Highway Maintenance Workers

Location and environment | Highways, municipal and rural roads, airports, and rights-of-way are the main worksites; outdoor exposure to all weather conditions is common (94% daily); schedules are mostly irregular (72% irregular) (O*NET work-context and task coverage, also applicable below). Protection and exposure | Exposure to hazardous equipment is common (50% daily, 44% once a week or more); exposure to contaminants is common (76% daily); machinery, traffic, and tool noise is common; exposure to machinery and handheld-tool vibration. Physical demands and posture | Standing, walking, bending, and carrying (22% standing continually, 24% about half the time); frequent work on roads, shoulders, ditches, and at heights; close physical proximity (26% very close, 56% within arm's reach). Communication and collaboration | Close work with crews and colleagues (68% constant contact with others); frequent face-to-face discussions (86% daily); direct contact with the public and motorists (76% dealing directly with the public). Precision and responsibility | High demands for accuracy and work-zone setup (39% extremely important, 40% very important); serious consequences of error (55% extremely serious, 21% very serious); substantial responsibility for others' health and safety (30% extremely high responsibility, 46% high responsibility); exposure to high places (18% once a month or more, 71% once a year or more). Progress and pace | Constrained by weather windows, maintenance plans, and traffic management; weather windows and traffic management create time pressure (27% daily); traffic management and maintenance plans determine the pace. Decisions and equipment | Frequent decisions (60% daily); construction machinery, trucks, and hand and power tools. Scheduling and fieldwork | Schedules change with weather and maintenance plans (72% irregular); work is mainly team-based; outdoor exposure to all weather conditions is common (94% daily); schedules are mostly irregular (72% irregular). Digital tools | Limited use of email and mobile communication; maintenance and work-order records and dispatch communication tools.

Records and collaboration | Start with maintenance work orders, road-section information, and traffic-management plans. Check the section, chainage, lane, defect type and repair method, materials, tools and equipment, work-zone layout, signs, cones and flaggers, traffic diversion and traffic-police coordination, weather, visibility and timing, and cleanup and reopening to traffic. Then assist with work according to crew arrangements and maintenance plans and hand over by shift. Lane closures, traffic diversions, machinery operations, work at heights, and work near unprotected edges must follow qualification requirements and policies, with traceable maintenance, work, and traffic-management records retained.

BLS wage coverage presented by O*NET | This page corresponds to O*NET/SOC 47-4051.00, Highway Maintenance Workers. The coverage must be stated accurately: the 2025 U.S. wages presented on O*NET's 47-4051.00 page are a median hourly wage of USD 24.16 / median annual wage of USD 50,260 (2025, BLS OEWS, this occupation itself, 47-4051.00). The 10th percentile is USD 17.42 hourly and USD 36,230 annually; the 25th percentile is USD 20.91 hourly and USD 43,500 annually; the 75th percentile is USD 29.35 hourly and USD 61,040 annually; and the 90th percentile is USD 34.60 hourly and USD 71,970 annually. All come from BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS 2025, presented through O*NET). The page does not identify the data as coming from a broader or adjacent occupation, so they are presented for this occupation itself (47-4051.00). Pretax wages for regular hours include specified items such as production bonuses and exclude overtime pay, shift differentials, nonproduction bonuses, and employer benefit costs. The median is not an entry-level starting wage. The materials checked in this round did not provide an exact national wage distribution for this occupation in China; this page records that gap under its evidence policy rather than filling it with substitute data. National percentiles are not fixed experience bands, equity-inclusive total compensation, or wage returns from certification. Use of extended percentiles follows the U.S. pay module and source-gap notes.

Check work order and road section → Set up work zone, diversion, signs, and cones → Confirm traffic diversion and traffic-police coordination → Perform maintenance, patching, or ancillary-structure work → Inspect quality and clean up → Reopen to traffic, record, and hand over

The materials checked in this round did not provide an exact national occupational wage distribution for highway maintenance workers in China. NBS industry annual averages cover multiple occupations within reporting organizations and include tax; they cannot substitute for this occupation's median, monthly pay, or take-home pay. U.S. occupation codes are not a statutory one-to-one mapping to Chinese occupations.

Safety and compliance | Organize work according to requirements for highway maintenance safety, road traffic, work-zone setup, machinery, work at heights and near unprotected edges, occupational health, and records. Maintenance, work-zone setup, and traffic management must align with maintenance plans and current procedures, with sources and limitations identified; they cannot replace traffic-control approval or safety-assessment requirements. Lane closures, traffic diversions, machinery operations, work at heights or near unprotected edges, and hot work require work permits and personal protection as specified. Collecting, using, or externally providing organization, road-section, and project materials requires a lawful basis, must be limited to the minimum necessary scope, and must follow approval and recordkeeping policies.

U.S. employment in this occupation, 47-4051.00, was 161,800 in 2025. Overall projected growth for 2025–2035 is Average (3% to 4%), with 11,800 average annual openings from growth and replacement. These are not net new jobs, current vacancies, or evidence of AI causation; the replacement share has not been verified.

Receive work order and check road section → Set up work zone, signs, cones, and flaggers → Arrange traffic diversion and coordination → Maintain pavement or ancillary structures → Finish equipment, tool, and material tasks → Clean up, reopen, and record

Verify driving-license vehicle categories, qualifications for specific listed special operations, and organizational authority separately; there is no single certification requirement covering all machinery and height work. Approval for road-occupying construction, warnings, and restoration of traffic depend on actual traffic-law conditions and are not granted by a person's job title. The maintenance-procedure announcement was checked, but the technical text was not obtained.

Records and collaboration | Under the organization's maintenance, safety, and quality-management policies, record work orders; materials and quantities; work-zone layout, traffic management and diversion; patching and ancillary-structure maintenance; equipment, tools and fuel; cleanup and reopening; exceptions, rework and outstanding items; shift handovers; original records; and revision trails. Verify road sections and work zones with crews, traffic police, and dispatch; promptly isolate and report abnormalities.

Boundary conclusion | This page covers O*NET 47-4051.00, Highway Maintenance Workers. The core differences from adjacent roles concern the objects of work, outputs, and authority levels. This occupation works on highways, municipal and rural roads, airports, rights-of-way, and traffic management. Outputs are maintenance completed under maintenance plans—pavement patching, ancillary-structure maintenance, and right-of-way maintenance—and traceable maintenance, work, and traffic-management records. Workers use maintenance, traffic-management, and equipment-operation skills within their role's authority and are responsible for work safety, traffic safety, and site order. Construction laborers, paving-equipment operators, industrial-truck operators, general maintenance workers, and construction-equipment operators produce work in their own specialties, with different responsibilities and authority levels.

Core concept of adjacent roles | Most roles in the same group and adjacent occupations aim to complete construction, maintenance, transport, or repair work to specified quality standards within procedural and safety requirements and leave records. Differences concern the objects of work, outputs, and authority levels: some focus on construction, paving, transport, or equipment maintenance, while others focus on highway maintenance and traffic management.

Core purpose of this occupation | Work on highways, municipal and rural roads, airports, rights-of-way, and traffic management within job authority and safety requirements: traffic management and work-zone setup, pavement maintenance, ancillary-structure maintenance, equipment and transport, rights-of-way, vegetation and snow removal, and records and coordination. Outputs are passage conditions and traceable maintenance records.

Main objects and working bases of adjacent roles | Construction laborers follow general construction and work procedures; paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators follow paving-machinery and pavement-construction processes; industrial truck and tractor operators follow on-site transport and forklift procedures; general maintenance and repair workers follow facility and equipment maintenance procedures; and construction equipment operators follow construction-machinery operating procedures. Most focus on construction, paving, transport, or equipment maintenance, differing from this occupation's highway maintenance and traffic management.

Main objects and working bases of this occupation | Work with road sections, chainage and lanes, defect types and repair methods, materials, tools and equipment, work-zone layout, signs, cones and flaggers, traffic diversion and traffic-police coordination, weather, visibility and timing, and cleanup and reopening requirements. Carry out maintenance and make judgments based on maintenance plans, current procedures, highway-maintenance safety, and occupational-health requirements.

Occupational profile | Highway Maintenance Workers on this page is the exact O*NET occupation 47-4051.00, Highway Maintenance Workers. Workers undertake pavement and ancillary-structure maintenance, traffic management, and right-of-way maintenance in highway, municipal, transport, airport, and other maintenance organizations. The work centers on physical fieldwork, equipment, and traffic management, alongside materials, equipment operation, traffic diversion, records, and collaboration. It often involves outdoor work in all weather and traffic conditions, on shoulders and at heights, organized around maintenance plans and weather windows.

Core processes of adjacent roles | Construction laborers mainly perform general construction and demolition; paving-equipment operators mainly operate paving machinery and lay pavement; industrial-truck operators mainly handle on-site transport and loading or unloading; general maintenance workers mainly maintain facilities and equipment. This occupation mainly maintains pavement and ancillary structures, sets up work zones, and manages traffic.

Core process of this occupation | Receive work orders and check road sections; set up work zones, signs, cones and flaggers; arrange traffic diversion and coordination; maintain pavement or ancillary structures; finish equipment, tool and material tasks; and clean up, reopen and record. Every step must follow maintenance plans, procedures, and crew instructions and be reviewable by crew, quality-inspection, and safety personnel.

Main outputs of adjacent roles | Construction laborers produce general construction work and safety records; paving-equipment operators produce pavement-laying and compaction records; industrial-truck operators produce transport and loading/unloading records; general maintenance workers produce facility and equipment maintenance records. These differ from this occupation's maintenance and traffic-management records.

Main outputs of this occupation | Maintenance completed under maintenance plans: patched pavement; repaired guardrails, shoulders, slope protection, signs and lighting; work zones and diversions set up and removed; and cleared rights-of-way and roadway snow. Outputs also include maintenance, work, material and traffic-management records, quantity and rework records, exception and outstanding-item records, and traceable shift and handover records.

Responsibility in adjacent roles | Responsibilities in the same group and adjacent occupations are usually defined by their organizations and maintenance, safety, and quality policies. They generally concern traffic safety, personal safety, engineering quality, traffic order, and the environment.

Workers in this occupation are responsible for their own work-zone setup, maintenance, cleanup, and records, and for maintenance completed under plans, procedures, and safety requirements. Matters involving lane closures and traffic control, machinery, heights and unprotected edges, or major quality and safety issues must be referred to the appropriate roles or organizations under qualification requirements, job authority, and policy.

Authority and approval in adjacent roles | Authority in the same group and adjacent occupations comes from organizational authorization and maintenance, safety, and traffic-management rules. It generally does not include independent decisions on changes to maintenance or traffic-management plans or major responses. Plan changes, traffic-control approvals, and major rework should be referred to the appropriate roles or organizations.

Authority and approval in this occupation | Routine work-zone setup, maintenance, and cleanup must stay within job authority, maintenance plans, and safety procedures. Lane closures, traffic diversion, machinery operations, work at heights or near unprotected edges, hot work, plan changes, and major rework must follow policies and qualification requirements. Special operations, traffic control, and work permits are subject to requirements of the competent authorities and the organization.

Limits on conclusions in adjacent roles | Conclusions in the same group and adjacent occupations are mostly limited to their own process or road section and generally do not determine traffic safety, engineering acceptance, or legal liability. Conclusions crossing specialties or involving traffic control and major safety issues have limits on their applicability.

Limits on conclusions in this occupation | Maintenance, work-zone setup, and traffic-management conclusions should state only verifiable records, work performed, and results, distinguishing measured facts, judgments or inferences, and matters awaiting verification. Workers must not issue conclusions in their own name on matters beyond their qualifications, such as traffic-control approvals, engineering acceptance, or accident determinations.

Pre-employment checks | Use the following six items for individual checks before applying and starting work, avoiding assumptions about actual duties or authority based on titles or promotional language. Base findings on written recruitment information, employment contracts, job descriptions, and maintenance and safety policies, and continue confirming them after joining. This page provides check points only, not hiring or safety conclusions.

Check-point explanation | Similar job titles may carry very different duties and authority. Some focus on pavement patching and maintenance; others on ancillary structures, vegetation, or snow removal; others on equipment operation and transport; and some also cover traffic management and diversions. Organizations and jurisdictions differ in special-operation, qualification, and safety requirements. Verify these before judging fit.

01 Actual duties, work authority, and traffic-management authority | Verify whether the role actually performs fieldwork such as work-zone setup, maintenance, and traffic management or mainly cleaning and assistance. Check eligible road sections and work types—pavement, ancillary structures, vegetation, or snow removal—authority to use tools, machinery, and equipment, participation rights in lane closures, traffic diversion, and work permits, and interfaces with crews, traffic police, dispatch, and safety staff.

Check-point explanation | This occupation often involves outdoor work in varied weather, traffic and noise conditions, on shoulders and at heights, with traffic and machinery risks. It usually requires training in safety, work-zone setup, traffic diversion, machinery, heights and unprotected edges, and occupational health, plus compliance with personal-protection and emergency-response requirements.

02 Safety, occupational health, traffic, weather, and machinery requirements | Verify whether the employer requires and provides safe operating procedures and training in work-zone setup, traffic diversion and flagging; work-permit requirements for machinery, heights, unprotected edges and hot work; personal protection, emergency response and drills; waste, dust and noise handling and reporting requirements; and traffic and site-hazard identification and reporting requirements.

Check-point explanation | U.S. O*NET places 47-4051.00, Highway Maintenance Workers, in Job Zone 1-2 (little or no to some preparation needed), with an SVP range below 6.0 (SVP Below 6.0). The education section reports 88% requiring a high school diploma or equivalent, 5% less than a high school diploma, and 5% an associate's or other two-year degree (the page lists these three items). Growth is Average (3% to 4%), with no Bright Outlook label. U.S. preparation usually involves short-term on-the-job training and mentoring.

03 Education, training, on-the-job training, and qualification requirements | Check whether vocational-school training or job experience is required (the page specifies Job Zone 1-2, little or no to some preparation needed, and SVP below 6.0, SVP Below 6.0); whether on-the-job training or mentoring is provided; whether machinery operation, work at heights, traffic control, and similar work require qualifications or internal training and assessment; and whether training and assessment cover work-zone setup, maintenance, cleanup, traffic management, safety, and emergency response.

Check-point explanation | Communication, relationship building, organization and planning, and inspection are central to this occupation (the highest-rated activities are communicating with supervisors and peers 85, establishing and maintaining interpersonal relationships 85, organizing and planning 82, and inspecting equipment 81; exposure to all weather is daily for 94%, exposure to contaminants daily for 76%, hazardous-equipment exposure is common, consequences of error are serious, and responsibility for others' health and safety is substantial). Include site conditions, physical demands, and tolerance for safety responsibilities in your checks.

04 Pay, working hours, and employment-contract coverage | Check the proposed pay structure—base pay, overtime, duty, night-shift and severe-weather allowances, regional, organizational and role differences, the five social-insurance schemes and housing provident fund, labor protection and protective supplies, and meals and accommodation. Check hours, schedules, duty and emergency-response arrangements; contract duration, probation and termination conditions; and training, qualifications and advancement arrangements. U.S. medians and percentiles are market references only, not an offer from any employer or region.

Check-point explanation | Interfaces with crews, traffic police, dispatch, safety staff, and the public determine boundaries for work-zone setup, maintenance, acceptance, authority, responsibility, and disclosure. Clarify them in advance.

05 Interfaces with crews, traffic police, and the public | Check authority to confirm and adjust maintenance and traffic-management plans; arrangements for requesting, using, and reviewing tools, machinery, and equipment; paths for maintenance, patching, nonconforming work, or rework; and requirements for handling and externally providing organization, road-section, and project materials.

Check-point explanation | Traceability and recordkeeping requirements for work orders, materials, work-zone setup, traffic management, maintenance, cleanup, and exceptions determine quality and responsibility boundaries. Clarify templates, deadlines, modification and archiving rules, permissions, and retention periods in advance. Organization, road-section, and project materials also require confidentiality and minimum-necessary management.

06 Maintenance, traffic-management, record, and archive requirements | Check requirements for work-order records; materials and quantities; work-zone setup, traffic management and diversions; pavement and ancillary-structure maintenance; equipment, tools and fuel; cleanup and reopening; exceptions, rework and outstanding items; work permits; shift handovers; original records; and revision trails.

Conclusion | The core differences between this page's occupation (O*NET 47-4051.00, Highway Maintenance Workers) and adjacent roles concern objects of work, outputs, and authority levels. This occupation focuses on highways, municipal and rural roads, airports, rights-of-way, and traffic management, producing maintenance completed under plans and traceable maintenance and traffic-management records. Construction laborers, paving-equipment operators, industrial-truck operators, general maintenance workers, and construction-equipment operators focus on their own objects of work, with different outputs and authority levels.

Evidence note | The occupations compared below come from O*NET occupational classifications and public materials. They help distinguish work content and fit among adjacent occupations; they are not qualification, hiring, or pay conclusions, or safety, traffic, or legal advice. Check each occupation's pay and employment against its own code and statistical coverage; figures are not interchangeable.

Introduction | The comparison below uses four columns: career direction, core work and outputs, key differences, and best-fitting choices. Construction, paving, transport, repair, and maintenance roles often connect within the same road network or project, but connections do not make them interchangeable. Each differs in objects of work, equipment, qualifications, and responsibility boundaries and must be checked separately.

Key difference: this occupation focuses on highways, municipal and rural roads, airports, rights-of-way, and traffic management. Workers use maintenance, traffic-management, and equipment-operation skills to set up work zones, perform maintenance, and clean up within job authority, taking responsibility for work safety, traffic safety, and site order. Adjacent roles focus on construction, paving, transport, or equipment maintenance, with different specialties and authority.

Better suited to people willing to work hands-on with road sections, equipment, and traffic management, follow procedures thoroughly for work-zone setup, maintenance, and cleanup, and take responsibility for work and traffic safety.

Core work and outputs: place signs and cones and flag traffic; patch broken or eroded pavement; erect, install, or repair guardrails, shoulders, slope protection, signs and lighting; drive trucks to transport crews and equipment and perform preventive maintenance on vehicles and equipment; mow or clear brush along roads or plow snow from roadways; and record maintenance and traffic management. Outputs are passage conditions and maintenance and traffic-management records.

This occupation: Highway Maintenance Workers (O*NET/SOC 47-4051.00, Highway Maintenance Workers)

Key difference: focuses on general construction, demolition, and material handling, producing construction-work records. This occupation focuses on highway maintenance and traffic management, with different settings and duties.

Better suited to people interested in general construction, demolition, and material handling; this occupation emphasizes highway maintenance and traffic management.

Core work and outputs: earthwork, demolition, material handling, and assistance at general construction sites, producing general construction work and safety records.

Construction Laborers (Construction Laborers, 47-2061.00)

Key difference: focuses on paving-machinery operation and pavement laying, producing paving records. This occupation focuses on maintenance and traffic management, with different operations and authority.

Better suited to people interested in operating paving machinery and laying pavement; this occupation emphasizes highway maintenance and traffic management.

Core work and outputs: paving-machinery operation, pavement laying, and compaction, producing pavement-laying and compaction records.

Paving, Surfacing, and Tamping Equipment Operators (Paving, Surfacing, and Tamping Equipment Operators, 47-2071.00)

Key difference: focuses on on-site transport and loading/unloading, producing transport records. This occupation focuses on highway maintenance and traffic management, with a different work scope.

Better suited to people interested in on-site transport and loading/unloading; this occupation emphasizes highway maintenance and traffic management.

Core work and outputs: on-site transport and loading/unloading using forklifts and tractors, producing transport and loading/unloading records.

Industrial Truck and Tractor Operators (Industrial Truck and Tractor Operators, 53-7051.00)

Key difference: focuses on general facility maintenance, producing facility-maintenance records. This occupation focuses on highway and right-of-way maintenance, with different objects of work and authority.

Better suited to people interested in general facility maintenance and repair; this occupation emphasizes highway and right-of-way maintenance.

Core work and outputs: general maintenance and repair of building and facility electromechanical systems and equipment, producing facility-maintenance and repair records.

Maintenance and Repair Workers, General (Maintenance and Repair Workers, General, 49-9071.00)

Key difference: focuses on construction-machinery operation, producing construction-work records. This occupation focuses on highway maintenance and traffic management, with different operations and authority.

Better suited to people interested in operating construction machinery; this occupation emphasizes highway maintenance and traffic management.

Core work and outputs: construction-machinery operation, earthwork, and lifting operations, producing construction-work and equipment-operation records.

Operating Engineers and Other Construction Equipment Operators (Operating Engineers and Other Construction Equipment Operators, 47-2073.00)

Transition | This page presents adjacent roles side by side by objects of work, outputs, and authority levels to help you decide which construction, paving, transport, repair, or maintenance work you want to pursue over time. In every direction, readiness depends on the relevant equipment, process, safety, and qualification skills, plus the target organization's and jurisdiction's requirements for training, special operations, and qualifications. Check pay and employment against each occupation's own code and statistical coverage; figures are not interchangeable.

Entry and job-shadowing stage

Use digital tools for reversible assistance: organizing work orders and road-section registers, retrieving maintenance plans and signs, and entering quantities and records. Work-zone setup, traffic management, and safety judgments remain subject to crew instructions and authorization.

Independent maintenance role

Use maintenance and work-order records and dispatch communication tools to record quantities, work, and handovers. You remain personally responsible under procedures for judgments on work-zone setup, maintenance, and traffic management.

Experienced and specialist roles

Use tools to aggregate and analyze data on multiple road sections, defects, materials, and progress. You and the crew or safety staff must confirm complex and controlled matters: lane closures, traffic diversions, machinery, heights, and special operations.

Crew leader and maintenance-management roles

Use tools for maintenance, safety, material, cost, and progress statistics, reports, and knowledge management. Major conclusions, maintenance-plan changes, and external disclosures require human approval and recorded traces.

Editorial task analysis | Draft work orders, material quantities, and information retrieval may be tested with permitted or fictional materials; pavement, traffic, and equipment tasks require separate assessment. No measured adoption, time savings, or causal substitution evidence was obtained; field tasks are not rated as low exposure on that basis. U.S. 47-4051.00: employment of 161,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 11,800 average annual openings from growth and worker replacement. Overall projections are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes.

O*NET 47-4051.00 detailed information (tasks and work activities)

Used to define this occupation's task scope and work context: placing signs and cones to divert traffic; flagging motorists with warnings; performing preventive maintenance on vehicles and heavy equipment; driving trucks to transport crews and equipment; and erecting, installing, or repairing guardrails, shoulders, slope protection, signs and lighting; communicating with supervisors and peers 85, establishing and maintaining interpersonal relationships 85, organizing and planning 82, and inspecting equipment 81. This is U.S. occupational-classification coverage and does not cover mainland China's highway-maintenance safety and traffic-control rules.

BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS 2025)

Used for point-in-time estimates of U.S. wages and percentiles. This page uses the data for this occupation itself as presented on O*NET's 47-4051.00 page and does not describe them as values for an adjacent occupation.

BLS overall Employment Projections 2025–2035

U.S. 47-4051.00: employment of 161,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 11,800 average annual openings from growth and worker replacement. Overall projections are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes.

O*NET 47-4051.00 hot technologies (software skills)

O*NET lists databases, Outlook, browsers, Office, PowerPoint, Excel, and Word. The list does not show adoption rates of maintenance-dispatch systems or AI effects.

ILO research on the generative AI and jobs occupational exposure index

ILO2025 studies potential task-level generative AI exposure, not measured adoption, efficiency, layoffs, or individual outcomes among highway maintenance workers.

NIST Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0)

Used for general governance and risk-control principles; not a traffic, special-operations, safety, or legal standard.

O*NET 47-4051.00 work context (tasks, environment, and safety)

Used to explain this occupation's work and safety characteristics: exposure to all weather conditions daily for 94%, contaminants daily for 76%, common exposure to hazardous equipment, serious consequences of error, substantial responsibility for others' health and safety, and constraints from weather windows and maintenance plans.

Editorial comparison | Discusses possible experiments in organizing records, verifying information, and field traffic and equipment tasks. No measured comparison of adjacent occupations' efficiency or substitution rates was obtained in this round.

Test work-order quantity organization using permitted or fictional materials; check original records

Responsibility for field work-zone setup, maintenance, traffic management, safety, and work processes

Test statistics and summaries on authorized data; verify time savings separately

Maintenance-plan changes, traffic-control approvals, and external-disclosure decisions

Maintenance-information retrieval can be tested; verify original versions and applicable conditions

Responsibility for content evidence, safety and quality review, and traffic control

Evidence introduction | Citation rules: cite only sources supporting this page's claims; identify jurisdiction, period, statistical scope, and whether coverage is for 47-4051.00 itself. General research mainly covering broad occupational groups must not be used to infer changes to individual jobs in this occupation. Technology lists do not establish adoption; mentions of maintenance and work-order tools do not transfer responsibility.

Occupational description, not an automation rate or risk rating

O*NET 47-4051.00 detailed information

Tasks and work context are occupational descriptions showing substantial communication, physical demands, and safety responsibility

Traffic, pavement, and equipment tasks involve field judgment and execution; task characteristics neither quantify an overall replacement rate nor guarantee job retention.

Not applicable to other jurisdictions; the median is not starting pay

BLS OEWS (2025, this occupation itself, 47-4051.00)

Point-in-time sample estimates of U.S. wages

This U.S. occupation's 2025 median hourly wage is USD 24.16 and annual wage USD 50,260. OEWS pretax wages for regular hours include specified items such as production bonuses and exclude overtime pay, shift differentials, nonproduction bonuses, and employer benefit costs. Percentiles are not experience bands or starting pay.

Projections are not actual recruitment counts; openings mainly reflect replacement demand

BLS overall Employment Projections 2025–2035, presented through O*NET

Projections include growth and replacement demand

U.S. 47-4051.00: employment of 161,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 11,800 average annual openings from growth and worker replacement. Overall projections are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes.

Technology mentions do not establish adoption or degree of automation

O*NET 47-4051.00 hot technologies (software skills)

O*NET's software list includes databases, email, browsers, and office tools; it is not a survey of widespread use of maintenance work-order dispatch systems.

Tool adoption, data permissions, and effects at a particular organization require separate verification; a mention does not prove AI use.

Not a traffic, special-operations, safety, or legal standard

NIST AI RMF 1.0

General AI risk-governance framework

Using generative tools, automated data organization, and digital records requires clear responsibility, safety and quality review, result verification, and rollback plans

Technical feasibility: equipment or systems may technically affect a task. This is only a feasibility judgment, not permission to use them or evidence of organizational adoption.

Organizational and regulatory adoption: introduction depends on traffic-control, highway-maintenance safety, and special-operation requirements and organizational maintenance and safety policies. Introducing a system cannot transfer responsibility for traffic and personal safety.

U.S. 47-4051.00: employment of 161,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 11,800 average annual openings from growth and worker replacement. Overall projections are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes.

There is no evidence that AI will necessarily replace this entire occupation or that it will necessarily be retained; potential task exposure and overall employment projections are not causal evidence of job replacement.

Sources | O*NET47-4051.00 tasks, 2025 wages, and 2025–2035 overall projections; ILO potential exposure and NIST governance are used separately.

This occupation is defined by road-maintenance tasks, not programming. Check digital-tool requirements for the specific job separately; tool proficiency does not replace driving authorization, training, or work authorization.

Sources | O*NET47-4051.00 tasks, 2025 wages, and 2025–2035 overall projections; ILO potential exposure and NIST governance are used separately.

Editorial suggestion | Test drafts of work orders, material quantities, and records using permitted or fictional materials. Field plans and traffic and equipment decisions must follow actual authority. No measured division of workload was obtained.

Sources | O*NET47-4051.00 tasks, 2025 wages, and 2025–2035 overall projections; ILO potential exposure and NIST governance are used separately.

U.S. 47-4051.00: employment of 161,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 11,800 average annual openings from growth and worker replacement. Overall projections are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes.

Sources | O*NET47-4051.00 tasks, 2025 wages, and 2025–2035 overall projections; ILO potential exposure and NIST governance are used separately.

They cannot independently take responsibility. Field work-zone setup, maintenance, traffic management, and cleanup are the responsibility of appropriately experienced and authorized people and organizations. Systems may assist with plans and record data according to settings, but people must define and confirm work-zone setup, traffic diversion, and safety judgments.

Sources | O*NET47-4051.00 tasks, 2025 wages, and 2025–2035 overall projections; ILO potential exposure and NIST governance are used separately.

No evidence of a year when this entire occupation will disappear was obtained. Overall projections and potential exposure do not provide a definite year or guarantee permanent survival.

Sources | O*NET47-4051.00 tasks, 2025 wages, and 2025–2035 overall projections; ILO potential exposure and NIST governance are used separately.

Editorial preparation advice | Learn traffic, material, pavement, equipment, and recordkeeping fundamentals for target tasks. Verify driving requirements, listed special operations, and job authorization separately; self-taught tool skills alone do not permit independent work.

Sources | O*NET47-4051.00 tasks, 2025 wages, and 2025–2035 overall projections; ILO potential exposure and NIST governance are used separately.

Tool-use advice | Clarify material permissions, input scope, original-record verification, and approval responsibilities. This round provides no measured efficiency evidence or evidence that tools automatically confer plan-approval authority.

Tasks and boundaries: crews and appropriately experienced and authorized personnel must determine road-section, defect, traffic, and safety boundaries. Equipment and systems do not replace field and traffic judgment.

Data and methods: you must check and review quantities, materials, progress data, sources, and validation. Clearly disclose insufficient or biased data; do not conceal gaps with system outputs.

Conclusions and determinations | Check maintenance records and materials within your job authority. Traffic control, reopening to traffic, and engineering acceptance follow competent-authority requirements and actual policies; tools or personal records do not determine them directly.

Safety and compliance: work-zone setup, traffic diversion, machinery, heights, unprotected edges, hot work, weather, work permits, and personal protection must follow highway-maintenance safety and road-traffic requirements and organizational policies. Manage controlled materials under confidentiality and retention rules.

Changes and disclosure: disclose maintenance and traffic-management information and change maintenance or traffic-management plans only within authorization and policy. On discovering traffic conflicts, machinery or weather abnormalities, or matters beyond authority, pause, isolate, and report under policy.

Directly use system-generated plans or record suggestions for work-zone setup or traffic release

Personally verify work-zone setup, safety, and quality responsibilities against maintenance plans and procedures and retain records

Organization, road-section, or project materials sent in error or entering unauthorized channels

Limit purpose, retention periods, and access; do not upload controlled materials to external services or unauthorized environments

Replace field work-zone setup and traffic-management judgment with automated generation

Appropriately experienced personnel must make field work-zone setup and traffic-management judgments under procedures

Replace actual quantity, work, inspection, and exception records with system-generated content

Records must reflect actual work and inspection processes; generating unverified content is prohibited

Blurred responsibility: unclear who sets up, judges acceptance, and approves changes and disclosures

Before adopting a system, clarify and record work, application, and approval paths and responsible people

You are responsible for work-zone setup, traffic diversion, and flagging judgments (human control point)

Traffic management and work zones

Plans can be assisted; people remain responsible for judgment

Place signs and cones and flag traffic

You are responsible under procedures for patching methods, materials, and compaction (human control point)

Pavement maintenance

Records can be assisted; people remain responsible for judgment

Patch broken or eroded pavement

You are responsible under procedures for ancillary-structure maintenance and installation (human control point)

Ancillary-structure maintenance

Information can be assisted; people remain responsible for judgment

Erect, install, or repair guardrails, shoulders, slope protection, signs, and lighting

You are responsible within authorization for driving and preventive maintenance (human control point)

Equipment and transport

Records can be assisted; people remain responsible for judgment

Drive trucks to transport crews and equipment and perform preventive maintenance on equipment

You are responsible under procedures for right-of-way maintenance and snow removal (human control point)

Rights-of-way, vegetation, and snow removal

Records can be assisted; people remain responsible for judgment

Mow or clear brush along roads or plow snow from roadways

You are responsible within authorization for safety and exception handling (human control point)

Safety and emergencies

Records can be assisted; people remain responsible for safety judgment

Work according to work-zone setup, weather, and machinery requirements and handle exceptions

You are responsible for records and coordination (human control point)

Records and coordination

Systems can assist; people remain responsible for judgment

Keep maintenance, work, and traffic-management records and coordinate

Editorial recap | Work-order and quantity organization can be tested using permitted or fictional materials; maintenance plans and traffic and equipment execution must follow actual authority. Without measured AI adoption, efficiency, income, or causal substitution evidence, neither field tasks nor overall projections establish that the entire occupation will necessarily be retained.

Coverage | U.S. 47-4051.00 national 2025 wage distribution. Limits | Percentiles do not identify income returns to experience, skills, equipment, or crew-leading duties; they are not Chinese wages or starting pay.

Median hourly wage USD 24.16 / median annual wage USD 50,260 (2025, BLS OEWS, this occupation itself, 47-4051.00)

Coverage | U.S. 47-4051.00 national 2025 wage distribution. Limits | Percentiles do not identify income returns to experience, skills, equipment, or crew-leading duties; they are not Chinese wages or starting pay.

75th-percentile hourly wage USD 29.35 / annual wage USD 61,040 (2025, BLS OEWS, this occupation itself, 47-4051.00)

Coverage | U.S. 47-4051.00 national 2025 wage distribution. Limits | Percentiles do not identify income returns to experience, skills, equipment, or crew-leading duties; they are not Chinese wages or starting pay.

90th-percentile hourly wage USD 34.60 / annual wage USD 71,970 (2025, BLS OEWS, this occupation itself, 47-4051.00)

Coverage | U.S. 47-4051.00 national 2025 wage distribution. Limits | Percentiles do not identify income returns to experience, skills, equipment, or crew-leading duties; they are not Chinese wages or starting pay.

U.S. 47-4051.00: employment of 161,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 11,800 average annual openings from growth and worker replacement. Overall projections are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes.

Coverage | BLS overall Employment Projections 2025–2035, presented through O*NET. Limits | U.S. 47-4051.00: employment of 161,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 11,800 average annual openings from growth and worker replacement. Overall projections are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes. Source | https://www.onetonline.org/link/details/47-4051.00

U.S. 47-4051.00: employment of 161,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 11,800 average annual openings from growth and worker replacement. Overall projections are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes.

Coverage | BLS overall Employment Projections 2025–2035, presented through O*NET. Limits | U.S. 47-4051.00: employment of 161,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 11,800 average annual openings from growth and worker replacement. Overall projections are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes. Source | https://www.onetonline.org/link/details/47-4051.00

U.S. 47-4051.00: employment of 161,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 11,800 average annual openings from growth and worker replacement. Overall projections are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes.

Coverage | BLS overall Employment Projections 2025–2035, presented through O*NET. Limits | U.S. 47-4051.00: employment of 161,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 11,800 average annual openings from growth and worker replacement. Overall projections are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes. Source | https://www.onetonline.org/link/details/47-4051.00

Editorial task analysis | Work orders, materials, and quantities can be organized experimentally using permitted or fictional materials. No AI adoption rate, measured efficiency, or causal job-replacement evidence for highway maintenance workers was obtained; no low-exposure rating is assigned.

Occupational definition | Highway Maintenance Workers on this page is the exact O*NET occupation 47-4051.00, Highway Maintenance Workers: maintaining highways, municipal and rural roads, airport runways, and rights-of-way. Duties include patching broken or eroded pavement and repairing guardrails, highway markers, and snow fences; workers may also mow or clear brush along roads or plow snow from roadways. In the U.S., the occupation is in Job Zone 1-2 (little or no to some preparation needed), below 6.0 (SVP Below 6.0). Growth is Average (3% to 4%); the page does not label it Bright Outlook.

Education and training related to highways, municipal works, or construction

Check against the target organization's job requirements

O*NET88% high school, 5% below high school, and 5% associate's degree describe U.S. new-hire requirements, not existing workers' educational composition or Chinese entry thresholds.

Skills in work-zone setup, maintenance, equipment operation, and traffic management

Check against actual tasks and job authority

Verify work-zone, pavement or ancillary-facility, vehicle and equipment, and recordkeeping tasks separately. Do not assume every role operates all equipment or has traffic-control authority.

Separate motor-vehicle driving, listed special operations, and company authorization

Roles involving the corresponding operations

For motor-vehicle driving, check the license against permitted vehicle categories. For direct special operations within the official list, check the relevant qualifications; general machinery, height, or unprotected-edge tasks cannot all be called statutory special operations. Certificates do not replace specific work permits.

Occupational-health and labor-protection requirements

Roles involving traffic, pollution, noise, and weather

Check protection and examinations against actual hazards, applicable occupational-health rules, and organizational procedures. Do not impose uniform physical-examination or job-rotation requirements on all maintenance roles.

Government (Government)

Government accounts for 95% of U.S. employment in this occupation. Government is a U.S. employment classification, not a basis for mapping to China's public-facilities industry.

Highway, municipal, and traffic-management organizations (reference)

An organizational-type reference, not an obtained wage or industry average for this segment; verify classification by actual economic activity separately.

Maintenance and engineering-service contracting (reference)

A contracting arrangement does not map to a single industry; this round did not obtain occupational wages for this segment.

National Bureau of Statistics 2025 urban-unit wage release | https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/zxfb/202605/t20260515_1963707.html

Occupation-name crosswalk | Highway Maintenance Workers (O*NET/SOC 47-4051.00 Highway Maintenance Workers; commonly called highway maintenance workers, road maintenance workers, maintenance construction personnel, or traffic-facility maintenance workers in recruitment and industry usage).

This round did not obtain an exact national occupational wage distribution for highway maintenance workers in China. The U.S. Government employment classification cannot directly map to China's public-facilities industry. Verify the industry of a Chinese job against its actual organization and economic activity; industry averages are not occupational medians.

NBS industry annual averages are national urban-unit statistics covering multiple occupations and including tax. Industry classification and occupational wages are different questions; the U.S. Government label does not determine a Chinese industry. This round did not obtain an exact national occupational wage distribution for highway maintenance workers in China. The U.S. Government employment classification cannot directly map to China's public-facilities industry. Verify the industry of a Chinese job against its actual organization and economic activity; industry averages are not occupational medians.

Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security: enterprise remuneration survey information | https://www.mohrss.gov.cn/

Editorial pay-check advice | Verify the target organization's role, hours, pay period, overtime and allowances, driving or equipment duties, and authorization. National percentiles do not identify wage returns to qualifications, crew leadership, or emergency duties.

Mainland China urban non-private units (industry-section coverage, reference)

This round did not obtain an exact national occupational wage distribution for highway maintenance workers in China. The U.S. Government employment classification cannot directly map to China's public-facilities industry. Verify the industry of a Chinese job against its actual organization and economic activity; industry averages are not occupational medians.

Mainland China urban private units (industry-section coverage, reference)

This round did not obtain an exact national occupational wage distribution for highway maintenance workers in China. The U.S. Government employment classification cannot directly map to China's public-facilities industry. Verify the industry of a Chinese job against its actual organization and economic activity; industry averages are not occupational medians.

Exact national occupational wages for this occupation in mainland China

This round did not obtain an exact national occupational wage distribution for highway maintenance workers in China. The U.S. Government employment classification cannot directly map to China's public-facilities industry. Verify the industry of a Chinese job against its actual organization and economic activity; industry averages are not occupational medians.

Classification comparison | This page covers the exact O*NET occupation 47-4051.00, Highway Maintenance Workers, distinct from adjacent occupations such as Construction Laborers (47-2061.00), Paving, Surfacing, and Tamping Equipment Operators (47-2071.00), Industrial Truck and Tractor Operators (53-7051.00), Maintenance and Repair Workers, General (49-9071.00), and Construction Equipment Operators (47-2073.00) (47-2073.00). Check wages and employment against each occupation's own code and statistical coverage; figures are not interchangeable.

U.S. BLS and O*NET statistical coverage notes | https://www.bls.gov/oes/

U.S. 47-4051.00: employment of 161,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 11,800 average annual openings from growth and worker replacement. Overall projections are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes.

Median hourly wage USD 24.16 / median annual wage USD 50,260 (2025, BLS OEWS, this occupation itself, 47-4051.00)

10th-percentile hourly wage USD 17.42 / annual wage USD 36,230 (2025, BLS OEWS, this occupation itself, 47-4051.00)

Coverage | 2025 10th percentile. Limits | Not novice pay, minimum wage, or entry-level starting pay. Source | O*NET national wage table

25th-percentile hourly wage USD 20.91 / annual wage USD 43,500 (2025, BLS OEWS, this occupation itself, 47-4051.00)

Coverage | 2025 25th percentile. Limits | Distribution position does not identify income effects of region, organization, qualifications, or skills. Source | O*NET national wage table

75th-percentile hourly wage USD 29.35 / annual wage USD 61,040 (2025, BLS OEWS, this occupation itself, 47-4051.00)

Coverage | 2025 75th percentile. Limits | Not pay for experience, equipment duties, or crew leadership. Source | O*NET national wage table

90th-percentile hourly wage USD 34.60 / annual wage USD 71,970 (2025, BLS OEWS, this occupation itself, 47-4051.00)

Coverage | 2025 90th percentile. Limits | Not maximum pay or a pay ceiling for management and emergency duties. Source | O*NET national wage table

U.S. 47-4051.00: employment of 161,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 11,800 average annual openings from growth and worker replacement. Overall projections are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes.

Coverage | BLS overall Employment Projections 2025–2035, presented through O*NET. Limits | U.S. 47-4051.00: employment of 161,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 11,800 average annual openings from growth and worker replacement. Overall projections are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes. Source | https://www.onetonline.org/link/details/47-4051.00

U.S. 47-4051.00: employment of 161,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 11,800 average annual openings from growth and worker replacement. Overall projections are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes.

Coverage | BLS overall Employment Projections 2025–2035, presented through O*NET. Limits | U.S. 47-4051.00: employment of 161,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 11,800 average annual openings from growth and worker replacement. Overall projections are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes. Source | https://www.onetonline.org/link/details/47-4051.00

U.S. 47-4051.00: employment of 161,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 11,800 average annual openings from growth and worker replacement. Overall projections are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes.

Coverage | BLS overall Employment Projections 2025–2035, presented through O*NET. Limits | U.S. 47-4051.00: employment of 161,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 11,800 average annual openings from growth and worker replacement. Overall projections are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes. Source | https://www.onetonline.org/link/details/47-4051.00

This U.S. occupation's 2025 median hourly wage is USD 24.16 and annual wage USD 50,260. OEWS pretax wages for regular hours include specified items such as production bonuses and exclude overtime pay, shift differentials, nonproduction bonuses, and employer benefit costs. Percentiles are not experience bands or starting pay. U.S. 47-4051.00: employment of 161,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 11,800 average annual openings from growth and worker replacement. Overall projections are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes.

This U.S. occupation's 2025 median hourly wage is USD 24.16 and annual wage USD 50,260. OEWS pretax wages for regular hours include specified items such as production bonuses and exclude overtime pay, shift differentials, nonproduction bonuses, and employer benefit costs. Percentiles are not experience bands or starting pay. U.S. 47-4051.00: employment of 161,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 11,800 average annual openings from growth and worker replacement. Overall projections are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes.

Editorial advice | Verify the specific organization, location, contract, and scheduling; do not infer organizational stability or regional returns from national wage distributions.

Region, organization, and role

Editorial advice | Verify task training, licensed vehicle categories, listed special operations, and organizational authorization. This round provides no causal evidence of these qualifications' effects on wages.

Skills and qualifications

Editorial advice | Verify equipment, crew-leading and emergency tasks, and schedules. Do not interpret upper national percentiles as pay for these duties.

Duties, crew leadership, and emergencies

U.S. 47-4051.00: employment of 161,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 11,800 average annual openings from growth and worker replacement. Overall projections are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes.

Government (Government)

Insufficient evidence: this round did not obtain an industry wage median readable for this exact occupation; industry averages or third-party estimates are not used to fill the gap.

O*NET currently places 95% of this occupation's U.S. employment in Government; that share is not the sector's occupational wage median.

Highway, municipal, and traffic-management organizations (reference)

Insufficient evidence: this round did not obtain an industry wage median readable for this exact occupation; industry averages or third-party estimates are not used to fill the gap.

Highway, municipal, and traffic-management organizations are organizational-type references. This round did not obtain the segment's occupational median; it is not an obtained industry average.

Maintenance and engineering-service contracting (reference)

Insufficient evidence: this round did not obtain an industry wage median readable for this exact occupation; industry averages or third-party estimates are not used to fill the gap.

Maintenance contracting is a type reference. This round did not obtain the segment's occupational median; it is not an obtained industry average.

Airport and grounds maintenance (reference)

Insufficient evidence: this round did not obtain an industry wage median readable for this exact occupation; industry averages or third-party estimates are not used to fill the gap.

The U.S. occupational definition includes airport runways, but this segment's median was not obtained; national wages are not used as a substitute.

The 2025 national table gives annual wages at the 10 / 25 / 50 / 75 / 90 percentile points of USD 36,230 / 43,500 / 50,260 / 61,040 / 71,970, and hourly wages of 17.42 / 20.91 / 24.16 / 29.35 / 34.60. The distribution does not identify causes of income differences.

This U.S. occupation's 2025 median hourly wage is USD 24.16 and annual wage USD 50,260. OEWS pretax wages for regular hours include specified items such as production bonuses and exclude overtime pay, shift differentials, nonproduction bonuses, and employer benefit costs. Percentiles are not experience bands or starting pay.

O*NET education data describe U.S. new-hire requirements, not the composition of existing workers. Income returns to education, qualifications, and equipment duties were not obtained; check recruitment and licensing against the actual job.

Use advice | National percentiles are not individual outcomes. U.S. 47-4051.00: employment of 161,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 11,800 average annual openings from growth and worker replacement. Overall projections are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes.

Median hourly wage USD 24.16 / median annual wage USD 50,260 (2025, BLS OEWS, this occupation itself, 47-4051.00)

The 10th percentile is a distribution position, not pay for newcomers or cleaning-assistance roles.

The median is the midpoint of the national distribution; it does not predict wage increases from experience, qualifications, or duties.

The 90th percentile is not maximum pay or an income ceiling for senior equipment, crew-leading, or emergency duties.

Holland (RIASEC) | Helps you understand your relative Realistic and Conventional preferences. This occupation's O*NET interest code is RC (Realistic–Conventional): willingness to use equipment and tools hands-on and engage in physical activity and outdoor work (Realistic), and willingness to organize information and data and maintain order according to procedures and rules (Conventional).

Evidence level | Moderate: the interest code comes from O*NET's findings from workers and occupational analysis, but individual scores do not correspond one-to-one with occupational codes.

If you find outdoor work in varied weather, traffic and noise conditions difficult, struggle with schedules changing with weather and maintenance plans and potentially involving overtime or duty shifts, or are unwilling to take responsibility for traffic and work safety, a high interest-questionnaire score cannot change these practical costs. Also confirm the organization's machinery-operation, special-operation, and occupational-health requirements.

Big Five | Ask yourself whether you are willing to check signs, materials, and records and accept review. No predictive validity of this occupation's personality scores for individual fit is available.

Evidence level | Low: associations between personality traits and job performance are group-level statistical trends and cannot predict individuals.

Do not use a personality assessment saying you are unsuitable as a reason to give up or avoid entry. Rely on field job shadowing, internships, simulated work-zone setup and maintenance tasks, and crew evaluations and assessment results.

Understanding this interest code: RC means Realistic (using equipment and tools hands-on and engaging in physical activity and outdoor work) and Conventional (organizing information and data and maintaining order according to procedures and rules). It describes the occupation's preference direction, not ability or qualification.

MBTI | Typology supports reflection on communication and work preferences. This occupation requires collaboration with crews, traffic police, and the public; preferences do not determine competence.

Interest experience: enjoying completing work-zone setup, maintenance, and cleanup thoroughly, and finding satisfaction in site order that gets passage, safety, and records right.

Evidence level | Low: MBTI is not an occupational qualification or ability-assessment tool and cannot serve as a basis for employment decisions.

RC

Realistic–Conventional

Use type only as a reference for communication styles; do not infer whether you or others can perform work-zone setup, maintenance, and traffic management well.

Enneagram | Only helps reflect on stress responses. Observe how you report traffic, equipment, or weather abnormalities within task authority; do not judge competence by type.

Evidence level | Low: a self-exploration tool, not a conclusion about occupational ability or fit.

Do not explain quality or safety disputes through type labels; return to the maintenance plan's basis, the work process, and whether records are complete.

Intelligence and reasoning | Plan comprehension, readings, records, and task sequencing can be observed. No comparative validity of these observations and assessments for performance in this occupation was obtained.

Evidence level | Moderate: general cognitive ability relates to learning speed but cannot replace safety and skills training, qualifications, or assessments.

A high or low score does not establish whether you can learn work-zone setup, maintenance, and traffic-management coordination. Test this through field job shadowing, internships, simulated tasks, and crew evaluations.

Emotional intelligence | Reflect on your responses to weather, traffic, and exception-related communication. Assessment scores provide no causal evidence about traffic or work safety.

Evidence level | Low: emotional-intelligence assessment results are self-reports and cannot be hiring or performance conclusions.

Emotional skills can improve through actual work, mentoring, and deliberate practice; assessment scores need not limit you.

Interests, personality, and U.S. Job Zones support exploration. Separately verify driving licenses, listed special-operation qualifications, task training, and company authorization against actual work; do not treat all general machinery or unprotected-edge tasks as special operations.

Direct answer | Assessments support self-reflection; existing or fictional materials can support discussion of maintenance plans and records. A single demonstration does not replace training or authorization, and no comparative evidence identifies a most reliable judgment method.

This occupation's direction (Highway Maintenance Workers) | Outputs are maintenance completed under plans and procedures—work-zone setup, pavement patching, ancillary-structure maintenance, right-of-way maintenance, and cleanup—and traceable maintenance and traffic-management records: traffic management and work zones, pavement maintenance, ancillary-structure maintenance, equipment and transport, rights-of-way, vegetation and snow removal, and records and coordination.

Can independently complete work-zone setup, maintenance, cleanup, and records within job authority, maintenance plans, and safety procedures

Caution signal | First verify the target organization's road sections, weather, noise, and schedules, then assess whether you can accept them. Occupational context does not mean every job is identical.

Construction Laborers direction | Refer to construction laborers' core outputs in the direction-comparison table; objects of work, specialties, and authority levels differ from this occupation.

Exploration signal | Interested in general construction, material handling, and demolition assistance; needs the target construction methods and safety training.

If you want to focus on highway maintenance and traffic management rather than this direction, compare this occupation's differences further.

Paving, Surfacing, and Tamping Equipment Operators direction | Refer to these operators' core outputs in the direction-comparison table; objects of work, specialties, and authority levels differ from this occupation.

Exploration signal | Interested in paving and compaction equipment; needs model-specific operation and process training. Maintenance experience does not automatically confer authorization.

If you want to focus on highway maintenance and traffic management rather than this direction, compare this occupation's differences further.

Industrial Truck and Tractor Operators direction | Refer to these operators' core outputs in the direction-comparison table; objects of work, specialties, and authority levels differ from this occupation.

Exploration signal | Interested in on-site transport and loading/unloading; needs knowledge of specific vehicles, loads, and site rules.

If you want to focus on highway maintenance and traffic management rather than this direction, compare this occupation's differences further.

Maintenance and Repair Workers, General direction | Refer to these workers' core outputs in the direction-comparison table; objects of work, specialties, and authority levels differ from this occupation.

Exploration signal | Interested in general facility repair; needs diagnostic and repair methods for the relevant electromechanical equipment.

If you want to focus on highway maintenance and traffic management rather than this direction, compare this occupation's differences further.

Construction Equipment Operators direction | 47-2073.00 concerns construction-equipment operation. Operating Engineers should not be interpreted literally as an engineer's professional status.

Exploration signal | Interested in earthmoving and other construction-equipment operation; needs specific machine and construction-method training, plus checks of target-task qualifications and authorization.

If you want to focus on highway maintenance and traffic management rather than this direction, compare this occupation's differences further.

Personality reflection | Observe willingness to explain maintenance reasoning, keep truthful records, and report abnormalities. RC describes occupational interests, not an individual competence standard.

Introversion reflection | Type does not determine fit. You still need to explain tasks and abnormalities to crews, dispatch, and relevant site personnel; observe actual performance separately.

Extraversion reflection | Type does not guarantee effective traffic and crew communication. Observe whether you can explain the basis accurately and act within authorization.

Which MBTI type best suits this occupation? No type has been proven best. MBTI is not an occupational qualification or ability-assessment tool; adjustment mainly depends on skills, qualifications, safety, and adherence to procedures.

Which Holland interests better match this occupation? The O*NET interest code is RC: Realistic (using equipment and tools hands-on and engaging in physical activity and outdoor work) and Conventional (organizing information and data and maintaining order according to procedures and rules).

This round did not obtain validity evidence for personality assessments predicting highway maintenance workers' performance. Scores do not directly establish individual fit; training and authorization require separate checks.

Can I do this work if I am not good at math? Basic measurement, calculation, readings, and quantity skills are needed. Training and tools can fill quantitative gaps, but being wholly uncomfortable with measuring instruments, quantities, and gradients creates significant limitations.

Does this occupation require high emotional intelligence? It requires emotional stability, communication, and conflict-handling skills, not a particular assessment score. Weather windows, traffic, and rework pressure require self-regulation and reporting under procedures.

Can the Enneagram determine whether I fit? No. It is a self-exploration tool, not a conclusion about occupational ability or fit. Judge fit by whether you can complete work-zone setup, maintenance, cleanup, and records under safety and procedural requirements.

Editorial observation advice | Discuss existing or fictional maintenance records and plans. This has not been shown more effective than questionnaires. Do not enter traffic, operate machinery, or create abnormalities just to demonstrate skills.

Fit signals: willingness to take responsibility for traffic and work safety under requirements for work-zone setup, traffic diversion, machinery, heights, unprotected edges, and weather; ability to switch among work-zone setup, maintenance, traffic management, and cleanup while valuing evidence and records; adherence to procedures, evidence, and review under weather-window and traffic pressure; and isolation and reporting under policy when traffic, machinery, or weather abnormalities occur or authority is exceeded.

Caution signals: difficulty working outdoors in varied weather, traffic, and noise; difficulty accepting overtime, duty shifts, and pace changes with weather and maintenance plans; unwillingness to take responsibility for traffic and work safety or report and hand over under policy when matters exceed authority.

Editorial check advice | First understand job tasks, mentoring, safety training, driving requirements, and listed special-operation conditions. Existing or fictional materials support discussion only and do not replace actual training and authorization.

Used to check this occupation's task scope and work context (U.S. occupational-classification coverage).

Used to check this occupation's tasks, work activities, and detailed work activities.

Used to check work-activity importance: communicating with supervisors and peers 85, establishing and maintaining interpersonal relationships 85, and organizing and planning 82.

Used to check work context: outdoor exposure to all weather conditions is common (94% daily); schedules are mostly irregular (72% irregular); face-to-face discussions are frequent (86% daily); work with crews and colleagues is close (68% constant contact with others); and exposure to contaminants is common (76% daily).

Used to check O*NET's interest code (RC).

Used to check Job Zone 1-2 (little or no to some preparation needed) and training information.

Used to check point-in-time U.S. wage-estimate coverage: this occupation itself, with no indication that data come from a broader or adjacent occupation; it does not represent adjacent occupations.

U.S. 47-4051.00: employment of 161,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 11,800 average annual openings from growth and worker replacement. Overall projections are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes.

Risk boundaries | The following are editorial failure examples identified by task and regulatory scope, not occurrence rates or risk ratings. General maintenance workers do not automatically gain traffic-control, engineering-acceptance, or accident-determination authority. Check specific plans and authorization against actual competent-authority and organizational procedures.

Direct answer | The core risk is not merely whether you can repair a road, but four types of failure with serious consequences: safety and personal harm—work-zone traffic and motorist collisions, weather, heat, cold and visibility, machinery, tools and work injuries, and hazardous-substance, contaminant and noise exposure; passage and quality failures—inadequate work-zone setup, maintenance or cleanup causing traffic incidents, rework and delays; equipment and machinery failures—improper operation or maintenance causing damage and accidents; and record and traceability failures—distorted maintenance and traffic-management data preventing responsibility from being established.

Evidence scope | This page uses O*NET 47-4051.00 tasks and work context: placing signs and cones to divert traffic; flagging motorists with warnings; preventive maintenance on vehicles and heavy equipment; driving trucks to transport crews and equipment; erecting, installing, or repairing guardrails, shoulders, slope protection, signs and lighting; common outdoor exposure to all weather conditions (94% daily); mostly irregular schedules (72% irregular); common hazardous-equipment exposure (50% daily, 44% once a week or more); serious consequences of error (55% extremely serious, 21% very serious); and substantial responsibility for others' health and safety (30% extremely high responsibility, 46% high responsibility). This U.S. occupational-classification coverage helps identify failure types and control points, not legal or safety conclusions.

You and the crew; safety and traffic-management staff; traffic safety; work-zone and traffic boundaries

Inadequate work-zone setup, diversion, or flagging causes motorists to collide or enter the work zone; work does not follow requirements for work-zone layout, signs, cones, flaggers, and traffic diversion

Follow requirements for work-zone layout, signs, cones, flaggers, and traffic diversion and check sight distance and lighting. Upon traffic conflicts or diversion abnormalities, immediately stop, withdraw, isolate, and report

Scenario | During peak traffic, you are asked to start work before diversion and flagging are in place, with paperwork to follow later.

You and safety and occupational-health staff; occupational health and the work environment

Weather, heat or cold, visibility, pollution, or noise exposure causes heatstroke, frostbite, or injury; work does not follow weather, heat or cold, and personal-protection requirements

Follow weather, visibility, heat or cold, personal-protection, hydration, and warmth requirements. Upon weather or physical abnormalities, immediately stop, withdraw, and report

Scenario | You are asked to continue working amid a sudden weather change and low visibility before safety conditions are met.

You and safety and equipment-management staff; personal safety and machinery and tool boundaries

Misuse of machinery, tools, or trucks causes cutting, entanglement, or collision injuries; machinery, tool, vehicle-safety, or protection requirements are not followed, or energy is not isolated

Follow protection, isolation, and operating procedures for machinery, tools, and vehicles. Upon machinery or vehicle abnormalities, immediately stop, isolate, and report

Scenario | When staffing is short, an untrained person is asked to take over machinery or truck operation temporarily.

You and safety and occupational-health staff; occupational-health and hazardous-substance boundaries

Asphalt, maintenance-material, dust, noise, and vibration exposure causes inhalation harm or injury; ventilation, protection, or personal protection is inadequate, or substance-safety requirements are not followed

Control points | Check protection against actual material safety information, site hazards, and organizational procedures. If hazard-control conditions are unmet, stop within authorization, report, and request appropriate personnel to handle the matter. This page is not a specific operating SOP.

Scenario | Hazard information and required protection for maintenance materials remain unverified, but you are asked to handle them first and confirm requirements later.

You, the crew, and quality inspectors; maintenance quality; maintenance, rework, and traffic-delay boundaries

Inadequate work-zone setup, pavement patching, ancillary-structure maintenance, or cleanup causes rework and traffic delays; maintenance plans, procedures, and acceptance standards are not followed

Control points | Follow actual maintenance plans and quality procedures and report truthfully. Reopening must follow applicable competent-authority acceptance and procedures; maintenance workers do not independently open roads.

Scenario | Pavement patching or ancillary-structure work is borderline nonconforming, but traffic pressure leads to a request to reopen first and fix it later.

You, the crew, and site management; work quality and responsibility determination; qualification and disclosure boundaries

Missing or distorted work-order, material, traffic-management, maintenance, or cleanup records prevent traceability and responsibility determination; unauthorized traffic-control approval or engineering-acceptance conclusions, or falsified retrospective records

Record truthfully under policy and retain original records and revision trails. Generating unverified content or issuing approval or acceptance conclusions beyond authority is strictly prohibited

Scenario | Material and work data for a road section conflict with records, but you are asked to issue a quality conclusion using current records and revise it later.

Used to check this occupation's tasks and work context and identify failure types in traffic management, maintenance, and cleanup (U.S. coverage).

O*NET's summary supports U.S. occupational tasks, not Chinese permits, reopening requirements, or risk occurrence rates.

Road Traffic Safety Law Articles 19 / 30 / 32 concern licensed vehicle categories, road-damage warnings and repairs, and approval for road-occupying construction and restoration of traffic, respectively. Personal maintenance records cannot replace traffic approvals and acceptance.

Ministry of Transport Announcement No. 16 of 2015 issued JTG H30-2015 and specified implementation from June 1, 2015. This round checked the announcement but did not obtain the PDF text; it therefore does not claim verification of all technical parameters or the latest provisions.

NIST provides general digital-tool governance only, not a source of Chinese traffic, safety, special-operations, or occupational-health law.

Qualification boundary (i) | Recruitment, training, driving licenses, listed-operation qualifications, job authorization, and traffic approvals are different statuses. U.S. Job Zone1-2 is not a Chinese entry threshold or a uniform duration for this occupation.

Qualification boundary (ii) | Check driving against licensed vehicle categories and direct special operations listed under Ministry of Emergency Management Order No. 19 against qualifications. Do not treat all general equipment, height, or unprotected-edge work as certificate-required operations. Verify specific plans and organizational authority separately.

Qualification boundary (iii) | Approval for road-occupying construction and acceptance for reopening under Road Traffic Safety Law Article 32 follow competent-authority requirements. Recruitment and job authorization do not grant personal traffic-approval or engineering-acceptance authority.

Qualification boundary (iv) | Check certificate scope, validity, and review requirements against the specific certificate and competent authority. Do not uniformly call general skills training a time-limited certificate. Separate work permits from certification.

Recruitment-sample note | This page cites no counts or pay figures from specific job advertisements. Highway maintenance workers are often recruited through highway, municipal, and traffic-management organizations and maintenance and engineering-service contractors. Region, organization, role, and project cycles affect recruitment, so public-channel samples poorly represent the overall market. Recruitment requirements and authority must follow written recruitment information, employment contracts, job descriptions, and maintenance and safety policies.

This page lists check points only and makes no hiring or pay promises.

Boundaries | This page's preparation paths and skill ladders help plan learning and evidence accumulation; they do not determine hiring, advancement, or qualifications. Actual entry depends on safety and skills training, qualifications, organizational authorization, and assessment. It also does not confer authority to independently close lanes, approve traffic control, or conduct engineering acceptance.

Under mentoring, prepare tools and materials and assist with work-zone setup, cleaning, and records; do not independently close lanes, operate machinery, or issue acceptance conclusions.

Job-shadowing and assistant roles

Can independently complete work-zone setup, maintenance, cleanup, and records within job authority, maintenance plans, and safety procedures; isolate and report under policy upon abnormalities, safety issues, or matters beyond authority.

Independent maintenance role

Editorial skill ladder | If the target role includes complex equipment, emergency, or mentoring tasks, obtain relevant training and authority. Maintenance experience does not automatically confer these duties.

Experienced and specialist roles

Can organize crews and maintenance schedules, implement and assess quality, safety, materials, and progress, jointly sign off on exceptions, and coordinate multiple parties.

Crew leader and maintenance-management roles

Editorial preparation path | First check target road sections and specific maintenance, traffic, equipment, or recordkeeping tasks, then pre-job training, driving and listed qualifications, and company authorization. Job Zone does not prescribe a universal sequence of vocational school, rotation, or certificates.

Check recruitment, task training, driving licenses, listed-operation qualifications, and organizational authorization separately. Preparation items do not automatically grant road-occupation approval, reopening, or acceptance authority.

U.S. Job Zone1-2 and 88% high school, 5% below high school, and 5% associate's degree describe U.S. new-hire requirements, not existing workers' composition or Chinese entry thresholds. Check Chinese roles against actual tasks, lists, and organizational authority. U.S. 47-4051.00: employment of 161,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 11,800 average annual openings from growth and worker replacement. Overall projections are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes.

Editorial recap | Check task learning, supervised training, and job authorization separately. Traffic approvals, reopening, and acceptance follow actual competent-authority and organizational procedures. The path does not guarantee hiring or advancement.

O*NET describes U.S. new-hire education and Job Zone preparation levels, not a uniform training duration for this occupation.

Used to check this occupation's tasks, work activities, and work environment to help plan learning priorities.

Used to check national training and on-the-job training information for this occupation.

Used to check certification directories and search entry points for specialized certification and training.

Basic traffic-management and safety training records; safety training.

Understand signs, cones, flaggers, work-zone setup, and safety essentials.

Work-zone setup assistance records and mentor evaluations; ability to restate diversion, safety, and reporting essentials.

Under mentoring, learn signs, cones, flagging, work-zone setup, and safety; do not independently close lanes or divert traffic.

Traffic-management and safety job-shadowing role

Job authorization, safety, and qualifications; traffic-management experience.

Gain experience across road sections and traffic conditions and practice work-zone setup and diversion methods.

Work-zone setup, diversion, and traffic-management records and review comments.

Complete work-zone setup, records, and exception reporting within approved plans and job authorization; traffic-approval authority is not automatic.

Traffic-management and safety role

Relevant job authorization and specialized qualifications; complex traffic-management experience.

Learn traffic-management, diversion, and coordination methods for complex road sections.

Complex traffic-management and exception-response records.

Handle complex road sections, peak traffic, construction diversions, mentoring, and coordination.

Experienced traffic-management and safety role

Relevant management appointment or organizational authorization.

Improve traffic-management, safety, and traceability-management mechanisms.

Coordination conclusions; traffic-management and safety documents.

Coordinate crews, traffic management, safety, and joint sign-offs and guide newcomers.

Crew and traffic-management role

Basic material and process training records; safety training.

Understand materials, patching, ancillary-structure maintenance, and safety essentials.

Patching-assistance records and mentor evaluations; ability to restate process and safety essentials.

Under mentoring, prepare materials and tools and assist with patching and cleaning; do not independently work on or accept critical parts.

Pavement and ancillary-structure job-shadowing role

Job authorization, safety, and qualifications; maintenance experience.

Gain experience with varied defects and structural conditions and practice repair, installation, and maintenance methods.

Repair, maintenance, and quality records and review comments.

Complete pavement patching, ancillary-structure maintenance, and records under procedures; report abnormalities under policy.

Pavement and ancillary-structure role

Relevant job authorization and specialized qualifications; complex maintenance experience.

Learn methods for complex defects, structures, and emergency response.

Complex maintenance and exception-response records.

Handle complex defects, ancillary structures, emergency response, mentoring, and process coordination.

Experienced pavement and ancillary-structure role

Relevant management appointment or organizational authorization.

Improve crew, maintenance-schedule, and quality-management mechanisms.

Coordination conclusions; crew, maintenance, and quality documents.

Coordinate crews, maintenance plans, quality, safety, and joint sign-offs and guide newcomers.

Crew and maintenance-management role

Basic information and safety training records; safety and confidentiality training.

Understand equipment, material, maintenance, and safety-record essentials.

Records of assistance with organizing, checking, and archiving records, and review comments.

Under mentoring, assist with tools, materials, equipment, record organization, and archiving; do not independently operate critical equipment or disclose information externally.

Equipment and records assistant role

Job authorization, safety, and qualifications; equipment and records experience.

Gain experience with varied equipment and processes and practice equipment-operation, recordkeeping, and traceability methods.

Equipment, material, maintenance, and safety records and review comments.

Operate and maintain within the relevant equipment-task authorization; hand over and archive within recordkeeping permissions. The two permissions are not automatically identical.

Equipment and records role

Relevant job authorization and specialized training; review and corrective-action records.

Learn safety, quality, data-quality, and audit methods.

Review, corrective-action, traceability, and audit records.

Handle safety, quality, data quality, traceability, and implementation of corrective actions.

Equipment and compliance-review role

Relevant management appointment or organizational authorization.

Improve equipment, compliance, recordkeeping, and traceability-management mechanisms.

Coordination conclusions; equipment, compliance, and traceability documents.

Coordinate equipment, records, compliance, training, and joint sign-offs; handle complex and disputed matters and guide newcomers.

Equipment and compliance supervisor role

This U.S. occupation's 2025 median hourly wage is USD 24.16 and annual wage USD 50,260. OEWS pretax wages for regular hours include specified items such as production bonuses and exclude overtime pay, shift differentials, nonproduction bonuses, and employer benefit costs. Percentiles are not experience bands or starting pay. U.S. 47-4051.00: employment of 161,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 11,800 average annual openings from growth and worker replacement. Overall projections are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes. This round did not obtain an exact national occupational wage distribution for highway maintenance workers in China. The U.S. Government employment classification cannot directly map to China's public-facilities industry. Verify Chinese jobs' industries against actual organizations and economic activities; industry averages are not occupational medians.

United States

2025

National percentiles are distribution positions, do not identify causes of income, and are not starting pay.

This U.S. occupation's 2025 median hourly wage is USD 24.16 and annual wage USD 50,260. OEWS pretax wages for regular hours include specified items such as production bonuses and exclude overtime pay, shift differentials, nonproduction bonuses, and employer benefit costs. Percentiles are not experience bands or starting pay.

Wages (median and percentiles, this occupation itself)

SOC 47-4051.00 (OEWS 2025, presented through O*NET)

Median hourly wage USD 24.16 and median annual wage USD 50,260; 10th-percentile hourly wage 17.42 and annual wage 36,230; 25th-percentile hourly wage 20.91 and annual wage 43,500; 75th-percentile hourly wage 29.35 and annual wage 61,040; 90th-percentile hourly wage 34.60 and annual wage 71,970

United States

2025—2035

U.S. 47-4051.00: employment of 161,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 11,800 average annual openings from growth and worker replacement. Overall projections are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes.

Different from BLS OEWS point-in-time employment-estimate coverage; do not mix them. Projections are not actual recruitment counts; openings are period-average annual figures, not net new jobs.

Employment size, growth, and openings (this occupation itself)

SOC 47-4051.00 (BLS Employment Projections, presented through O*NET)

U.S. 47-4051.00: employment of 161,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 11,800 average annual openings from growth and worker replacement. Overall projections are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes.

Mainland China

2025

This round did not obtain an exact national occupational wage distribution for highway maintenance workers in China. The U.S. Government employment classification cannot directly map to China's public-facilities industry. Verify the industry of a Chinese job against its actual organization and economic activity; industry averages are not occupational medians.

Verify Chinese organizations' industries and job wages separately. Do not combine Chinese and U.S. systems, employment classifications, or wage coverage.

Occupational wages and employment (statistical coverage and gaps)

NBS2025 urban-unit industry wage release and occupational-mapping gap

This round did not obtain an exact national occupational wage distribution for highway maintenance workers in China. The U.S. Government employment classification cannot directly map to China's public-facilities industry. Verify the industry of a Chinese job against its actual organization and economic activity; industry averages are not occupational medians.

Used to check U.S. wage coverage (2025 OEWS) and percentiles. This page uses figures for this occupation itself as presented on O*NET's 47-4051.00 page; they do not represent adjacent occupations or promise pay at any organization or location.

U.S. 47-4051.00: employment of 161,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 11,800 average annual openings from growth and worker replacement. Overall projections are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes.

This round did not obtain an exact national occupational wage distribution for highway maintenance workers in China. The U.S. Government employment classification cannot directly map to China's public-facilities industry. Verify the industry of a Chinese job against its actual organization and economic activity; industry averages are not occupational medians.

Used to check O*NET's tasks, employment, and industry presentation for this occupation (U.S. coverage; wages and employment cover this occupation itself).

Needs general construction, demolition, and material-handling skills

Material and tool preparation, task coordination, and exception reporting

Relatively close: moving from highway maintenance to general construction requires earthwork and demolition skills

Needs paving-machinery operation, pavement-laying, and compaction skills

Pavement-work coordination, material records, and site collaboration

Relatively close: moving from highway maintenance to paving-equipment operation requires paving and compaction skills

Needs on-site transport, loading/unloading, and forklift-operation skills

Equipment-condition observation, transport coordination, and safety reporting

Relatively close: moving from highway maintenance to on-site transport requires forklift and loading/unloading skills

Needs general facility and equipment maintenance and repair skills

Ancillary-facility observation, repair-task assistance, and records

Moderate: moving from highway maintenance to general facility maintenance requires electromechanical and equipment skills

Needs construction-machinery operation, earthwork, and lifting skills

Equipment-inspection records, site collaboration, and task preparation

Moderate: moving from highway maintenance to construction-machinery operation requires earthwork and lifting skills

Needs rail-track laying and maintenance-equipment operation skills

Linear road-section work coordination, equipment records, and safety reporting

Moderate: moving from highway maintenance to rail-track maintenance requires track and equipment skills

Needs septic-tank and sewer-pipe cleaning and repair skills

Maintenance-material and tool assistance, cleaning, and work records

Moderate: moving from highway maintenance to sewer-pipe cleaning requires unblocking and repair skills

Needs tree-pruning and work-at-height skills

Right-of-way vegetation-task coordination, tool preparation, and exception reporting

Moderate: moving from highway right-of-way vegetation maintenance to tree pruning requires pruning and work-at-height skills

This round checked 47-4051.00 road, airport-runway, and right-of-way maintenance scope, tasks and context, 2025 national wages at five percentile points, and 2025–2035 projections. Chinese wage mapping, driving and listed-operation qualifications, and traffic approvals are treated separately.

Source card | Source register: this page lists O*NET 47-4051.00 detailed information, industry distribution, occupational profile, detailed tasks, work activities, work context, software skills, certification directory, and detailed interests, plus BLS OEWS, BLS Employment Projections, ILO, NIST, and relevant adjacent-occupation entries. Sources are registered separately for occupational identity, tasks, wages, employment, qualifications, and human-control purposes.

Consulted in this round on 2026-10-11; the original 2026-09-22 registration is retained as history. Current employment projections cover 2025–2035. The 2021-amended traffic law and MOT procedure-issuance announcement were read; the procedure PDF text was not obtained.

This round did not obtain an exact national occupational wage distribution for highway maintenance workers in China. The U.S. Government employment classification cannot directly map to China's public-facilities industry. Verify Chinese jobs' industries against actual organizations and economic activities; industry averages are not occupational medians. U.S. industry-segment or organization-type medians and measured AI adoption, efficiency, and causal replacement evidence remain missing. Quick answers, FAQ/Hero, and protected shared facts retain old 159100 / 12300 figures, 2024–2034 coverage, and bonus explanations within their scope; the entire page is not consistent.