupation mapping exposure index; this round obtained no precise mapping for 51-9195.04, and it does not equal actual adoption or the disappearance of the role.
2026-09-21
For checking this occupation's tasks, work activities, work context, interest code (RC) and Job Zone 1-2.
For distinguishing differences in task preference from adjacent non-metallic forming and metalworking roles.
O*NET OnLine / U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
United States
current page; accessed 2026-09-21
official occupation custom profile
51-9195.04 exact occupation
An occupation-level description, not for individual prediction.
2026-09-21
For governance and risk control principles.
For clarifying responsibility ownership, rollback and audit arrangements when adopting digital tools.
NIST
United States
AI RMF 1.0
governance framework
AI risk governance
Not gas, electricity, high-temperature or product safety standards.
2026-09-21
OEWS wage coverage and composition
OEWS excludes self-employment and benefits, includes production bonuses and commissions and excludes non-production bonuses, overtime premiums and shift differentials; it is not total compensation or actual personal take-home pay. Percentiles are positions in the wage distribution and cannot be mapped to experience, qualifications or personal starting pay.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
United States
current; checked 2026-10-03
primary source
OEWS wage coverage and composition
OEWS excludes self-employment and benefits, includes production bonuses and commissions and excludes non-production bonuses, overtime premiums and shift differentials; it is not total compensation or actual personal take-home pay. Percentiles are positions in the wage distribution and cannot be mapped to experience, qualifications or personal starting pay.
2026-10-03
2025 US job-posting software mentions, not adoption rates
The detailed occupation page lists 4 software categories — Billing, Outlook, Inventory control and Excel; the hot technologies page lists only Excel and Outlook, and the 2025 US job-posting mention shares are all NA. Software entries do not prove widespread use, actual adoption rates, AI use or productivity gains.
O*NET / Lightcast
United States
2025
primary source
2025 US job-posting software mentions, not adoption rates
The detailed occupation page lists 4 software categories — Billing, Outlook, Inventory control and Excel; the hot technologies page lists only Excel and Outlook, and the 2025 US job-posting mention shares are all NA. Software entries do not prove widespread use, actual adoption rates, AI use or productivity gains.
2026-10-03
An employer entry; no specific verifiable glass posting was obtained
The entry and Open Positions pages were read but no specific complete posting was obtained, so no current hiring volume, pay or representativeness is established.
Corning Museum of Glass
Global
current; checked 2026-10-03
primary source
An employer entry; no specific verifiable glass posting was obtained
Insufficient evidence: the entry and Open Positions pages were read but no specific complete posting was obtained, so no current hiring volume, pay or representativeness is established.
2026-10-03
Experienced architectural glass installers
The AGMT issuer's current description targets experienced architectural glass installers and requires at least 7,500 hours of related experience within 5 years, OSHA-10 or an equivalent Canadian requirement, and a written and practical assessment; it is not training for people with no experience, and listing it in the O*NET catalogue does not make it a general qualification for hot glass blowing. Only those moving towards architectural glass installation should check the application conditions and programme requirements further; it does not replace mainland China permits or employer authorization.
AMS / AGMCC
United States
current; checked 2026-10-03
primary source
Experienced architectural glass installers
The AGMT issuer's current description targets experienced architectural glass installers and requires at least 7,500 hours of related experience within 5 years, OSHA-10 or an equivalent Canadian requirement, and a written and practical assessment; it is not training for people with no experience, and listing it in the O*NET catalogue does not make it a general qualification for hot glass blowing. Only those moving towards architectural glass installation should check the application conditions and programme requirements further; it does not replace mainland China permits or employer authorization.
2026-10-03
For checking the training, apprenticeship and education paths relevant to this occupation.
That page does not establish occupational wage or employment figures.
O*NET OnLine / U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
United States
current page; accessed 2026-09-21
official training discovery
51-9195.04 exact occupation
The training search entry does not replace the education, safety and certification requirements of competent authorities and institutions.
2026-09-21
For checking the task boundaries of broader non-metallic material forming and casting.
For distinguishing the glass sub-occupation entry from other non-metallic material and casting processes.
O*NET OnLine / U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
United States
current; accessed 2026-09-21
official occupation details
51-9195.00 exact occupation
A parent category measure, not equal to this precise occupation.
2026-09-21
For checking the task boundaries of stone selection, cutting, carving and polishing.
For distinguishing hot glassworking from cold stoneworking.
O*NET OnLine / U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
United States
current; accessed 2026-09-21
official occupation details
51-9195.03 exact occupation
An adjacent occupation measure, not equal to this occupation.
2026-09-21
General workplace heat stress
Updated 2026-03-03; it concerns heat sources, metabolic load and protection burden and requires engineering and management controls and training; it is not a specific annealing curve or accident rate.
CDC / NIOSH
United States
current; checked 2026-10-03
primary source
General workplace heat stress
Updated 2026-03-03; it concerns heat sources, metabolic load and protection burden and requires engineering and management controls and training; it is not a specific annealing curve or accident rate.
2026-10-03
To explain this occupation's placement under non-metallic material processing occupations and its sample titles (Glassblower, Gaffer, Glass Artist, Neon Glass Bender and so on).
For distinguishing the boundaries from adjacent forming and machining occupations.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
United States
2018 SOC; accessed 2026-09-21
official taxonomy mapping
SOC direct match titles
For mapping titles to SOC; it constitutes no licensing basis.
2026-09-21
The detail page shows parent occupation 51-9195.00 manufacturing at 70% (2024).
This is not the glass sub-occupation's own industry distribution and is not used for a China industry mapping.
O*NET OnLine / U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
United States
2024 industry data; checked 2026-10-03
official industry distribution
51-9195.04 page displaying parent-occupation data
O*NET notes on that page that the industry data come from the parent occupation 51-9195.00; that measure is the US distribution and does not establish a mainland China mapping.
2026-09-21
For checking the parent occupation name and code presented by O*NET on the 51-9195.04 page (51-9195.00 Molders, Shapers, and Casters, Except Metal and Plastic).
To explain that the US figures on this page use the parent occupation measure rather than 51-9195.04's own values.
O*NET OnLine / U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
United States
O*NET updated 2026; accessed 2026-09-21
official occupation profile
51-9195.00 exact occupation
A parent occupation measure, not equal to this precise occupation; this page labels the sources of wages, employment and industry on that basis.
2026-09-21