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SOC 19-3093 · O*NET 19-3093.00
Historians corresponds to the exact O*NET/SOC occupation 19-3093.00, Historians: researching, analyzing, recording, and interpreting the past as documented in government and institutional records, newspapers and other periodicals, photographs, interviews, films, electronic media, and unpublished manuscripts such as personal diaries and letters. Core tasks include gathering historical data from archives, court records, diaries, news files, photographs, books, pamphlets and periodicals; organizing data and analyzing and interpreting its authenticity and relative importance; writing publications and exhibition content or reviewing others' writing to ensure historical accuracy; organizing information for publication and other dissemination through storage media or the internet; and conducting historical research to support identifying, preserving, and restoring historic sites and materials. Common titles include Historian, Research Historian, Public Historian, and Archivist Historian. Official scope: Research, analyze, record, and interpret the past as recorded in sources, such as government and institutional records, newspapers and other periodicals, photographs, interviews, films, electronic media, and unpublished manuscripts, such as personal diaries and letters. Coverage note: U.S. wage, employment, and industry data on O*NET's 19-3093.00 page are not identified as coming from a broader or adjacent occupation; this page accurately labels them as data for this occupation itself (19-3093.00). It is in Job Zone Five (extensive preparation needed), 8.0 and above (SVP 8.0 and above), with Slower than average growth (1% to 2%) for 2024–2034. This page does not constitute academic, legal, copyright, or ethical advice.
Model impact index for three equally weighted representative core tasks; not a measured share of working time or a job-loss probability. floor((75+50+75)/3+0.5)=67; fermatmind-ai-impact-v1; 2026-10-18.
Responsibility check | Actual fit depends on accomplishing three things within the same study: doing the research properly—using the topic and historical sources to verify provenance, critique, analyze, interpret, write, and cite, producing verifiable research outputs and source records; controlling integrity, compliance, and boundaries—working and keeping records under citation, copyright, confidentiality, privacy, and academic standards, distinguishing public information from copyright-, confidentiality-, or privacy-restricted materials and handling them under policy, and never publishing or using materials beyond authority without authorization; and accepting defined job responsibilities—being accountable for your own source handling, analysis, conclusions, and authorship, while referring matters beyond your authority or involving confidentiality, copyright, or major conclusions to the appropriate institution or personnel under policy. Test this through a verifiable experience, such as preparing a research plan and source and citation records for a fictional topic, or reviewing a response to source-authenticity, copyright, or collaboration issues, rather than relying solely on an interest questionnaire.
Caution signals | O*NET also reports for 19-3093.00, based on work context and tasks: high accuracy demands (33% extremely important, 52% very important); prolonged sitting (17% continually, 46% more than half the time); substantial external communication (77% as an important activity); publication, project and application deadlines; relatively high competition; and moderate time pressure (43% once a week or more). This occupation works with historical sources, evidence, interpretation, and writing. Inadequate authenticity or provenance checks, improper citations or copyright handling, historical errors or excessive inference, or mishandled archival confidentiality or privacy can cause academic misconduct, misleading conclusions, copyright and compliance risks, and reputational damage. O*NET places it in Job Zone Five (extensive preparation needed), 8.0 and above (SVP 8.0 and above). Its education section reports 64% requiring a master's degree, 10% a bachelor's degree, and 9% less than a high school diploma (the page lists these three items). Growth is Slower than average (1% to 2%), with no Bright Outlook label. If you struggle with long-cycle independent research, reading and writing demands, publication, project and funding competition and irregular milestones, or responsibility for rigorous conclusions and academic integrity, treat these as practical costs.
Occupational profile | Historians research and interpret historical sources such as archives, news, photographs, interviews, and manuscripts; they may also support exhibitions, publications, or historic-site research. University roles whose primary duty is teaching must be checked separately under 25-1125.00. Research experience does not automatically confer teaching qualifications or cultural-heritage restoration or excavation permits.
Career direction comparison
Introduction | The comparison below uses four columns: career direction, core work and outputs, key differences, and best-fitting choices. Sociology, anthropology, archaeology, political science, archives, and curation roles often connect within the same institution and research ecosystem, but connections do not make them interchangeable. Each differs in objects, methods, qualifications, and responsibility boundaries and must be checked separately.
| Career direction | Core work and outputs | Key differences | Which choice fits better? |
|---|---|---|---|
| This occupation: Historians (O*NET/SOC 19-3093.00, Historians) | Core work and outputs: gather historical data from archives, court records, diaries, news files, photographs, books, pamphlets and periodicals; organize, analyze and interpret authenticity and relative importance; write publication and exhibition content or review others' content for historical accuracy; organize information for dissemination; and conduct historical research to support identifying, preserving, and restoring historic sites and materials. Outputs are research findings and source records based on verifiable historical materials. |
AI's impact on occupations
Editorial task analysis | Test retrieval, transcription, classification, and citation drafts with permitted or public historical sources, checking actual original documents. List mentions do not establish institutional adoption, time savings, or replacement rates; verify source authenticity, interpretation, and publication authority separately. U.S. 19-3093.00: employment of 3,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 300 average annual openings from growth and replacement. These are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes. AI Impact Score 67% is an editorial estimate. Model impact index for three equally weighted representative core tasks; not a measured share of working time or a job-loss probability. floor((75+50+75)/3+0.5)=67; fermatmind-ai-impact-v1; 2026-10-18.The three tasks, ratings and sources are listed in the FermatMind method source record on this page.
FermatMind AI Impact Score estimation method v1
FermatMind / 费马测试 · 2026-10-18
Editorial ratings use the existing occupational responsibilities and AI task analysis on this page. They are not adoption rates, measured effects, job-disappearance or personal-unemployment probabilities, or official scores from Stanford or another external institution. No measured time weights or future robot deployment are assumed.
Mainland China pay reference
Classification comparison | This page covers the exact O*NET occupation 19-3093.00, Historians, distinct from adjacent occupations such as Sociologists (19-3041.00), Anthropologists and Archeologists (19-3091.00), Political Scientists (19-3094.00), Archivists (25-4011.00), and Curators (25-4012.00). Check wages and employment against each occupation's own code and statistical coverage; figures are not interchangeable.
19-3093.00 concerns historical-source research and interpretation. U.S. Job Zone5 describes preparation level, not a statutory Chinese education threshold or uniform training duration. U.S. 19-3093.00: employment of 3,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 300 average annual openings from growth and replacement. These are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes.
RMB 182,064 / year; tax-inclusive national urban non-private-unit employees in scientific research and technical services, covering multiple occupations, not historical researchers' median or wages across all universities, museums, and heritage institutions.
U.S. pay reference
U.S. historians' 2025 median hourly wage is USD 36.90 and annual wage USD 76,750. OEWS pretax regular-hours wages include specified items such as production bonuses and exclude overtime pay, shift differentials, nonproduction bonuses, and employer benefit costs. Percentiles are not experience bands or starting pay. U.S. 19-3093.00: employment of 3,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 300 average annual openings from growth and replacement. These are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes.
| Wage distribution position | Annual wage reference | Conversion boundaries | How to understand this position |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10th percentile | 10th-percentile hourly wage USD 20.55 / annual wage USD 42,730 (2025, BLS OEWS, this occupation itself, 19-3093.00) | Official annual wages, not individual monthly income | The 10th percentile is a distribution position, not newcomer or research-assistant pay. |
| Median (50%) | Median hourly wage USD 36.90 / median annual wage USD 76,750 (2025, BLS OEWS, this occupation itself, 19-3093.00) |
Career-fit guide
Direct answer | Assessments support self-reflection; existing or fictional research materials support discussion of evidence and citations. A single demonstration does not replace research training, and no comparative evidence identifies a most reliable method.
You may be better suited to： Fit signals: willingness to take responsibility for rigorous conclusions and academic integrity under citation, copyright, confidentiality, privacy, and academic requirements; ability to switch among source collection, organization, criticism, analysis, writing, and citations while valuing evidence and records; adherence to evidence, standards, and review under publication, project, and competition pressure; and record preservation and reporting under policy upon source-authenticity, copyright, privacy, collaboration, or authority-related issues.
Situations requiring caution： Caution signals: difficulty with long-cycle independent reading, searching, and writing; difficulty accepting publication, project and funding competition and irregular milestones; unwillingness to take responsibility for rigorous conclusions and academic integrity or report and hand over under policy when authority is exceeded.
Try an entry exercise： Editorial advice | First verify field-specific training, archive access, and institutional rules, then discuss public, permitted, or fictional materials. Demonstrations do not grant teaching, excavation, restoration, or archive-disclosure authority.
Work pressures, risks, and occupational boundaries
Direct answer | The core risk is not merely whether you can write an article, but several failures with serious consequences: source authenticity and provenance—misusing materials of doubtful authenticity or origin; citations and intellectual property—missing citations, plagiarism, or improper authorship; confidentiality and privacy—mishandling classified archives or personal-information-containing materials; historical facts and inference—historical errors or excessive inference misleading readers; projects and collaboration—mishandling publication or project milestones and collaboration disputes; and records and versions—missing source, conclusion, or version management preventing traceability.
Evidence scope | This page uses O*NET 19-3093.00 tasks and work context: gathering historical data from archives, court records, diaries, news files, photographs and other sources; organizing data and analyzing and interpreting authenticity and relative importance; writing publication and exhibition content or reviewing others' content for historical accuracy; organizing information for dissemination; and conducting historical research to support identifying, preserving, and restoring historic sites and materials; high accuracy demands (33% extremely important, 52% very important), prolonged sitting (17% continually, 46% more than half the time), substantial external communication (77% as an important activity), and relatively high competition. This U.S. occupational-classification coverage helps identify failure types and control points, not legal or academic conclusions.
Entry, qualifications, and career development
Editorial preparation path | Verify the target research field and institutional conditions, then develop source, analytical, and writing skills and actual outputs. U.S. new-hire requirements and Job Zones do not prescribe a universal graduate-study step for everyone in China. Check primarily teaching roles, cultural-heritage authority, and archive permissions separately.
Career outlook and moves to related occupations
U.S. historians' 2025 median hourly wage is USD 36.90 and annual wage USD 76,750. OEWS pretax regular-hours wages include specified items such as production bonuses and exclude overtime pay, shift differentials, nonproduction bonuses, and employer benefit costs. Percentiles are not experience bands or starting pay. U.S. 19-3093.00: employment of 3,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 300 average annual openings from growth and replacement. These are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes. The NBS release checked in this round did not provide an exact national occupational distribution for historical researchers in China. Research-industry averages cover multiple occupations as background, not occupational medians, monthly pay, or take-home wages, and cannot cover all museum, heritage, government, or university research roles.
United States · SOC 19-3093.00 (OEWS 2025, presented through O*NET)
Median hourly wage USD 36.90 and median annual wage USD 76,750; 10th-percentile hourly wage 20.55 and annual wage 42,730; 25th-percentile hourly wage 27.54 and annual wage 57,290; 75th-percentile hourly wage 48.07 and annual wage 99,990; 90th-percentile hourly wage 63.37 and annual wage 131,810
Historians on this page is the exact O*NET occupation 19-3093.00, Historians: researching, analyzing, recording, and interpreting the past as documented in government and institutional records, newspapers and other periodicals, photographs, interviews, films, electronic media, and unpublished manuscripts such as personal diaries and letters. The page lists 24 tasks. The most important include gathering historical data from archives, court records, diaries, news files, photographs, books, pamphlets and periodicals; organizing data and analyzing and interpreting authenticity and relative importance; writing publications and exhibition content or reviewing others' writing for historical accuracy; organizing information for publication and other dissemination through storage media or the internet; and conducting historical research to support identifying, preserving, and restoring historic sites and materials. Common titles include Historian, Research Historian, and Public Historian.
U.S.: the 2025 wages and employment presented on O*NET's 19-3093.00 page cover this occupation itself, with no indication that data come from a broader or adjacent occupation. Mainland China: public statistics have not established a national occupational wage distribution matching this exact occupation; this page records the gap rather than using proxy figures. The systems and statistical coverage differ and are not combined or converted.
Choose a real task from this page for a small practice project or a conversation with someone in the field. Use the planning guides to set a date, an output and feedback questions before deciding whether to continue.
Fit signals | U.S. O*NET 19-3093.00 has interest code IC (Investigative–Conventional): Investigative means analyzing problems through evidence and research; Conventional means organizing information and data and maintaining order under procedures and rules. Core activities include obtaining information (90), identifying objects, actions and events (88), working with computers (83), processing information (79), communicating with people outside the organization (77), and documenting and recording information (76). Work context shows high accuracy demands (33% extremely important, 52% very important), collaboration with colleagues and external institutions (39% constant contact with others, 39% most of the time), mainly controlled indoor workplaces (78% daily), prolonged sitting (17% continually, 46% more than half the time), substantial external communication (77% as an important activity), and mainly regular schedules (86% regular). If you are willing to work with historical sources, evidence, and writing, thoroughly verify sources, cite, analyze and interpret, and take responsibility for rigorous conclusions, academic integrity, and compliant source use, the occupation's daily demands may be closer to your working style.
This checklist is for self-reflection only. It is not a hiring standard, ability score, or assessment of job competence, nor does it constitute academic, legal, or career advice. This page covers the exact U.S. O*NET/SOC occupation 19-3093.00, Historians: researching, analyzing, recording, and interpreting the past as documented in government and institutional records, newspapers and other periodicals, photographs, interviews, films, electronic media, and unpublished manuscripts such as personal diaries and letters. Official scope: Research, analyze, record, and interpret the past as recorded in sources, such as government and institutional records, newspapers and other periodicals, photographs, interviews, films, electronic media, and unpublished manuscripts, such as personal diaries and letters. O*NET lists these core tasks (24 tasks are listed, with the first 5 displayed by default): gathering historical data from archives, court records, diaries, news files, photographs, books, pamphlets and periodicals; organizing data and analyzing and interpreting its authenticity and relative importance; writing publications and exhibition content or reviewing others' writing to ensure historical accuracy; organizing information for publication and other dissemination through storage media or the internet; and conducting historical research to support identifying, preserving, and restoring historic sites and materials. Common titles include Historian, Research Historian, Public Historian, Archivist Historian, and Historical Researcher. Coverage note: U.S. wage and employment data on O*NET's 19-3093.00 page are not identified as coming from a broader or adjacent occupation; this page accurately labels them for this occupation itself (19-3093.00). In the U.S., it is in Job Zone Five (extensive preparation needed), 8.0 and above (SVP 8.0 and above). This page does not extrapolate U.S. coverage to mainland China's job titles, qualifications, or wages.
Practice brief | A wholly fictional historical-research task package, solely for practicing the process and representing no real institution, historical source, or data. Draft a plan covering: (1) how to use a fictional research topic and source leads to structure historical research: topic and question definition; source types, origins and collections; primary and secondary literature; source criticism and authenticity checks; citation and bibliography standards; oral interviews, images and digital sources; analysis, interpretation and writing; and review and publication or exhibition. Specify missing information to obtain: source access, permissions and copyright; archival confidentiality and privacy restrictions; collaboration and review requirements; and project and publication milestones. (2) How to design completion and review points for a fictional research and source record: fields and definitions, topic and source identifiers, origins, collections and versions, excerpts, transcription and translation, citations and copyright, correspondence between conclusions and evidence, and original records and revision trails. (3) How to write a handover-ready research summary: question, materials and sources—analysis and evidence—conclusions and limitations—follow-up and collaboration. (4) How to retain and use historical sources and interview data, distinguishing public information from materials restricted by copyright, confidentiality, or privacy. (5) How to pause, review, preserve records, and report upon doubts about source authenticity, copyright, privacy, collaboration or publication risks, or matters beyond your authority. Use public materials and simulated data, never real institutional or unauthorized historical-source data.
Direct answer | Historians on this page is the exact O*NET occupation 19-3093.00, Historians. Work falls into several categories: (i) Historical sources and research—gathering historical data from archives, court records, diaries, news files, photographs, books, pamphlets and periodicals, and conducting oral interviews and collecting images and digital sources. (ii) Organization and criticism—organizing data, analyzing and interpreting its authenticity and relative importance, and conducting source criticism and provenance checks. (iii) Analysis, interpretation and writing—organizing and writing information for publication and dissemination through storage media or the internet, and interpreting its meaning for others. (iv) Publication, exhibitions and review—writing publication and exhibition content or reviewing others' writing to ensure historical accuracy. (v) Research support and projects—conducting historical research to support identifying, preserving, and restoring historic sites and materials, and participating in research topics, projects, collaboration, and review.
Records and collaboration | Start with research topics and source leads. Check topic and question definition; source types, origins and collections; primary and secondary literature; source criticism and authenticity checks; citation and bibliography standards; oral interviews, images and digital sources; analysis, interpretation and writing; and review and publication or exhibition. Then conduct research under institutional and academic standards and hand over by stage. Copyright, confidentiality, privacy, and authorization must follow policy, with traceable source, citation, and version records retained.
Integrity and compliance | Organize work under academic, citation, copyright, confidentiality, privacy, and recordkeeping requirements. Source verification, analysis, interpretation, and conclusions must rely on verifiable historical sources and proper citations, with sources and limitations identified; they cannot replace professional authentication or legal or copyright determinations. Copying, citing, or externally providing copyrighted, confidential, personal-information-containing, or unpublished manuscript materials requires a lawful basis, must be limited to the minimum necessary scope, and must follow approval and recordkeeping policies. Properly attribute quotations and paraphrases of others' work to avoid plagiarism and improper authorship.
Boundary conclusion | This page covers O*NET 19-3093.00, Historians. The core differences from adjacent roles concern objects of work, outputs, and authority levels. This occupation works with historical sources, evidence, interpretation, and writing, producing research outputs, interpretations, and source records based on verifiable historical materials. Workers use source, analytical, and writing skills within institutional and academic authority and are responsible for rigorous conclusions and academic integrity. Sociologists, anthropologists and archaeologists, political scientists, archivists, and curators focus on their own objects and outputs, with different methods and authority levels.
| Dimension | Main directions | Directions to compare |
|---|---|---|
| Core purpose | Core purpose of this occupation | Work with historical sources, evidence, literature, research topics, and academic standards within institutional and academic authority: historical sources and research, organization and criticism, analysis, interpretation and writing, publication, exhibitions and review, and research support and projects. Produce research outputs and source records based on verifiable historical materials. | Core concept of adjacent roles | Most roles in the same group and adjacent occupations aim to complete research, interpretation, preservation, or display using evidence and standards and leave records. Differences concern objects of work, outputs, and authority levels: some focus on social, anthropological, archaeological, or political research; others on archival management, curation, or preservation. |
| Main objects and working basis | Main objects and working bases of this occupation | Work with topic and question definition; source types, origins and collections; primary and secondary literature; source criticism and authenticity checks; citation and bibliography standards; oral interviews, images and digital sources; analysis, interpretation and writing; and review and publication requirements. Conduct research and make judgments under academic, copyright, and archive-management requirements. | Main objects and working bases of adjacent roles | Sociologists use sociological theory, sampling, and social-research methods; anthropologists and archaeologists use ethnography, archaeological excavation, and cultural-heritage protection standards; political scientists use political theory, comparison, and institutional analysis; archivists use archival management, appraisal, and preservation standards; curators use museum, collection, exhibition, and public-education standards. Most focus on social, anthropological, archaeological, or political research, archives, or curation, differing from this occupation's historical research. |
| Core process | Core process of this occupation | Receive topics and check historical sources; confirm provenance and authorization; gather, interview and collect; organize, verify and critique; analyze, write and cite; and review, publish or exhibit, and record. Every step must follow academic standards and institutional requirements and be reviewable by collaborators, reviewers, and institutions. | Core processes of adjacent roles | Sociologists mainly conduct social surveys and theoretical analysis; anthropologists and archaeologists mainly conduct fieldwork, excavations, and ethnography; political scientists mainly conduct institutional, comparative, and policy analysis; archivists mainly appraise, preserve, and provide access to archives. This occupation mainly collects, critiques, interprets, and writes about historical sources. |
| Main outputs | Main outputs of this occupation | Research outputs and interpretations based on verifiable historical sources—papers, monographs, exhibitions, and policy or historic-site supporting materials—source, citation and version records, oral-history, image and digital-source records, conclusions and limitations, review and revision records, and traceable project and handover records. | Main outputs of adjacent roles | Sociologists produce social-research papers and reports; anthropologists and archaeologists produce excavation, ethnographic, and preservation records; political scientists produce policy and institutional analyses; archivists produce archival appraisal, preservation, and retrieval outputs. These differ from this occupation's historical-research outputs and source records. |
| Responsible parties | Workers in this occupation are responsible for their own source handling, criticism, analysis, conclusions, citations, and authorship, and research completed under academic and integrity standards. Legal or copyright determinations, cultural-object authentication, classified archives, and major disputed conclusions must be referred to the appropriate institutions or personnel under qualifications and institutional policies. | Responsibility in adjacent roles | Responsibilities in the same group and adjacent occupations are usually defined by institutions and academic, ethics, data, and publication policies. They mainly concern rigorous conclusions, historical accuracy, academic integrity, and cultural communication. |
| Authority and approval | Authority and approval in this occupation | Routine source use, analysis, writing, and publication must stay within institutional authorization, academic standards, and project scope. Classified-archive use, copyright authorization, cultural-object authentication, legal matters, and major conclusions must follow policies and qualification requirements. Archive access, ethics review, and data-management permissions follow institutional and competent-authority requirements. | Authority and approval in adjacent roles | Authority in the same group and adjacent occupations comes from institutional authorization and academic, ethical, and professional standards. It generally does not include independent decisions on classified archives, cultural objects, legal conclusions, or major responses. Classified matters, copyright disputes, legal issues, and major conclusions should be referred to the appropriate institutions or personnel. |
| Limits on conclusions | Limits on conclusions in this occupation | Source-verification, analysis, and interpretation conclusions should state only verifiable evidence, reasoning, and limitations, distinguishing source facts, inferences, and matters awaiting verification. Workers must not issue conclusions in their own name on matters beyond their qualifications, such as legal or copyright determinations, cultural-object authentication, or classified information. | Limits on conclusions in adjacent roles | Conclusions in the same group and adjacent occupations are mostly limited to their own topic or field and generally do not determine legal, copyright, cultural-object authentication, or policy responsibility. Interdisciplinary conclusions and those involving major disputes have limits on their applicability. |
Gather historical data from archives, court records, diaries, news files, photographs, books, pamphlets, and periodicals; conduct oral interviews and collect images and digital sources.
Organize data and analyze and interpret its authenticity and relative importance; conduct source criticism and provenance checks.
Organize and write information for publication and other dissemination through storage media or the internet, and interpret its meaning for others.
Write publication and exhibition content or review others' writing to ensure historical accuracy.
Conduct historical research to support identifying, preserving, and restoring historic sites and materials; participate in research topics, projects, collaboration, and review.
Handle historical sources and data under citation, copyright, confidentiality, privacy, and academic standards; handle and report issues.
Pre-employment checks | Use the following six items for individual checks before applying and starting work, avoiding assumptions about actual duties or authority based on titles or promotional language. Base findings on written recruitment information, employment contracts, job descriptions, and institutional academic and data policies, and continue confirming them after joining. This page provides check points only, not hiring or academic conclusions.
Check-point explanation | Similar titles may carry very different duties and authority. Some focus on academic research and publication; others on public history, exhibitions, historic sites, or policy support; others on archives, document organization, and digitization; some also teach or manage projects. Institutions and jurisdictions differ in training, ethics, data, and confidentiality requirements. Verify these before judging fit.
| Key difference: this occupation works with historical sources, evidence, interpretation, and writing. Workers use source, analytical, and writing skills to conduct research within institutional and academic authority and take responsibility for rigorous conclusions and academic integrity. Adjacent roles focus on social, anthropological, archaeological, or political research, archives, or curation, with different methods and authority. |
| Better suited to people willing to work with historical sources, evidence, and writing, thoroughly verify sources, cite, analyze and interpret under academic standards, and take responsibility for rigorous conclusions and academic integrity. |
| Sociologists (Sociologists, 19-3041.00) | Core work and outputs: social structures and behavior, sample surveys, and theoretical analysis, producing social-research papers and reports. | Key difference: focuses on social surveys and theoretical analysis, producing social-research papers. This occupation focuses on historical sources and interpretation, with different methods and evidence. | Better suited to people interested in social surveys and theoretical analysis; this occupation emphasizes source criticism, historical interpretation, and writing. |
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| Anthropologists and Archeologists (Anthropologists and Archeologists, 19-3091.00) | Core work and outputs: fieldwork, excavations, ethnography, and cultural-heritage protection, producing excavation, ethnographic, and preservation records. | Key difference: focuses on fieldwork, excavations, and ethnography, producing excavation and preservation records. This occupation researches documentary historical sources, using different methods. | Better suited to people interested in fieldwork, excavations, and ethnography; this occupation emphasizes archival and documentary historical research and interpretation. |
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| Political Scientists (Political Scientists, 19-3094.00) | Core work and outputs: political institutions and behavior, comparison, and policy analysis, producing policy and institutional analyses. | Key difference: focuses on institutional, comparative, and policy analysis, producing policy and institutional analyses. This occupation focuses on historical sources and interpretation, with different methods and objects. | Better suited to people interested in institutional and policy analysis; this occupation emphasizes source criticism, historical interpretation, and writing. |
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| Archivists (Archivists, 25-4011.00) | Core work and outputs: archival appraisal, preservation, arrangement, access, and digitization, producing archival appraisal, preservation, and retrieval outputs. | Key difference: focuses on archival appraisal, preservation, and access, producing archives and retrieval outputs. This occupation focuses on historical-source research and interpretation, with different outputs and authority. | Better suited to people interested in archival appraisal, preservation, and digitization; this occupation emphasizes historical-source research and historical writing. |
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| Curators (Curators, 25-4012.00) | Core work and outputs: museum collection research, exhibition planning, and public education, producing exhibitions, collection research, and educational outputs. | Key difference: focuses on collection research and exhibition planning, producing exhibitions and public-education outputs. This occupation focuses on historical-source research and interpretation, with different outputs and authority. | Better suited to people interested in exhibit research and exhibition planning; this occupation emphasizes historical-source research and historical writing. |
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Conclusion | The core differences between this page's occupation (O*NET 19-3093.00, Historians) and adjacent roles concern objects of work, outputs, and authority levels. This occupation focuses on historical sources, evidence, interpretation, and writing, producing research outputs, interpretations, and source records based on verifiable historical materials. Sociologists, anthropologists and archaeologists, political scientists, archivists, and curators focus on their own objects, with different methods and authority levels.
Transition | This page presents adjacent roles side by side by objects of work, outputs, and authority levels to help you decide which social, anthropological, archaeological, political, archival, curatorial, or historical work you want to pursue over time. In every direction, readiness depends on relevant methods, evidence, standards, and training skills, plus the target institution's and jurisdiction's training, ethics, data, and permission requirements. Check wages and employment against each occupation's own code and statistical coverage; figures are not interchangeable.
Technical feasibility: equipment or systems may technically affect a task. This is only a feasibility judgment, not permission to use them or evidence of institutional adoption.
Institutional and standards-based adoption: introduction depends on copyright, confidentiality, ethics, data, and academic requirements and institutional research-management policies. Introducing a system cannot transfer responsibility for historical accuracy or integrity.
U.S. 19-3093.00: employment of 3,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 300 average annual openings from growth and replacement. These are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes.
| Work direction | Task | Current changes | Human control points |
|---|---|---|---|
| Retrieval can assist; people remain responsible for judgment | Historical sources and research | Gather historical data from archives, records, diaries, news, photographs, and other sources | Personally check collections and use conditions and follow archive and project permissions; do not independently grant opening or disclosure permission |
| Tools can assist; people remain responsible for judgment | Organization and criticism | Organize data and analyze and interpret its authenticity and relative importance | You are responsible for source criticism and verification (human control point) |
| Drafts can assist; people remain responsible for judgment | Analysis, interpretation, and writing | Organize and write information for publication and dissemination and interpret its meaning for others | You are responsible for analysis, writing, and interpretation (human control point) |
| Comparison can assist; people remain responsible for judgment | Publication, exhibitions, and review | Write publication and exhibition content or review others' content for historical accuracy | You are responsible for review and accuracy judgments (human control point) |
| Data can assist; people remain responsible for judgment | Research support and projects | Conduct historical research to support identifying, preserving, and restoring historical remains | You are responsible for research support and evidence judgments (human control point) |
| Records can be assisted; people remain responsible for judgment | Citations, copyright, and compliance | Handle historical sources and data under citation, copyright, confidentiality, and privacy requirements | You are responsible under standards for citations, copyright, and compliance (human control point) |
| Records can be assisted; people remain responsible for judgments and responses | Exception handling | Identify source-authenticity, copyright, privacy, or collaboration issues, preserve records, and report | You identify issues, preserve records, and report within authorization (human control point) |
Tasks, wages and projections, ILO potential exposure, and NIST governance have different uses; they are not measured adoption, effects, or individual outcomes.
Editorial comparison | Discusses experiments in source organization, research argumentation, and public communication. No measured efficiency or substitution-rate comparison with adjacent occupations is available; technical feasibility, institutional permission, effects, and job outcomes are treated separately.
What AI mainly changesTest retrieval and citation with public or permitted literature; check original text and versions
Still a human responsibilityResponsibility for source criticism, evidence, interpretation, conclusions, and integrity
What AI mainly changesTest classification and statistics on authorized texts; verify time savings and accuracy separately
Still a human responsibilityMajor disputed conclusions, authorship, and external-release decisions
What AI mainly changesTest review drafts using permitted or public materials; verify documentary support item by item
Still a human responsibilityResponsibility for content evidence, historical-fact verification, copyright, and ethics review
Tool-use advice | Clarify historical-source origins, permitted uses, citation checks, and publication responsibility. No measured efficiency is available; tools do not grant archive-disclosure or publication-approval authority.
Tasks and boundaries: researchers and appropriately authorized personnel must determine topic, historical-source, copyright, confidentiality, and ethics boundaries. Equipment and systems do not replace historical-source and academic judgments.
Data and methods: personally check and review historical sources, provenance, collections, versions, excerpts, transcription data, sources, and validation. Clearly disclose insufficient or biased data; do not conceal gaps with system outputs.
Conclusions and determinations: personally verify historical sources and make analyses, interpretations, and conclusions based on verifiable evidence and academic standards. System outputs must not directly serve as a basis for publication, conclusions, or external release.
Integrity and compliance: citations, copyright, confidentiality, privacy, informed consent, and data management must follow academic, legal, and institutional requirements and policies. Manage copyrighted, confidential, or personal-information-containing materials under minimum-necessary and retention requirements.
Changes and disclosure: disclose outputs, conclusions, and source information and handle authorship and publication only within authorization and policy. Upon source-authenticity, copyright, privacy, collaboration, or authority-related issues, pause, preserve records, and report under policy.
Directly use system-generated text, citations, or suggested conclusions for publication or conclusions
Control method:Personally verify historical accuracy, integrity, and quality responsibilities against evidence and academic standards and retain records
Copyrighted, confidential, or personal-information-containing historical sources and interview data improperly used or externally shared
Control method:Limit purpose, retention periods, and access; do not upload protected materials to external services or unauthorized environments
Replace source criticism, evidence, and interpretive judgments with automated generation
Control method:Appropriately trained personnel must make source-criticism and evidence judgments under academic standards
Replace actual historical sources, citations, conclusions, and revision records with system-generated content
Control method:Records must reflect actual research and evidence processes; generating unverified content or fabricating citations is prohibited
Blurred responsibility: unclear who verifies, takes authorship, and approves publication and disclosure
Control method:Before adopting a system, clarify and record research, application, and approval paths and responsible people
Use digital tools for reversible assistance: literature and archive retrieval, source and citation organization, transcription, and preliminary classification. Source criticism and conclusions remain subject to researchers and standards.
Use databases, reference-management, and digital-humanities tools for source, citation, and version records. You remain personally responsible under academic standards for analysis, interpretation, and conclusions.
Use tools for multilingual and large-scale historical sources, digital analysis, and text mining. You and the institution or legal or ethics personnel must confirm complex and controlled matters: classified archives, copyright, ethics, and major disputed conclusions.
Use tools for statistics and reports on topics, publications, funding, teams, and data management. Major conclusions, authorship, and external releases require human approval and recorded traces.
This round did not obtain evidence that AI will necessarily replace historians in their entirety or that they will necessarily be retained; potential exposure and overall projections are not causal evidence of job replacement.
Source:Sources | O*NET19-3093.00 tasks, BLS2025 wages, and 2025–2035 overall projections; ILO potential exposure and NIST governance.Original source ↗
This occupation is defined by historical research and interpretation, not programming. Specific digital-humanities and other jobs may require programming; tool proficiency does not replace research training or data permissions.
Source:Sources | O*NET19-3093.00 tasks, BLS2025 wages, and 2025–2035 overall projections; ILO potential exposure and NIST governance.Original source ↗
Editorial advice | Test transcription, classification, and review drafts with permitted or public literature, checking original historical sources and citations. No measured workload-sharing proportions or efficiency were obtained.
Source:Sources | O*NET19-3093.00 tasks, BLS2025 wages, and 2025–2035 overall projections; ILO potential exposure and NIST governance.Original source ↗
U.S. 19-3093.00: employment of 3,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 300 average annual openings from growth and replacement. These are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes.
Source:Sources | O*NET19-3093.00 tasks, BLS2025 wages, and 2025–2035 overall projections; ILO potential exposure and NIST governance.Original source ↗
They cannot independently take responsibility. Historical-fact verification, source criticism, analysis, conclusions, and citations are the responsibility of appropriately trained and authorized researchers. Systems may assist with retrieval, organization, and drafts according to settings, but people must define and confirm evidence judgments, conclusions, and integrity review.
Source:Sources | O*NET19-3093.00 tasks, BLS2025 wages, and 2025–2035 overall projections; ILO potential exposure and NIST governance.Original source ↗
No evidence of a year when this entire occupation will disappear was obtained. Potential exposure and overall projections do not provide a definite year or guarantee permanent survival.
Source:Sources | O*NET19-3093.00 tasks, BLS2025 wages, and 2025–2035 overall projections; ILO potential exposure and NIST governance.Original source ↗
Editorial preparation advice | Learn provenance verification, source criticism, argumentation, and citations. Check oral-interview, data, and multilingual-tool requirements against the specific project; tool proficiency does not replace research training.
Source:Sources | O*NET19-3093.00 tasks, BLS2025 wages, and 2025–2035 overall projections; ILO potential exposure and NIST governance.Original source ↗
Editorial recap | Test retrieval, transcription, and citation drafts with public or permitted historical sources, checking originals and versions. No measured AI adoption, efficiency, income, or causal replacement evidence for historians is available. Source use, archive disclosure, and publication follow actual rights and institutional requirements.
RMB 83,560 / year; tax-inclusive national urban private-unit annual average across multiple occupations in scientific research and technical services. It does not cover all museum, heritage, government, and university researchers and is not historians' occupational median.
The NBS release checked in this round did not provide an exact national occupational distribution for historical researchers in China. Research-industry averages cover multiple occupations as background, not occupational medians, monthly pay, or take-home wages, and cannot cover all museum, heritage, government, or university research roles.
The NBS release checked in this round did not provide an exact national occupational distribution for historical researchers in China. Research-industry averages cover multiple occupations as background, not occupational medians, monthly pay, or take-home wages, and cannot cover all museum, heritage, government, or university research roles.
| Educational background | Common job directions | Notes and check advice |
|---|---|---|
| Graduate education and research training in history or a related field | Check against the target research role | U.S. new-hire requirements are 64% master's degree, 10% bachelor's degree, and 9% below high school, not Chinese entry thresholds or existing workers' educational composition; these three do not cover all percentages. |
| Historical-source retrieval, criticism, analysis, and writing skills | All roles | Roles typically require source retrieval and verification, analysis, interpretation, writing, and proper citations, with compliance with copyright, confidentiality, privacy, and ethics requirements |
| Research training and publication or project experience | Most roles | Target institutions may check research and output experience; this round did not obtain evidence that all roles universally require publication, exhibition, or policy experience. |
| Data, archive, ethics, and copyright requirements | All roles | Copyright, confidentiality, personal information, and informed consent must follow academic, legal, and institutional requirements |
The NBS release checked in this round did not provide an exact national occupational distribution for historical researchers in China. Research-industry averages cover multiple occupations as background, not occupational medians, monthly pay, or take-home wages, and cannot cover all museum, heritage, government, or university research roles.
The main U.S. industries listed are Government and Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services. These do not directly determine Chinese institutions' economic-activity classifications; research-industry averages provide related background only.
Universities and research institutions are organization types. This segment's occupational median was not obtained; it is not an obtained industry average. Verify primarily teaching roles separately.
Museums, cultural heritage, and archives are organization-type references. This segment's occupational median was not obtained; it is not an obtained industry average.
Editorial task analysis | Test retrieval, transcription, and citation organization with permitted or public historical sources, checking originals, versions, and citation conditions. No AI adoption rate, efficiency, or causal replacement evidence for this occupation was obtained; no medium-low exposure rating is assigned.
| Official annual wages, not individual take-home pay |
| The median is the national distribution midpoint; it does not predict increases from experience or skills. |
| 90th percentile | 90th-percentile hourly wage USD 63.37 / annual wage USD 131,810 (2025, BLS OEWS, this occupation itself, 19-3093.00) | Official annual wages, not individual take-home pay | The 90th percentile is not maximum pay or a compensation ceiling for senior project leaders and project management. |
|---|
Pay · 10th percentile：10th-percentile hourly wage USD 20.55 / annual wage USD 42,730 (2025, BLS OEWS, this occupation itself, 19-3093.00)；Coverage | 2025 10th percentile. Limits | Not newcomer or starting pay. Source | O*NET wage table
Pay · 25th percentile：25th-percentile hourly wage USD 27.54 / annual wage USD 57,290 (2025, BLS OEWS, this occupation itself, 19-3093.00)；Coverage | 2025 25th percentile. Limits | Does not identify income effects of institutions, fields, or experience. Source | O*NET wage table
Pay · Median：Median hourly wage USD 36.90 / median annual wage USD 76,750 (2025, BLS OEWS, this occupation itself, 19-3093.00)；Coverage | 2025 U.S. median for this occupation. Limits | U.S. historians' 2025 median hourly wage is USD 36.90 and annual wage USD 76,750. OEWS pretax regular-hours wages include specified items such as production bonuses and exclude overtime pay, shift differentials, nonproduction bonuses, and employer benefit costs. Percentiles are not experience bands or starting pay. Sources | O*NET and BLS FAQ
Pay · 75th percentile：75th-percentile hourly wage USD 48.07 / annual wage USD 99,990 (2025, BLS OEWS, this occupation itself, 19-3093.00)；Coverage | 2025 75th percentile. Limits | Not project-leader, public-history, or senior pay. Source | O*NET wage table
Pay · 90th percentile：90th-percentile hourly wage USD 63.37 / annual wage USD 131,810 (2025, BLS OEWS, this occupation itself, 19-3093.00)；Coverage | 2025 90th percentile. Limits | Not maximum pay or a management-pay ceiling. Source | O*NET wage table
2025 annual wages at the 10 / 25 / 50 / 75 / 90 percentile points are USD 42,730 / 57,290 / 76,750 / 99,990 / 131,810, with hourly wages of 20.55 / 27.54 / 36.90 / 48.07 / 63.37. The distribution does not identify causes of income differences.
U.S. historians' 2025 median hourly wage is USD 36.90 and annual wage USD 76,750. OEWS pretax regular-hours wages include specified items such as production bonuses and exclude overtime pay, shift differentials, nonproduction bonuses, and employer benefit costs. Percentiles are not experience bands or starting pay.
U.S. education items describe new-hire requirements. There is no causal income evidence for education, publication, training, or research-topic duties; verify recruitment with the institution.
Use advice | National percentiles do not predict individual income. U.S. 19-3093.00: employment of 3,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 300 average annual openings from growth and replacement. These are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes.
| Industry | Median wage for this occupation within the industry | How to interpret it |
|---|---|---|
| Government (Government) | Insufficient evidence: this round did not obtain an industry wage median readable for this exact occupation; industry averages or third-party estimates are not used to fill the gap. | O*NET's 19-3093.00 page lists government as one of this occupation's main U.S. industries. NBS publishes average wages by industry section without occupation distinctions. |
| Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services (Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services) | Insufficient evidence: this round did not obtain an industry wage median readable for this exact occupation; industry averages or third-party estimates are not used to fill the gap. | Professional, scientific, and technical services is an industry reference. The occupation-by-industry median was not obtained; it is not an obtained industry average. |
| Universities and research institutions (reference) | Insufficient evidence: this round did not obtain an industry wage median readable for this exact occupation; industry averages or third-party estimates are not used to fill the gap. | Universities and research institutions are organization-type references; the segment's occupational median was not obtained. |
| Archives, museums, and cultural-heritage institutions (reference) | Insufficient evidence: this round did not obtain an industry wage median readable for this exact occupation; industry averages or third-party estimates are not used to fill the gap. | Archives, museums, and heritage institutions are organization-type references; the segment's occupational median was not obtained. |
Editorial advice | Verify the specific government, research, consulting, or publishing institution and contract. National distributions do not identify institutional or field income or stability effects.
Editorial advice | Verify actual job requirements for multilingual skills, digital humanities, and research outputs. This round provides no wage-return evidence for these skills or publication experience.
Editorial advice | Verify project-leading, publication, and team-management tasks and authority; do not interpret upper national percentiles as their income.
Coverage | BLS overall Employment Projections 2025–2035. Limits | U.S. 19-3093.00: employment of 3,800 in 2025； Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035； 300 average annual openings from growth and replacement. These are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes. Source | Current O*NET occupation page
Coverage | BLS overall Employment Projections 2025–2035. Limits | U.S. 19-3093.00: employment of 3,800 in 2025； Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035； 300 average annual openings from growth and replacement. These are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes. Source | Current O*NET occupation page
Coverage | BLS overall Employment Projections 2025–2035. Limits | U.S. 19-3093.00: employment of 3,800 in 2025； Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035； 300 average annual openings from growth and replacement. These are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes. Source | Current O*NET occupation page
Which Holland interests are closer to historical research?
Holland (RIASEC) | Helps you understand your relative Investigative and Conventional preferences. This occupation's O*NET interest code is IC (Investigative–Conventional): willingness to analyze problems through evidence and research (Investigative) and organize information and data and maintain order according to procedures and rules (Conventional).
Do not use it this way:If you struggle with long-cycle independent reading, searching, and writing, publication, project and funding competition and irregular milestones, or responsibility for rigorous conclusions and academic integrity, a high interest-questionnaire score cannot change these practical costs. Also confirm institutional copyright, confidentiality, ethics, and data-management requirements.
Test my Holland occupational interestsWhich Big Five traits are more relevant to this work?
Big Five | Reflect on whether you can check sources, citations, and arguments and accept review. No predictive validity of this occupation's personality scores for individual fit is available.
Do not use it this way:Do not use a personality assessment saying you are unsuitable as a reason to give up or avoid entry. Test fit through research internships, job shadowing, simulated research and writing tasks, and supervisor and research-training evaluations.
Explore my Big Five personality traitsCan MBTI determine whether historical research suits me?
MBTI | Typology supports reflection on communication and work preferences. This occupation requires collaboration with collaborators, institutions, publishers, and audiences; preferences do not determine competence.
Do not use it this way:Use type only as a reference for communication styles; do not infer whether you or others can perform historical-source research, analysis, and writing well.
Understand my MBTI preferencesCan the Enneagram tell whether this occupation suits me?
Enneagram | Only supports reflection on responses to research disputes. Observe actual ways of explaining evidence and handling collaboration issues; do not judge competence by type.
Do not use it this way:Do not explain academic or integrity disputes through type labels; return to historical evidence, citations, applicable standards, and whether process records are complete.
Explore my Enneagram patternsCan I be a historian if I am not good at math?
Intelligence and reasoning | Source comprehension and argumentation can be observed, but no comparative validity of these observations and assessment scores for predicting performance in this occupation is available.
Do not use it this way:A high or low score does not establish whether you can learn historical-source research, analysis, and writing. Test this through research internships, job shadowing, simulated tasks, and supervisor evaluations.
Understand my intelligence and reasoning performanceDoes historical research require high emotional intelligence?
Emotional intelligence | Supports reflection on publication, collaboration, and dispute communication. Scores provide no causal evidence about research quality or collaboration effectiveness.
Do not use it this way:Emotional skills can improve through actual work, mentoring, and deliberate practice; assessment scores need not limit you.
Understand my emotional-intelligence skillsA better match:Can independently complete historical-source research, analysis, writing, citations, and review within institutional and academic authority and standards
Note:Caution signal | First verify the target field's reading and writing demands, contract, and project cycles, then assess whether you can accept them; occupational context does not mean every role is identical.
Explore related occupations:This occupation's direction (Historians)A better match:Exploration signal | Interested in moving into social surveys; needs sociological theory, sampling, and survey methods.
Note:If you want to focus on historical-source research, interpretation, and writing rather than this direction, compare this occupation's differences further.
Explore related occupations:Sociologists directionA better match:Exploration signal | Interested in fieldwork and material-remains research; needs ethnographic or excavation and preservation methods and actual permissions. Historical-source research does not confer authority automatically.
Note:If you want to focus on historical-source research, interpretation, and writing rather than this direction, compare this occupation's differences further.
Explore related occupations:Anthropologists and Archeologists directionA better match:Exploration signal | Interested in political-institution comparison and policy analysis; needs political-science theory and methods.
Note:If you want to focus on historical-source research, interpretation, and writing rather than this direction, compare this occupation's differences further.
Explore related occupations:Political Scientists directionA better match:Exploration signal | Interested in archival appraisal, preservation, and access; needs archival methods and authority. Access experience is not an appraisal qualification.
Note:If you want to focus on historical-source research, interpretation, and writing rather than this direction, compare this occupation's differences further.
Explore related occupations:Archivists directionA better match:Exploration signal | Interested in collections and exhibitions; needs collection management, exhibition planning, and public communication.
Note:If you want to focus on historical-source research, interpretation, and writing rather than this direction, compare this occupation's differences further.
Explore related occupations:Curators directionPersonality reflection | Observe willingness to check sources, explain arguments, and correct errors. IC describes occupational interests, not an individual competence standard.
Introversion reflection | Type does not determine fit. Collaboration, interviews, and explanation of outputs are still required; observe actual performance separately.
Extraversion reflection | Type does not guarantee interview, collaboration, or research quality. Observe actual performance in accurately explaining evidence and accepting review.
Which MBTI type best suits this occupation? No type has been proven best. MBTI is not an occupational qualification or ability-assessment tool; adjustment mainly depends on research training, academic standards, and integrity compliance.
Which Holland interests better suit this occupation? The O*NET interest code is IC: Investigative (analyzing problems through evidence and research) and Conventional (organizing information and data and maintaining order according to procedures and rules).
This round did not obtain validity evidence for personality predicting historians' performance; scores do not directly establish individual conclusions.
Can I do this work if I am not good at math? Basic statistical, logical, data, and quantitative-analysis skills are needed, especially for digital humanities and quantitative research. Training and tools can fill quantitative gaps.
Does this occupation require high emotional intelligence? It requires emotional stability, communication, and resilience, not a particular assessment score. Publication, project, dispute, and competition pressure require self-regulation and communication under standards.
Can the Enneagram determine whether I fit? No. It is a self-exploration tool, not a conclusion about occupational ability or fit. Judge fit by whether you can complete historical-source research, analysis, writing, and citations under academic standards.
Editorial observation advice | Discuss existing or fictional research materials and citations. There is no comparative evidence that this is more effective than questionnaires. Do not access restricted archives or others' private information for demonstrations.
Typical scenario：Scenario | Under a tight publication deadline, you are asked to submit before source origins and authenticity are verified, with paperwork to follow later.
Main roles：You, the institution, and reviewers; source-authenticity and provenance boundaries
Possible consequences：Misuse of historical sources of doubtful authenticity or provenance causes erroneous and misleading conclusions; source criticism, provenance checks, or proper citation requirements are not followed
Reduce risk：Follow source-criticism, provenance-checking, and proper-citation requirements and retain reviewable records. Upon doubts about historical facts or sources, immediately pause, review, preserve records, and report
Basis：O*NET 19-3093.00 detailed tasks and work activities · O*NET 19-3093.00 occupational profile
Typical scenario：Scenario | You are asked to omit some citations or use others' unauthorized materials to speed up progress.
Main roles：You, the institution, and publisher; citation and intellectual-property boundaries
Possible consequences：Missing citations, plagiarism, or improper authorship cause academic misconduct and copyright risks; citation, copyright, or academic-integrity standards are not followed
Reduce risk：Check quotation conditions against actual copyright and authorship requirements. Citations do not equal copyright permission; retain versions and authorization grounds.
Basis：O*NET 19-3093.00 detailed tasks and work activities · Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China (2020 amendment)
Typical scenario：Scenario | You need to cite classified archives or those containing personal information and are asked to bypass institutional procedures.
Main roles：You and archive and information-management staff; confidentiality and privacy boundaries
Possible consequences：Classified archives or personal-information-containing materials are improperly used or externally shared; archive, personal-information protection, or confidentiality requirements are not followed
Reduce risk：Use and retain materials under archive, personal-information protection, and confidentiality requirements. Upon confidentiality or privacy issues, immediately stop, report, and respond under policy
Basis：O*NET 19-3093.00 detailed tasks and work activities · Measures for Opening Archives of State Archives (2022 Order No. 19)
Typical scenario：Scenario | Evidence is limited, but you are asked to give a definite conclusion and downplay limitations.
Main roles：You, researchers, and audiences; historical-fact and inference boundaries
Possible consequences：Historical errors or excessive inference mislead readers and public understanding; facts, inferences, and matters awaiting verification are not distinguished according to evidence sufficiency
Reduce risk：Distinguish historical facts, inferences, and unverified matters based on evidence. Correct problems under institutional and publication procedures; do not disclose restricted materials without authority.
Basis：O*NET 19-3093.00 detailed tasks and work activities · O*NET 19-3093.00 occupational profile
Typical scenario：Scenario | A collaborative project has an authorship or division-of-work dispute, and you are asked to resolve it privately without records.
Main roles：You, collaborators, and funders; project and collaboration boundaries
Possible consequences：Mishandled publication or project milestones and collaboration disputes affect outputs and relationships; collaboration agreements or project-management policies are not followed
Reduce risk：Proceed under collaboration agreements and project-management policies and retain records. Upon disputes or matters beyond authority, immediately refer them to the institution
Basis：O*NET 19-3093.00 detailed tasks and work activities · Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China (2020 amendment)
Typical scenario：Scenario | An analysis and its citations conflict with original materials, but you are asked to publish the current manuscript first and revise it later.
Main roles：You, the institution, and archive institutions; record and version boundaries
Possible consequences：Missing source, citation, conclusion, or version management prevents traceability and responsibility determination; unauthorized legal, copyright, or cultural-object authentication conclusions, or falsified records
Reduce risk：Record truthfully under policy and retain original records and revision trails. Generating unverified content, fabricating citations, or issuing authentication conclusions beyond authority is strictly prohibited
Basis：O*NET 19-3093.00 detailed tasks and work activities · Measures for Opening Archives of State Archives (2022 Order No. 19)
| Career direction | Starting tasks | Evidence you can prepare | Work samples you can show without experience | Difference from this occupation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociologists | Social surveys, sampling, and theoretical analysis | Sociology training and research records | A fictional social-survey and theoretical-analysis checklist | Produces social surveys and theoretical analysis; this occupation produces historical-source research and interpretation |
| Anthropologists and Archeologists | Fieldwork, excavation, ethnography, and cultural-heritage protection | Anthropology and archaeology training and field records | A fictional fieldwork and ethnography checklist | Produces fieldwork, excavation, and ethnography; this occupation produces documentary historical-source research |
| Political Scientists | Political institutions, behavior, comparison, and policy analysis | Political-science training and analysis records | A fictional institutional and policy-analysis checklist | Produces institutional and policy analysis; this occupation produces historical-source research and interpretation |
| Archivists | Archival appraisal, preservation, arrangement, access, and digitization | Archive-management training and work records | A fictional archival-appraisal and preservation checklist | Produces archival appraisal, preservation, and access; this occupation produces historical-source research and writing |
| Curators | Collection research, exhibition planning, and public education | Museology training and exhibition records | A fictional curation and collection-research checklist | Produces collection research and exhibition planning; this occupation produces historical-source research and historical-fact verification |
Independent historical-source research, analysis, and writing depend not on education alone but on research training, relevant publication or project experience, and working within institutional authority.
Education and training affect only the starting point for entry; proficiency in source retrieval, criticism, analysis, writing, and citations mainly depends on research internships, supervisor mentoring, and publication or project experience.
Legal or copyright determinations, cultural-object authentication, and classified archives must be handled by appropriately qualified institutions or personnel.
Data involving copyrighted, confidential, or personal-information-containing materials must follow copyright, privacy, and minimum-necessary requirements and must not be sent to unauthorized environments.
This occupation works in controlled indoor offices, archives, and libraries, assessing historical facts and conclusions through literature, data, and evidence.
Work context shows high accuracy demands, mainly seated work, substantial external communication, moderate time pressure, relatively high competition, mainly regular schedules, and low automation.
A research-topic brief and a list of source leads covering archives, newspapers and periodicals, photographs, and interviews; citation and bibliography standards; and data and source-management requirements.
A blank source, provenance, citation, conclusion, and version-record form.
Prepare a research plan for a fictional topic and complete source, citation, and conclusion records.
Explain source origins, collections and authorization, source criticism and authenticity checks, correspondence between analysis and evidence, citations and copyright, conclusions and limitations, and follow-up plans.
First check the topic, sources, copyright, and confidentiality conditions, then determine retrieval, criticism, and analysis steps under academic standards.
During execution, record sources, excerpts, transcriptions, and judgments and cite properly; afterward review and retain records. Explicitly mark insufficient information and explain why you did not fill gaps with substitutes.
This exercise tests process understanding and recordkeeping ability only; all institutions, historical sources, and data are fictional.
Compile a portfolio containing a fictional research plan, source and citation records, an analysis, conclusion and limitation explanation, and a review and version explanation. Map each to recruitment requirements for source retrieval, criticism, analysis, writing, citations, and integrity.
Have someone review the plan and records against academic standards and evidence, checking consistency among sources, citations, and conclusions. They are handover-ready only if another person can review them without consulting the explanation.
Use one page to explain the topic's question and historical sources—analysis and evidence—conclusions and limitations—follow-up and collaboration, showing in interviews or mentoring how you connect sources, evidence, and records.
Explain the retrieval scope, biases, and limitations of your databases, retrieval, reference-management, and digital-humanities tools, and which judgments rely on human close reading rather than tools, demonstrating awareness of evidence boundaries.
| Stage | Points that may be checked | Observable evidence | Boundary note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Resume and initial screening | Relevant training and research or publication experience | Education, training, and publication or project records | Self-assessment cannot replace research training or institutional verification |
| Interview | Understanding of source criticism, analysis, integrity, and copyright | Ability to clearly explain a research design and evidence approach | Interview performance does not establish ability to independently lead research topics or handle classified or copyright matters |
| Writing trial or probation | Retrieval, argumentation, citations, collaboration, and standards |
Record the copyright, confidentiality, privacy, ethics, and data-management requirements you observe.
Compile a checklist of observed retrieval and criticism steps and criteria.
Identify the three steps you consider most error-prone and explain why.
Explain how you would stop, preserve records, and report source-authenticity, copyright, or privacy issues.
List key points for judging whether citations and evidence are proper and sufficient.
| Qualification or preparation item | Who it applies to | Role in this occupation | Whether generally required | Conditions for obtaining it | Approximate investment | Limitations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Graduate education in history or a related field | Most roles | Provides starting research-method and academic-standard knowledge for entry | U.S. new-hire requirements such as 64% master's degrees are not statutory education requirements for all Chinese roles | Complete graduate study in history or a related field | Depends on actual education or project cycles; this round provides no uniform duration | Education and training do not confer research-topic or authorship authority |
| Research methods and research training |
Typical responsibilities：Under mentoring, assist with retrieval, organization, transcription, and citations; do not independently lead research topics.
Evidence for advancement：Retrieval-assistance records and supervisor evaluations; ability to restate source, citation, and compliance essentials.
Qualification boundaries：Basic research-method and historical-source training records; research internships.
Next step：Understand source types, retrieval, criticism, citations, and data-management essentials.
Typical responsibilities：Independently complete source retrieval, criticism, organization, and records under academic standards; preserve records and report issues under policy.
Evidence for advancement：Historical-source, provenance, and citation records and review comments.
Qualification boundaries：Institutional authorization and research experience.
Next step：Gain experience across historical sources and fields and practice criticism, verification, and recordkeeping methods.
Typical responsibilities：Handle complex and multilingual sources, digital humanities, archives, oral history, and mentoring.
Evidence for advancement：Complex-topic and exception-response records.
Qualification boundaries：Relevant authorization and specialized training; complex-topic experience.
Next step：Learn complex-source, digital-humanities, and oral-history methods.
Typical responsibilities：Coordinate research topics, sources, data, teams, safety, and joint sign-offs and guide newcomers.
Evidence for advancement：Coordination conclusions; source, data, and traceability documents.
Qualification boundaries：Relevant management appointment or institutional authorization.
Next step：Improve source, data, and traceability-management mechanisms.
Typical responsibilities：Editorial starting point | Assist with analysis, writing, and review within project permissions. Authorship follows actual contributions and publication rules; job-shadowing status does not categorically prohibit authorship.
Evidence for advancement：Writing-assistance records and supervisor evaluations; ability to restate citation and integrity essentials.
Qualification boundaries：Basic writing and citation training records; research internships.
Next step：Understand argumentation, citations, submissions, and review essentials.
Typical responsibilities：Complete analysis, interpretation, writing, citations, review, and records under academic standards; report issues under policy.
Evidence for advancement：Analysis, citation, and conclusion records and review comments.
Qualification boundaries：Institutional authorization and writing experience.
Next step：Gain experience across topics and genres and practice argumentation, citation, and revision methods.
Handle complex topics, monographs, public writing, review, and mentoring.
Typical responsibilities：Under mentoring, assist with public-history, exhibition, policy, and community projects and records; do not independently release information externally or represent the institution.
Evidence for advancement：Project-assistance records and supervisor evaluations; ability to restate compliance and communication essentials.
Qualification boundaries：Basic public-history and communication training records; project internships.
Next step：Understand exhibition, policy, public-communication, and compliance essentials.
Typical responsibilities：Complete public history, exhibition or policy support, external communication, and records under institutional policies; report issues under policy.
Evidence for advancement：Project, communication, and compliance records and review comments.
Qualification boundaries：Institutional authorization and project experience.
Next step：Gain experience across institutions and audiences and practice communication and project-management methods.
Handle complex public projects, multiparty coordination, mentoring, and application of research outputs.
Editorial starting point | Assist with materials and citations within relevant project permissions. Authorship follows actual contributions and publication rules; assistant status does not automatically exclude legitimate authorship.
Can independently complete source retrieval, criticism, analysis, writing, citations, and review within institutional authority and academic standards; preserve records and report under policy upon issues or matters beyond authority.
Can handle complex topics, digital humanities, multilingual historical sources, publication, public history, and mentoring.
Can organize and assess research topics, publications, funding, teams, and data management, jointly sign off on disputes, and coordinate multiple parties.
Wages (median and percentiles, this occupation itself)
National percentiles do not identify causes of income differences and are not newcomer or senior pay.
What it cannot tell you：U.S. historians' 2025 median hourly wage is USD 36.90 and annual wage USD 76,750. OEWS pretax regular-hours wages include specified items such as production bonuses and exclude overtime pay, shift differentials, nonproduction bonuses, and employer benefit costs. Percentiles are not experience bands or starting pay.
United States · SOC 19-3093.00 (BLS Employment Projections, presented through O*NET)
U.S. 19-3093.00: employment of 3,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 300 average annual openings from growth and replacement. These are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes.
Employment size, growth, and openings (this occupation itself)
U.S. 19-3093.00: employment of 3,800 in 2025; Average growth (3% to 4%) for 2025–2035; 300 average annual openings from growth and replacement. These are not current vacancies, net new jobs, or evidence of AI causation and do not predict individual outcomes.
What it cannot tell you：Different from BLS OEWS point-in-time employment-estimate coverage; do not mix them. Projections are not actual recruitment counts; openings are period-average annual figures, not net new jobs.
Mainland China · NBS2025 scientific research and technical-services industry averages and exact occupational gap
The NBS release checked in this round did not provide an exact national occupational distribution for historical researchers in China. Research-industry averages cover multiple occupations as background, not occupational medians, monthly pay, or take-home wages, and cannot cover all museum, heritage, government, or university research roles.
Occupational wages and employment (statistical coverage and gaps)
The NBS release checked in this round did not provide an exact national occupational distribution for historical researchers in China. Research-industry averages cover multiple occupations as background, not occupational medians, monthly pay, or take-home wages, and cannot cover all museum, heritage, government, or university research roles.
What it cannot tell you：Legal environments, management systems, and statistical coverage differ and are not combined or converted. This page's China section records statistical coverage and visible gaps only.
These are relationships between adjacent skill sets; they do not imply automatic promotion or that no additional learning is needed.
Transferable：Literature-source verification, argumentation, and research records
Gaps to address：Needs sociological theory, sampling, and social-research methods
View occupation detailsTransferable：Source organization, evidence criticism, and research collaboration
Gaps to address：Needs fieldwork, excavation, ethnography, and cultural-heritage protection skills
View occupation detailsTransferable：Institutional historical-source verification, argumentation, and source analysis
Gaps to address：Needs political-institution, comparative, and policy-analysis skills
View occupation detailsTransferable：Collection-provenance verification, version records, and source organization
Gaps to address：Needs archival appraisal, preservation, arrangement, and digitization skills
View occupation detailsTransferable：Historical-material verification, exhibition text, and public interpretation
Gaps to address：Needs collection-research, exhibition-planning, and public-education skills
View occupation detailsTransferable：Historical argumentation, source verification, and expression of subject knowledge
Gaps to address：Needs higher-education teaching, curriculum, and research-method skills
View occupation detailsTransferable：Organization of temporal and spatial leads, source analysis, and research records
Gaps to address：Needs geography, spatial-analysis, and geographic-information technology skills
View occupation detailsTransferable：Source retrieval, fact verification, and writing revisions
Gaps to address：Needs public-facing writing, editing, and publishing skills
View occupation detailsIn 2025, this U.S. occupation's median hourly wage was USD 36.90 and median annual wage USD 76,750 (BLS OEWS, presented through O*NET, this occupation itself); annual wages were USD 42,730 at the 10th percentile, USD 57,290 at the 25th, USD 99,990 at the 75th, and USD 131,810 at the 90th. Benefits and bonuses are excluded; the median is not entry-level starting pay. Mainland China has no established national occupational wage distribution matching this exact occupation.
BLS Employment Projections presented on O*NET's 19-3093.00 page show employment of 3,400 in 2024 and projected employment of 3,500 in 2034, with Slower than average growth (1% to 2%, no Bright Outlook label) for 2024–2034 and approximately 300 average annual openings over the period, including growth and replacement. Projections are not individual job outcomes.
O*NET places this occupation in Job Zone Five (extensive preparation needed), 8.0 and above (SVP 8.0 and above). The education section reports 64% requiring a master's degree, 10% a bachelor's degree, and 9% less than a high school diploma (the page lists these three items), indicating that most roles require graduate education. In mainland China, roles involving archives, copyright, personal information, and cultural-heritage research must meet relevant regulations and policies, subject to institutional and competent-authority requirements.
No. Document, spreadsheet, presentation, database, reference-management, and digital-humanities tools suffice; programming is not an entry requirement for this occupation.
It will not be replaced in its entirety. Systems can assist with literature, retrieval, materials, citations, and preliminary organization, but appropriately trained and authorized researchers remain responsible for source criticism, evidence, interpretation, conclusions, and integrity. O*NET shows Slower than average growth of 1% to 2% for 2024–2034; automation is more likely to change the task mix than eliminate jobs.
O*NET work context shows mainly controlled indoor workplaces (78% daily), prolonged sitting (17% continually, 46% more than half the time), high accuracy demands (33% extremely important, 52% very important), substantial external communication (77% as an important activity), mainly regular schedules (86% regular), and low automation (89% not at all automated).
Adjacent occupations include Sociologists (19-3041.00), Anthropologists and Archeologists (19-3091.00), Political Scientists (19-3094.00), Archivists (25-4011.00), and Curators (25-4012.00). Transition requires evidence of qualifications and responsibilities for the new role.
This page mainly uses O*NET 19-3093.00, U.S. BLS OEWS 2025, and BLS Employment Projections 2024–2034, alongside ILO and NIST occupational-exposure and governance research. All figures cover this U.S. occupation itself and do not cover mainland China, for which only statistical coverage and visible gaps are recorded. This page does not constitute academic, legal, copyright, or ethical advice.
This round checked 19-3093.00 historical-source research tasks, new-hire requirements, 2025 wages, and 2025–2035 projections. Chinese research-industry averages, primarily teaching roles, archive access and disclosure, and copyright permissions are checked separately.
Consulted in this round on 2026-10-11; the original 2026-09-22 registration is retained as history. Copyright Law Articles 24 / 26 were read in the National Copyright Administration's full text. National Archives Administration original-text access returned 502 / timed out; access and disclosure conditions were checked through the official index without claiming the full text was obtained.
Source card | Source register: this page lists O*NET 19-3093.00 detailed information, industry distribution, occupational profile, detailed tasks, work activities, work context, software skills, certification directory, and detailed interests, plus BLS OEWS, BLS Employment Projections, ILO, NIST, and relevant adjacent-occupation entries. Sources are registered separately for occupational identity, tasks, wages, employment, qualifications, and human-control purposes.
Use limitations：Occupational description; does not cover mainland China's archive, copyright, or personal-information protection rules.
Use limitations：Occupational description; does not constitute academic or legal advice.
Use limitations：Covers this occupation as presented on O*NET's 19-3093.00 page; Slower than average growth of 1% to 2%, with no Bright Outlook label.
Use limitations：O*NET does not identify wage data on this page as coming from a broader or adjacent occupation. This page presents them for this occupation itself, excluding benefits and bonuses.
Use limitations：Industry-section coverage, without occupation distinctions; this occupation is not separately listed.
Use limitations：Aggregated by broad job categories; no statistical value exactly matching this occupation has been established.
Use limitations：Subject to the original law and competent-department interpretations.
Use limitations：Subject to regulations and requirements issued by the competent authority.
Use limitations：Subject to the original law and competent-department interpretations.
Use limitations：Subject to policies and requirements issued by the competent authority.
Use limitations：Subject to regulations and requirements issued by the competent authority.
Use limitations：Task exposure does not mean automatic job disappearance or a specific adoption rate.
Use limitations：Occupational description; not for individual prediction.
Use limitations：Not an academic, copyright, or legal standard.
Use limitations：Subject to the original methodology document.
Use limitations：Technology mentions do not establish ability or degree of automation.
Use limitations：Internal coverage rules, not an external factual source.
Use limitations：The page lists search entry points for relevant certificates and qualifications; certificates do not replace institutional and competent-authority training and authorization requirements.
Use limitations：Training search entry points do not replace institutional and competent-authority training and authorization requirements.
Use limitations：Adjacent-occupation coverage; not equivalent to this occupation.
Use limitations：Adjacent-occupation coverage; not equivalent to this occupation.
Use limitations：Database and classification information do not confer authority.
Use limitations：Used to map titles to SOC, not as a basis for qualifications.
Use limitations：U.S. distribution coverage; does not establish mainland China mapping.
Use limitations：Occupational description, not an institutional academic, copyright, or legal conclusion.
Use limitations：No guarantee of personal income, hiring, or work authorization.
Use limitations：No guarantee of personal income, hiring, or work authorization.
Use limitations：Editorial ratings use the existing occupational responsibilities and AI task analysis on this page. They are not adoption rates, measured effects, job-disappearance or personal-unemployment probabilities, or official scores from Stanford or another external institution. No measured time weights or future robot deployment are assumed.
The NBS release checked in this round did not provide an exact national occupational distribution for historical researchers in China. Research-industry averages cover multiple occupations as background, not occupational medians, monthly pay, or take-home wages, and cannot cover all museum, heritage, government, or university research roles. U.S. segment medians and measured AI adoption and efficiency remain missing. The three new-hire education items total 83%, not existing workers' composition. Original protected quick answers, FAQ, facts, and metadata retain old 3400 / 1%-2% / 2024–2034 figures and bonus explanations under protection rules; the entire page is not consistent.
Big Five (English) · MBTI (English) · IQ (Chinese) · Big Five (Chinese)
Check-point explanation | This occupation mainly works in indoor offices, archives, and libraries, with relatively low safety and health risks. Nevertheless, prolonged sitting, eye strain, and psychological pressure need attention, alongside compliance with institutional data, archive, confidentiality, and ethics requirements.
Check-point explanation | U.S. O*NET places 19-3093.00, Historians, in Job Zone Five (extensive preparation needed), with an SVP range of 8.0 and above (SVP 8.0 and above). The education section reports 64% requiring a master's degree, 10% a bachelor's degree, and 9% less than a high school diploma (the page lists these three items). Growth is Slower than average (1% to 2%), with no Bright Outlook label. In the U.S., this occupation typically requires graduate education; many jobs require a master's degree and some a doctorate.
Check-point explanation | Information gathering, identification, computer use, information processing, writing, and communication are central to this occupation (the highest-rated activities are obtaining information 90, identifying objects 88, working with computers 83, and processing information 79; accuracy demands are high, work is mainly seated, external communication substantial, time pressure moderate, competition relatively high, and schedules mainly regular). Include reading and writing demands, patience for independent research, collaboration, and tolerance for competition in your checks.
Check-point explanation | Interfaces with collaborators, institutions, publishers, funders, and audiences determine boundaries for authorship, publication, historical sources, data, authorization, and disclosure. Clarify them in advance.
Check-point explanation | Traceability and recordkeeping requirements for sources, provenance, citations, analysis, conclusions, and versions determine academic quality and responsibility boundaries. Clarify templates, deadlines, modification and archiving rules, permissions, and retention periods in advance. Copyrighted, confidential, or personal-information-containing materials also require copyright, privacy, and minimum-necessary management.
Common software and systems: document and writing software (Microsoft Word), spreadsheets (Microsoft Excel), presentation software (Microsoft PowerPoint), databases and archive-management systems, reference-management software, and geographic information systems (GIS).
Technology mentions do not establish automation levels or transfer responsibility.
| Writing-trial evaluations, supervisor feedback, and recordkeeping quality |
| Probation evaluations do not confer independent-authorship or research-topic authority |
| Confirmation of employment and authorization | Research field, authorship, topic, and authority | Job authorization, assessments, and project results | Obtaining the job does not confer classified-archive, authentication, or legal-conclusion authority |
|---|
Record disagreements with your supervisor about evidence, citations, or conclusions and how they were handled.
Write the review conclusions on one page as a basis for deciding whether to enter, rather than judging by interest alone.
| All roles |
| Provides a practical starting point for source retrieval, criticism, analysis, and writing |
| Most roles require research training and internship or project experience |
| Attend research-method training and research internships or projects and pass evaluations |
| Depends on actual education or project cycles; this round provides no uniform duration |
| Training experience does not confer independent research-topic leadership |
| Publication, project, exhibition, or policy-support experience | Most roles | Provides evidence of outputs and experience for competitive roles | Check specific output requirements against recruitment for the target role; no universal publication, exhibition, or policy-support requirement is claimed | Publish or participate in projects, exhibitions, or policy support and achieve outputs | Depends on actual education or project cycles; this round provides no uniform duration | Experience does not guarantee jobs, funding, or tenure |
|---|
| Copyright, confidentiality, ethics, and data-management requirements | All roles | Meets compliance requirements for source use, confidentiality, personal information, and informed consent | Generally required for all roles | Attend training and follow policies under institutional and legal requirements | Periodic | Compliance training does not change integrity or legal responsibilities |
|---|
| Institutional job and research or project authorization | All independent-research and authorship roles | A prerequisite for authority over independent research, authorship, and funding use | Under institutional academic and project-management policies | Pass assessments and work within job and research-topic authority | Depends on job arrangements | Job authorization does not confer authentication, legal, or classified-matter conclusion authority |
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| Occupational-health and office-environment adaptation requirements | Roles involving prolonged sitting, eye strain, and psychological pressure | Meets occupational-health and labor-protection requirements | Usually required for roles involving the corresponding factors | Address prolonged sitting, eye strain, and psychological adjustment under institutional and occupational-health rules | Ongoing | Health attention does not change the research workload itself |
|---|
Evidence for advancement：Complex-output, revision, and review records.
Qualification boundaries：Relevant authorization and specialized experience; complex-writing experience.
Next step：Learn methods for complex topics, monographs, and public writing.
Typical responsibilities：Coordinate outputs, quality, integrity, reviews, and joint approvals and guide newcomers.
Evidence for advancement：Coordination conclusions; academic, integrity, and quality documents.
Qualification boundaries：Relevant management appointment or institutional authorization.
Next step：Improve academic, integrity, quality, and traceability-management mechanisms.
Evidence for advancement：Complex-project and dispute-response records.
Qualification boundaries：Relevant authorization and specialized experience; complex-project experience.
Next step：Learn complex public-project, multiparty-coordination, and research-output application methods.
Typical responsibilities：Coordinate institutions, projects, compliance, training, and joint sign-offs; handle complex and disputed matters and guide newcomers.
Evidence for advancement：Coordination conclusions; institutional, compliance, and traceability documents.
Qualification boundaries：Relevant management appointment or institutional authorization.
Next step：Improve institutional, compliance, recordkeeping, and traceability-management mechanisms.
