Coating, painting, and spraying machine setters, operators, and tenders

Set up, operate, or tend spraying and roll-coating machines to apply coating or paint to product surfaces at the specified amounts and process conditions

Verify workpiece and coating → set up the machine and test spray → apply primer and topcoat → inspect appearance and measure samples → clean equipment and dispose of waste → record operating data and hand off

Complete the coating or painting to process requirements and leave reviewable setup and inspection and handling records

Verify workpiece and coating requirements → set parameters and confirm them with a test spray → apply the coating at the specified amounts → identify and correct appearance defects → clean equipment and dispose of hazardous waste → record the batch and parameters and anomalies

Setup and parameter records, test spray and first-article confirmation records, appearance and film thickness and viscosity inspection records, equipment disassembly and cleaning records, chemical requisition and hazardous waste disposal records, operating data records and anomaly and shutdown handling records, and shift handover records.

Adjacent architectural coating can spray and coat equipment structures, and hand finishing can also use a handheld spray gun; automotive repair includes body straightening and parts and glass, and automotive painting is already included in this occupation, so the two are not mutually exclusive. Mechanical repair and maintenance focus on repairing and servicing equipment, and duties may overlap; fiberglass lamination focuses on layup and mold forming, electroplating involves molten metal or electrolytic coatings, and cleaning equipment is not limited to metal pickling. This occupation focuses on setting up, operating, and tending spray and roll-coating machines and on coating inspection.

Apply coating or paint steadily to product surfaces within safety and process constraints and leave reviewable records

Work to the beat in manufacturing workshops and at spray lines or coating stations; hazardous energy isolation and machine guarding and chemical handling follow employer and applicable regulatory requirements

Based on coating specifications, process parameters, equipment gauge readings, viscosity and appearance inspection results, and equipment and safety procedures

Architectural and maintenance painters coat structures such as buildings and bridges and equipment, may use brushes or rollers or spraying, and verify surface materials; this occupation focuses on machine spraying and roll coating for various products and is not simply classified by whether a spray gun is used.

Verify requirements, set up and test spray, apply the coating, inspect appearance and measure, clean and dispose, record and hand off

Hand-finishing occupations may use handheld spray guns and pens and brushes to coat products and inspect them; this occupation focuses on setting up, operating, and tending spray and roll-coating machines, actual tasks overlap, and hand finishing is not limited to brushes and rollers.

Setup parameter records, first-article and test spray records, appearance and film thickness and viscosity inspection records, chemical and hazardous waste records, operating data and anomaly handling records

Industrial machinery repair and mechanical maintenance focus on equipment repair and serviceability and may overlap with cleaning and maintaining coating equipment, so it cannot be asserted that they never apply coatings; repair and isolation follow the specific duty's training and authority.

Personal and equipment safety comes first, and any included internal repair and maintenance is controlled under the hazardous energy procedure first; guards must not be bypassed without authorization to operate equipment in a hazardous condition, chemicals are checked against the SDS label and the hazard assessment, waste identified as hazardous is handed over in lawful categories, and anomalies beyond your authority mean stopping and escalating. U.S. OSHA1910.147 is limited to the repair and maintenance hazardous energy it covers; general production has its applicable conditions and exceptions, and not all setup and cleaning is judged to require LOTO. A person performing isolation must have the authorized employee duties and training under the employer's procedure, and ordinary operator status does not automatically authorize it; stored residual energy must be eliminated, disconnected, restrained, or made safe, with re-accumulation checked continuously where necessary, isolation and de-energization verified before work, and a stop button is not an isolating device. Re-energization follows the procedure for checking that equipment and personnel are clear and for notification, and is not decided by the operator simply because the anomaly has disappeared. U.S. 1910.132 requires the employer to assess hazards and select suitable and properly fitting PPE and provide training; 1910.134 prioritizes feasible engineering controls, requires a medical evaluation before respirator use, and requires fit testing for tight-fitting facepieces on first use and model or size change and at least annually. PPE does not replace ventilation, position authority, or judgment of safe dwell time. The 1910.107 ventilation provisions are limited to the applicable scenarios of spraying combustible or flammable materials. China's current Ecological Environment Code takes effect 2026-08-15; Articles 528–536 identify hazardous waste by list or identification, require identification marks, unit plans and ledgers and reporting, standardized storage, utilization, and disposal, classification by characteristics, and prohibit mixing incompatible materials without safe disposal; dumping or discarding without authorization or mixing into non-hazardous waste storage is prohibited, operating units must hold a permit, and entrusting unlicensed units or individuals is prohibited, with transfers following the manifest and cross-province approval rules. Article 1242 has repealed the old solid waste law, which is no longer used as the current basis.

This page presents task and output boundaries and does not constitute any statement of position authorization or operating permission

The first three tiers of the O*NET new-entrant education requirement survey are 63% high school equivalent, 27% below high school, and 7% postsecondary certificate, not the incumbent education distribution; JobZone1–2 / SVP below 6 is a preparation grouping, not a uniform education or years requirement for all positions. The U.S. OOH Painting and Coating Workers group usually requires a high school equivalent, sometimes no formal education, usually several months of on-the-job training, sometimes a few days, and usually less than a year to become proficient; this is not an individual guarantee or a uniform duration for all of this occupation. Operating computer-controlled equipment may require additional programming training, and automotive painting may involve color matching and application vocational education.

A one-to-one Chinese occupational fine category was not verified this round, and the position is checked against the actual equipment, product, and main activity; it is not said that no national classification exists.

The conclusion applies only to the O*NET and BLS bases and periods marked on this page

Cross-role comparisons cannot rely on similar names alone; the work object, equipment type, coating system, and safety requirements differ, and similar tasks do not mean the roles are interchangeable

Six recurring occupational judgments: whether the coating and viscosity and film thickness meet the process requirements; whether equipment guarding and hazardous energy are properly isolated; whether chemicals and hazardous waste are used and disposed of per procedure; whether ventilation and personal protection are implemented per the hazard assessment; whether appearance defects and equipment anomalies are handled with a shutdown per procedure; and whether operating and quality records are traceable.

Judgment one: whether the coating and viscosity and film thickness meet the process requirements

Editorial process check: check viscosity and air pressure and speed and film thickness against the approved process and the actual material, and for anomalies stop and escalate per the on-site safety and quality procedure, with adjustment and confirmation by authorized personnel, not self-release based on a general paragraph.

Judgment two: whether equipment guarding and hazardous energy are properly isolated

U.S. OSHA1910.147 is limited to the repair and maintenance hazardous energy it covers; general production has its applicable conditions and exceptions, and not all setup and cleaning is judged to require LOTO. A person performing isolation must have the authorized employee duties and training under the employer's procedure, and ordinary operator status does not automatically authorize it; stored residual energy must be eliminated, disconnected, restrained, or made safe, with re-accumulation checked continuously where necessary, isolation and de-energization verified before work, and a stop button is not an isolating device. Re-energization follows the procedure for checking that equipment and personnel are clear and for notification, and is not decided by the operator simply because the anomaly has disappeared. U.S. 1910.212 requires the point of operation to be properly guarded against entry of body parts into the danger zone, and hand tools cannot substitute for guarding; guards must not be removed or bypassed without authorization to operate equipment in a hazardous condition, and repair and disassembly follow the actual control procedure, without treating any disassembly as per se unlawful.

Judgment three: whether chemicals and hazardous waste are used and disposed of per procedure

Labels and SDS are checked against the actual chemical hazards, and waste is classified separately by jurisdiction. China's current Ecological Environment Code takes effect 2026-08-15; Articles 528–536 identify hazardous waste by list or identification, require identification marks, unit plans and ledgers and reporting, standardized storage, utilization, and disposal, classification by characteristics, and prohibit mixing incompatible materials without safe disposal; dumping or discarding without authorization or mixing into non-hazardous waste storage is prohibited, operating units must hold a permit, and entrusting unlicensed units or individuals is prohibited, with transfers following the manifest and cross-province approval rules. Article 1242 has repealed the old solid waste law, which is no longer used as the current basis. The 2025 hazardous waste list Articles 2/3/4/6 and HW12 identify by specific process and entry; the scope of 900-250/251/252/256/299 and similar entries differs, and some explicitly exclude water-based paint, which does not mean all water-based paint waste is automatically non-hazardous. Where the property is not clear, identification follows the standard, and not all paint-contaminated rags, drums, or water-based paint waste are judged hazardous waste across the board.

Judgment four: whether ventilation and personal protection are implemented per the hazard assessment

U.S. 1910.132 requires the employer to assess hazards and select suitable and properly fitting PPE and provide training; 1910.134 prioritizes feasible engineering controls, requires a medical evaluation before respirator use, and requires fit testing for tight-fitting facepieces on first use and model or size change and at least annually. PPE does not replace ventilation, position authority, or judgment of safe dwell time. The 1910.107 ventilation provisions are limited to the applicable scenarios of spraying combustible or flammable materials.

Judgment five: whether appearance defects and equipment anomalies are handled with a shutdown per procedure

Editorial defect check: sagging, orange peel, pinholes, color difference, and streaks are first handled and reported per the actual quality and safety procedure, and the cause and recovery conditions need on-site verification; the disappearance of the anomaly does not automatically authorize resuming production.

Judgment six: whether operating and quality records are traceable

Write the batch, coating and mix ratio, equipment parameters, inspection results, anomaly handling, and shift handover time clearly, so that others can review under what parameters and conditions this batch of product was completed.

Coating, painting, and spraying machine setters, operators, and tenders set up, operate, or tend spraying or roll-coating machines that apply coatings or paint to products such as glassware, fabric, ceramics, metal, plastic, paper, or wood using varnish, silver paste, copper, rubber, clear oil, glaze, enamel, oils, or rust-preventive materials, and the occupation includes transportation equipment painters such as painters in automotive body repair shops. The typical closed loop is verifying the workpiece and coating requirements, setting up and test spraying, applying the coating at the specified amounts, identifying and correcting appearance defects, cleaning equipment and disposing of hazardous waste, and recording the batch and parameters and anomalies; hazardous energy isolation and machine guarding and chemical handling must follow employer and applicable regulatory requirements.

The O*NET51-9124.00 Updated2026 definition of this occupation includes transportation equipment painters such as those in body repair shops; the page does not mark this occupation as Bright Outlook. The first three tiers of the O*NET new-entrant education requirement survey are 63% high school equivalent, 27% below high school, and 7% postsecondary certificate, not the incumbent education distribution; JobZone1–2 / SVP below 6 is a preparation grouping, not a uniform education or years requirement for all positions. Occupational content interest R100/C44/A19/I8/S4/E1, code RC, not practitioner proportions, an individual assessment score, or a success rate. O*NET Updated2026 currently has 29 tasks: 16 core, 7 supplementary, and 6 New with importance Not available, which are not filled in as 0 or 13 supplementary. The first 3 are proper hazardous waste disposal 86, spray guns 85, and specified primer and topcoat 83; the new items added are heating, ventilation, and drying, primer repair, body filler, color matching, surface removal of oil, rust, and old paint, and sanding and sealing dried finish.

May 2025 SOC51-9124 national wage-and-salary annual 10/25/50/75/90 percentiles 36,260/40,590/48,250/59,680/74,730 dollars; hourly percentiles 17.43/19.52/23.20/28.69/35.93 dollars. 48,250 and 23.20 are the medians, and the on average wording cannot prove that the mean is the same, and they are not starting pay or self-employed income.

This round did not obtain a China exact national wage, percentile, regional starting pay, or one-to-one mapping for this occupation. The 2025 manufacturing C non-private 113,594 / private 76,055 and resident services and repair and other services O non-private 70,226 / private 52,059 yuan/year are all-category annual average wage background matched to the unit's actual main activity, not coating wages, a median, or a monthly wage.

BLS Table 1.2 SOC51-9124: 2025 employment 164.8 thousand to 2035 projected 168.9 thousand, net increase 4.1 thousand, growth 2.5%, average annual openings 15.3 thousand, self-employed 3.8%; the OOH rounds this row's growth to 2%, and the parent Painting Workers annual openings of 16.1 thousand cannot substitute for this occupation. The openings include growth and replacement from people leaving the occupation, not the annual net increase. O*NET2025 industries are manufacturing 65%, other services excluding public administration 18%, and other 17%, which is an employment distribution, not a wage.

Software Skills currently has 10 categories, including robotic painting, maintenance, inventory, MRP, scheduling, timekeeping, and office software; Hot2025 U.S. recruitment for 4 words: Office/Excel each 1%, Outlook/Word Not available, not 0, and the unique-mapping posting mention rate is not a use or AI adoption rate. Context: 87% use their hands continually, 79% daily noise, 74% daily contaminants, 76% daily common PPE, 70% continual repetitive motions, 69% continual standing, 68% daily time limits, 65% daily face-to-face, 58% daily hazardous conditions, 48% daily cold or heat, 47% consider teamwork extremely important, all respondent categories and not a guarantee for every position.

Communication and collaboration｜Daily coordination with the crew and upstream and downstream processes; 65% hold face-to-face discussions every day and 21% at least once a week but not every day; 47% consider collaboration with a work group or team extremely important and 22% consider it very important, and the remaining categories are not summarized from a truncated result. Manual work and physical effort｜87% use their hands to handle and feel tools and workpieces continually or almost continually, 70% make repetitive motions continually and 22% more than half the time; 69% stand continually or almost continually and 13% stand more than half the time. Environmental exposure and working conditions｜79% are exposed to distracting or uncomfortable noise every day; 74% are exposed to contaminants (gases, dust, odors) every day; 58% are exposed to hazardous conditions every day and 29% are never exposed to hazardous conditions; 48% are in very hot or very cold environments every day. Protective and safety equipment｜76% wear common protective or safety equipment every day (safety shoes, goggles, gloves, hearing protection, hard hats); the specific equipment and ventilation are determined by the employer's hazard assessment. Time and pace｜68% face strict time limits every day and 17% at least once a week but not every day; 29% consider the pace being determined by equipment speed extremely important; 34% work more than 40 hours a week. Precision and autonomy｜16% consider precision or high accuracy extremely important and 65% consider it very important; 24% have a great deal of freedom in making decisions and 35% have some freedom. Scope of responsibility and impact｜31% have extremely high responsibility for the health and safety of others and 23% have high responsibility; coating defects and equipment anomalies affect downstream processes and delivery. Workplace and working environment｜Mainly manufacturing workshops and spray lines (industry distribution: manufacturing 65%, other services (except public administration) 18%, other industries 17%); the indoor environment varies: 41% work in a non-environmentally controlled indoor setting daily and 37% never, while 38% work in a controlled indoor setting daily and 52% never; it cannot be uniformly assumed to be controlled. Boundaries and authorization｜Hazardous energy isolation, machine guarding, and personal protective equipment are assessed and provided by the employer under the applicable regulations; operators cannot treat a general checklist as authorization apart from the on-site assessment, and repairs and anomalies beyond their duties must be stopped and escalated per the applicable on-site procedure. 51% report 40 hours and 16% fewer than 40 hours, showing that category rounding does not sum to a whole. U.S. OSHA1910.147 is limited to the repair and maintenance hazardous energy it covers; general production has its applicable conditions and exceptions, and not all setup and cleaning is judged to require LOTO. A person performing isolation must have the authorized employee duties and training under the employer's procedure, and ordinary operator status does not automatically authorize it; stored residual energy must be eliminated, disconnected, restrained, or made safe, with re-accumulation checked continuously where necessary, isolation and de-energization verified before work, and a stop button is not an isolating device. Re-energization follows the procedure for checking that equipment and personnel are clear and for notification, and is not decided by the operator simply because the anomaly has disappeared. U.S. 1910.132 requires the employer to assess hazards and select suitable and properly fitting PPE and provide training; 1910.134 prioritizes feasible engineering controls, requires a medical evaluation before respirator use, and requires fit testing for tight-fitting facepieces on first use and model or size change and at least annually. PPE does not replace ventilation, position authority, or judgment of safe dwell time. The 1910.107 ventilation provisions are limited to the applicable scenarios of spraying combustible or flammable materials.

The six directions share some capabilities with this occupation: coating and material knowledge, equipment handling feel, appearance judgment experience, and safety and record habits. The real differences lie in the object and the responsibility: architectural and maintenance painters face buildings and structures on site, automotive body and glass repairers face a single vehicle, painters in the hand-finishing direction focus on brush application and decorative effects, industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers take the equipment itself as their object without applying coatings, fiberglass laminators and fabricators focus on composite forming, while this occupation centers on setting up and controlling spray and roll-coating machines and on appearance judgment and is accountable for film quality. When choosing, it is better to first validate with one deliverable setup and test spray and inspection exercise rather than comparing names.

The basis for comparison is the task and work activity and work context descriptions on the O*NET-SOC 51-9124.00 page, the adjacent occupations and adjacent-occupation slug list registered in this evidence route, and the public occupational materials for each adjacent occupation; the comparison is an editorial compilation and does not constitute a conclusion about position authorization or mutual recognition of credentials.

The table below compares the positions and occupations adjacent to this one: architectural and maintenance painters, automotive body and glass repairers, painters (hand finishing), industrial machinery mechanics, maintenance workers, and fiberglass laminators and fabricators. The four columns answer the same set of questions: what this direction does, where the key difference from this occupation lies, and what kind of person is better suited to choose it.

Architectural and maintenance painters work on walls and components at building and structure sites with brushes or rollers; this occupation works at the machine and must control machine parameters and the beat such as viscosity and air pressure and gun travel speed.

People willing to work at building and renovation sites and accept height and outdoor conditions suit that direction; people willing to produce steadily on a spray line to parameters and beat suit this occupation.

Mainly on-site coating area and appearance and acceptance records.

Architectural and maintenance painters

Automotive body and glass repairers focus on body straightening and paint repair and glass replacement and usually deliver per vehicle; this occupation coats on machines per batch and beat, covering workpieces such as metal and plastic and paper and wood.

People willing to do single-vehicle repair and to work with straightening and sheet metal suit that direction; people willing to do batch coating and machine parameter control suit this occupation.

Mainly single-vehicle repair and paint delivery records.

Automotive body and glass repairers

Painters focus on hand brushing and rolling and decorative work, and their tools are brushes and rollers; this occupation works with spray and roll-coating machines and also carries equipment cleaning and parameter maintenance.

People willing to do hand finishing and craft effects suit that direction; people willing to fix process parameters and equipment condition into a repeatable process suit this occupation.

Mainly hand work and decorative effect delivery.

Painters (hand finishing)

Industrial machinery mechanics focus on equipment installation and commissioning and fault diagnosis and repair and do not apply coatings or judge appearance; the repair and maintenance in this occupation is limited to the duties and authorization of this position.

People willing to work on equipment structures and troubleshooting suit that direction; people willing to produce steadily around coating quality and adjust parameters suit this occupation.

Mainly equipment repair and commissioning records.

Industrial machinery mechanics

Maintenance workers focus on routine servicing and lubrication and adjustment and cleaning, and their responsibility is to keep equipment available; this occupation, beyond servicing, also carries coating operations and appearance judgment and waste disposal.

People willing to do routine servicing and equipment condition inspection suit that direction; people willing to manage both equipment condition and coating results suit this occupation.

Mainly servicing and inspection and work order records.

Maintenance workers

Fiberglass laminators and fabricators focus on mold layup and resin and cure forming, and their work object is composite parts; this occupation applies coating or paint by spraying or roll coating and controls film thickness and appearance.

People willing to do molds and composite forming suit that direction; people willing to do surface coating and appearance and film thickness control suit this occupation.

Mainly lamination and cure and part inspection records.

Fiberglass laminators and fabricators

Moving from this occupation to an adjacent direction usually requires building new capabilities and qualifications: the architectural and maintenance painter direction requires building substrate preparation and on-site equipment and work-at-height experience; the automotive body and glass repairer direction requires body straightening and sheet metal and color matching experience; the hand-finishing direction requires finishing craft and hand technique experience; the industrial machinery mechanic and maintenance worker directions require mechanical structure and electrical and hydraulic and fault diagnosis training; and the fiberglass laminator and fabricator direction requires mold and composite forming experience. Equipment handling feel and appearance judgment capabilities are transferable, but the qualifications and safety responsibility of each direction must be re-obtained.

Students preparing to enter and career changers

First build a solid foundation in machine setup and test spraying and appearance judgment and safety handling, then learn to use coating mix calculation and spray parameter recording and production line data dashboard tools; do not treat generated content directly as process parameters or coating mix ratios, and do not skip verification of the workpiece condition and the actual equipment readings.

Roles that carry out setup and operation control

Editorial trial candidate: trial calculation and record drafts after verifying lawful historical parameters and material specifications, checking unit versions and on-site readings; approved parameters are confirmed by the personnel actually responsible, and anomalies are handled per procedure.

Roles that carry out appearance judgment and quality handling

Editorial trial candidate: defect image archiving and statistics and inspection summaries, measuring errors and omissions and total review time; defect causes and scrapping and release follow the actual responsible authorization.

Roles that carry out equipment cleaning and chemical handling

Editorial trial candidate: chemical ledgers, SDS retrieval, and waste handover drafts, checking the original version; on-site isolation and ventilation and PPE are not carried out by the tool.

O*NET software and tasks and recruitment keywords support only the directory and mention information and cannot prove that generative AI can complete the work correctly or that the line invests continuously. Software Skills currently has 10 categories, including robotic painting, maintenance, inventory, MRP, scheduling, timekeeping, and office software; Hot2025 U.S. recruitment for 4 words: Office/Excel each 1%, Outlook/Word Not available, not 0, and the unique-mapping posting mention rate is not a use or AI adoption rate.

O*NET OnLine 51-9124.00 occupation detailed report

O*NET Updated2026 currently has 29 tasks: 16 core, 7 supplementary, and 6 New with importance Not available, which are not filled in as 0 or 13 supplementary. The first 3 are proper hazardous waste disposal 86, spray guns 85, and specified primer and topcoat 83; the new items added are heating, ventilation, and drying, primer repair, body filler, color matching, surface removal of oil, rust, and old paint, and sanding and sealing dried finish.

O*NET national wage percentiles: BLS exact SOC51-9124 wage-and-salary data

Supports only the May 2025 annual and hourly wage percentiles for this occupation; the employment projection is given separately under item 7, BLS Table 1.2, and is not starting pay or individual income.

ILO working paper 'Generative AI and Jobs: A Refined Global Index of Occupational Exposure'

Used to explain the measurement approach to task exposure and its sample and indicator limitations

NIST AI Risk Management Framework 1.0

Used as a governance and record-keeping framework for AI risk, not as evidence of occupational adoption rates

O*NET Hot Technologies (employer recruitment technology keyword statistics)

Used to describe the technology keywords appearing in employer recruitment, and does not represent proficiency or usage rates

O*NET OnLine 51-9124.00 occupation summary

Used to verify knowledge, abilities, interest code RC, and the work styles list

BLS Table 1.2: the 2025—2035 employment projection for SOC51-9124

BLS Table 1.2 SOC51-9124: 2025 employment 164.8 thousand to 2035 projected 168.9 thousand, net increase 4.1 thousand, growth 2.5%, average annual openings 15.3 thousand, self-employed 3.8%; the OOH rounds this row's growth to 2%, and the parent Painting Workers annual openings of 16.1 thousand cannot substitute for this occupation. The openings include growth and replacement from people leaving the occupation, not the annual net increase.

The three work surfaces are an editorial summary of the tasks, and trial uses must be independently validated; equipment operation, material hazards, and release follow the actual position's procedures.

Editorial candidate: mix ratio and flow trial calculations and first-article summaries from lawful historical parameters and approved material specifications, checking unit versions, without directly modifying equipment parameters.

Check the on-site workpiece readings and the approved viscosity and film thickness requirements, and handle and escalate anomalies per the actual safety and quality procedure, with adjustment by authorized personnel, not self-resumption based on a general checklist.

Editorial candidate: image and inspection statistics drafts, checking the sample, missed inspections, and source; no evidence of automatic correctness or speed-up was obtained.

Defect causes, rework and scrapping, and batch release are verified and recorded by the personnel actually authorized, and an operator title does not automatically confer all authority.

Editorial candidate: ledger, handover, and cleaning plan drafts; formal information and on-site safety are confirmed by the responsible person.

For the repair and maintenance actually covered, first check energy control and the applicable protection and ventilation, and chemicals and waste are classified and handed over per the real duties and jurisdiction; the tool does not execute on-site safety procedures.

The five evidence cards each state the source, the research object, the conclusion, and the usage limits. They answer 'what evidence exists', not 'will this occupation be replaced'.

Covers only the tasks and work context listed on the O*NET page for this occupation; it does not include the rules of specific jurisdictions on hazardous chemicals and hazardous energy and machine guarding and personal protective equipment

O*NET-SOC 51-9124.00 occupation detailed report (2026 updated page)

The official task list and work activities and work context for this occupation

O*NET Updated2026 currently has 29 tasks: 16 core, 7 supplementary, and 6 New with importance Not available, which are not filled in as 0 or 13 supplementary. The first 3 are proper hazardous waste disposal 86, spray guns 85, and specified primer and topcoat 83; the new items added are heating, ventilation, and drying, primer repair, body filler, color matching, surface removal of oil, rust, and old paint, and sanding and sealing dried finish.

May 2025 SOC51-9124 national wage-and-salary annual 10/25/50/75/90 percentiles 36,260/40,590/48,250/59,680/74,730 dollars; hourly percentiles 17.43/19.52/23.20/28.69/35.93 dollars. 48,250 and 23.20 are the medians, and the on average wording cannot prove that the mean is the same, and they are not starting pay or self-employed income. The OOH separately provides this occupation's industry annual medians, so it cannot be generalized that all industry wages are not provided; regional and shift breakdowns were not fully obtained this round.

BLS OEWS 2025 wage data shown on the O*NET page for this occupation (exact occupational basis)

Wage distribution of employed people nationwide in the United States in this occupation

The annual 10 and 50 and 90 percentiles are 36,260 and 48,250 and 74,730 dollars; the median hourly wage is 23.20 dollars

It is an exposure measure, not an adoption rate, automation rate, or unemployment probability; it does not apply to a single institution or a single position

ILO《Generative AI and Jobs: A Refined Global Index of Occupational Exposure》

Cross-economy occupation-level generative AI exposure index

The study provides an exposure ranking and measurement method that cannot be rewritten as a replacement timetable for a given occupation

It is a governance framework and contains no occupation-level adoption data; citing it does not constitute a quantitative conclusion about this occupation's risk

NIST AI Risk Management Framework 1.0

Risk governance and management processes for AI systems

NIST AI RMF1.0 is a voluntary general framework that can serve as a reference for editorial trial checks; it is not a mandatory spray procedure, adoption rate, or effect evidence.

Recruitment keyword statistics change with technology hype and cannot be treated as skill proficiency or job-demand size

O*NET Hot Technologies page (recruitment technology keywords for this occupation)

Statistics on technology keywords appearing in employer recruitment postings

Software Skills currently has 10 categories, including robotic painting, maintenance, inventory, MRP, scheduling, timekeeping, and office software; Hot2025 U.S. recruitment for 4 words: Office/Excel each 1%, Outlook/Word Not available, not 0, and the unique-mapping posting mention rate is not a use or AI adoption rate.

This round did not obtain this occupation's specific AI accuracy, missed-inspection, or safety effects; the mix record checklists are listed only for trial use pending validation and no reliability grade is assigned.

The OOH expects automation progress to limit employment at some manufacturing firms, which is projection analysis, not generative AI adoption or investment evidence. Software Skills currently has 10 categories, including robotic painting, maintenance, inventory, MRP, scheduling, timekeeping, and office software; Hot2025 U.S. recruitment for 4 words: Office/Excel each 1%, Outlook/Word Not available, not 0, and the unique-mapping posting mention rate is not a use or AI adoption rate.

BLS Table 1.2 SOC51-9124: 2025 employment 164.8 thousand to 2035 projected 168.9 thousand, net increase 4.1 thousand, growth 2.5%, average annual openings 15.3 thousand, self-employed 3.8%; the OOH rounds this row's growth to 2%, and the parent Painting Workers annual openings of 16.1 thousand cannot substitute for this occupation. The openings include growth and replacement from people leaving the occupation, not the annual net increase. The projection does not prove AI causation.

That cannot be inferred. The core tasks of this occupation center on machine setup and coating operations and appearance judgment and safety handling: judging whether viscosity and film thickness meet standards, judging defect causes and whether to release, and staying safe in a hazardous energy and chemical and noise environment all require on-site training and accountability.

O*NET 51-9124.00 tasks and work activities; ILO exposure index

The first three tiers of the O*NET new-entrant education requirement survey are 63% high school equivalent, 27% below high school, and 7% postsecondary certificate, not the incumbent education distribution; JobZone1–2 / SVP below 6 is a preparation grouping, not a uniform education or years requirement for all positions. The U.S. OOH Painting and Coating Workers group usually requires a high school equivalent, sometimes no formal education, usually several months of on-the-job training, sometimes a few days, and usually less than a year to become proficient; this is not an individual guarantee or a uniform duration for all of this occupation. Operating computer-controlled equipment may require additional programming training, and automotive painting may involve color matching and application vocational education. Software words do not prove a uniform programming threshold or a wage return, and are checked position by position.

O*NET51-9124.00 detailed report Education/JobZone; the U.S. group's typical education and training is given separately in the BLS OOH https://www.bls.gov/ooh/production/painting-and-coating-workers.htm, not a uniform threshold for every position.

Editorial trials can start from records and statistics drafts, with parameters, appearance, isolation, and waste checked by the personnel actually responsible; no research on the order of diffusion or replacement timing was obtained.

O*NET 51-9124.00 tasks and work activities; ILO exposure index

BLS Table 1.2 SOC51-9124: 2025 employment 164.8 thousand to 2035 projected 168.9 thousand, net increase 4.1 thousand, growth 2.5%, average annual openings 15.3 thousand, self-employed 3.8%; the OOH rounds this row's growth to 2%, and the parent Painting Workers annual openings of 16.1 thousand cannot substitute for this occupation. The openings include growth and replacement from people leaving the occupation, not the annual net increase. The projection is not a year-by-year actual or a specific institutional opportunity.

BLS Table 1.2 SOC51-9124, 2025—2035 projection

Tools do not confer the right to work inside equipment, modify parameters, or release a batch, and do not disclaim supplier responsibility across the board. U.S. OSHA1910.147 is limited to the repair and maintenance hazardous energy it covers; general production has its applicable conditions and exceptions, and not all setup and cleaning is judged to require LOTO. A person performing isolation must have the authorized employee duties and training under the employer's procedure, and ordinary operator status does not automatically authorize it; stored residual energy must be eliminated, disconnected, restrained, or made safe, with re-accumulation checked continuously where necessary, isolation and de-energization verified before work, and a stop button is not an isolating device. Re-energization follows the procedure for checking that equipment and personnel are clear and for notification, and is not decided by the operator simply because the anomaly has disappeared. U.S. 1910.132 requires the employer to assess hazards and select suitable and properly fitting PPE and provide training; 1910.134 prioritizes feasible engineering controls, requires a medical evaluation before respirator use, and requires fit testing for tight-fitting facepieces on first use and model or size change and at least annually. PPE does not replace ventilation, position authority, or judgment of safe dwell time. The 1910.107 ventilation provisions are limited to the applicable scenarios of spraying combustible or flammable materials. China's current Ecological Environment Code takes effect 2026-08-15; Articles 528–536 identify hazardous waste by list or identification, require identification marks, unit plans and ledgers and reporting, standardized storage, utilization, and disposal, classification by characteristics, and prohibit mixing incompatible materials without safe disposal; dumping or discarding without authorization or mixing into non-hazardous waste storage is prohibited, operating units must hold a permit, and entrusting unlicensed units or individuals is prohibited, with transfers following the manifest and cross-province approval rules. Article 1242 has repealed the old solid waste law, which is no longer used as the current basis.

U.S. OSHA147 (the main button for this question), with other entries 212/1200/132/134/107 at the actual risk and pathway entry points; China's Code https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/fgbz/fl/202603/t20260313_1146496.shtml and the hazardous waste list https://www.mee.gov.cn/gzk/gz/202411/t20241129_1097688.shtml and HW12 https://www.mee.gov.cn/gzk/gz/202411/W020241129561744030900.pdf each apply by object and jurisdiction, and are not NIST authorization.

This round did not obtain reliable evidence of a disappearance year or replacement timeline for this occupation; no timetable is provided, and the actual changes in process, equipment, materials, and safety requirements can be verified.

Editorial note on this page

Suggested priority order: first build a solid foundation in machine setup and test spraying and appearance judgment and safety handling, then learn to use parameter recording and quality data organization and equipment inspection tools; at the same time limit generative AI use to mix trial calculations and records and checklist drafts, not to replacing viscosity and film thickness judgment and defect determination and equipment anomaly handling.

O*NET51-9124.00 tasks; the training order is an editorial suggestion, not recruitment keywords or a NIST-proven order; NIST is only a voluntary general governance framework.

The five steps below are the editorial process given on this page to explain 'who is responsible at which step'; they are not a mandatory process specified by a source and do not replace the employer's and applicable regulations' own equipment and chemical and safety management requirements.

Clarify the product and coating system and quality requirements for this coating, as well as the bottom line for hazardous chemicals and hazardous energy and ventilation and protection and the escalation path.

Editorial use pending validation: the tool organizes coating mix trial calculations and equipment inspection and parameter and inspection and handover records, recording the tool used and the version and data source and time. Not a validated effect; formal parameters, operations, and release follow the actual authority.

Reviewed by you and the crew: whether the workpiece condition and first article are confirmed, whether equipment parameters and viscosity and film thickness meet standards, whether appearance defects have been identified and handled, and whether hazardous energy and protection and ventilation are implemented.

Keep a documentation trail of the batch and coating and mix ratio and equipment parameters and inspection results and anomalies and handling; for chemical requisition and hazardous waste handover, additionally retain ledgers and handover records.

Personnel with actual training and authorization confirm internal repair work and release per procedure, and the tool does not transfer personnel or organizational obligations; supplier responsibility follows the applicable rules and is not disclaimed across the board.

Automatically generated mix or parameter suggestions may lack qualifications such as the workpiece material and coating system and equipment condition; adopting them without checking the site and the actual equipment readings increases film defect and equipment and personal risk.

Rely only on equipment gauge readings and process documents and first-article and sampling results; for uncertain points, first review the site and the original records, and retain the verification process and conclusion.

Defect images and process parameters and production line data may involve customer and product information, and uploading them to an external service may cause leakage and compliance risk.

First check the lawful use and upload permission for customer products, personal information, and internal material, and choose an approved system; de-identification or internal deployment does not automatically grant use permission, and access and export records are retained.

SDS has a lawful hazard communication requirement for access and cannot be assumed to be generally restricted from circulation; supplier technical and customer material are checked against the specific rights, license, and version, without presuming confidentiality to be the whole of SDS legal rules.

Record the material version and source and applicable scope, and complete the authorization and version check before external use.

Reaching a process conclusion directly from automatically compiled defect data may mask issues of batch differences and equipment condition and sampling method.

Write the defect determination criteria and sampling method and data source and time and determiner clearly, note the applicable scope for the conclusions, and retain the original records.

When the process is split into 'the tool produces the parameters, a person clicks confirm', a gap easily appears in which no one is responsible for film quality and equipment and chemical safety.

In the process, specify the executor, reviewer, and authorizer for each step, and make the records able to answer 'who made this judgment and on what basis'.

Confirm that the workpiece and coating system and safety bottom line and escalation path are written out.

Start and stop equipment and adjust hoses and nozzles and flow and air pressure parameters

Setup and operation control

Editorial use pending validation: parameter trial calculations and inspection checklists can assist; the actual setting and confirmation remain human responsibility. Not a validated effect; formal parameters, operations, and release follow the actual authority.

Confirm that the first article is confirmed and the guards are intact.

Hold or adjust the direction of the spray gun and apply the coating at the specified amounts

Setup and operation control

Editorial use pending validation: records and scheduling can assist; the spray operation and feel remain human responsibility. Not a validated effect; formal parameters, operations, and release follow the actual authority.

Confirm that the appearance and appearance defects have been identified and handled per procedure.

Monitor the spray operation and identify defects and correct their causes

Appearance judgment

Editorial use pending validation: defect statistics can assist; cause determination and release remain human responsibility. Not a validated effect; formal parameters, operations, and release follow the actual authority.

Confirm that sample inspection and specification determination are complete.

Inspect and measure or weigh or test samples to confirm they meet specifications

Appearance judgment

Editorial use pending validation: data summaries can assist; the determination conclusion remains human responsibility. Not a validated effect; formal parameters, operations, and release follow the actual authority.

Confirm that hazardous energy has been isolated per procedure and verified.

Disassemble, clean, and reassemble sprayers or power equipment

Equipment cleaning and chemical handling

Editorial use pending validation: cleaning plans and ledgers can assist; lockout tagout and cleaning work are still carried out by people. Not a validated effect; formal parameters, operations, and release follow the actual authority.

Confirm that hazardous waste has been collected and handed over in categories per procedure.

Dispose of hazardous waste per procedure and record operating data

Equipment cleaning and chemical handling

Editorial use pending validation: ledgers and handover forms can assist; handling execution and record responsibility remain with people. Not a validated effect; formal parameters, operations, and release follow the actual authority.

Confirm that equipment parameters and batch and anomalies have been fully documented.

Observe gauge readings and adjust and report when deviating from standards

Operation monitoring and records

Editorial use pending validation: parameter records and dashboards can assist; anomaly judgment and shutdown decisions remain human responsibility. Not a validated effect; formal parameters, operations, and release follow the actual authority.

This round did not obtain this occupation's AI adoption, speed-up, or wage and employment causation; mix records and statistics are candidates pending validation, checking units, omissions, safety, and total time, and unverified output does not change formal parameters or release.

Manufacturing C suits coating units whose main activity is manufacturing; repair enterprises are checked against O and other categories by their real main activity, and the industry is not uniformly chosen by the coating worker title. The background does not stand in for an occupational wage.

NBS covers urban legal-entity units with 5 or more people and excludes self-employed individuals and freelancers; labor dispatch, outsourcing, piece work, and temporary work are not all excluded by label, and their actual employment and wage relationship and the paying statistical unit must be checked.

This round did not verify a Chinese fine category mapping one-to-one to SOC51-9124, and it is not asserted that all public statistics or occupational classifications lack this position.

Different statistical releases use different classification bases and coverage and different data periods; this page does not mix them and does not perform basis conversion.

Recruitment price basis: job platforms and company announcements give quotes for a specific position and a specific period

This evidence route does not use manufacturing or construction industry averages or adjacent-position quotes to fill the occupational-level gap, because their statistical subject and sampling method cannot be verified; actual take-home pay based mainly on piece rates and overtime is also not comparable with that basis.

The survey population and the C/O unit background matched by actual main activity have boundaries and are not all coating workers, and the wage relationship is checked against the survey definitions.

When comparing different opportunities, first confirm the employment arrangement and shift and piece-rate method and protection and ventilation conditions, and only then discuss income differences; otherwise institutional differences will be misread as position differences.

Data period 2025, published 2026-05-15, retrieved 2026-10-09.

Different data periods affect comparability; this page does not splice across periods and does not write one year's industry average as an occupational median.

This round did not obtain a China exact national wage, percentile, regional starting pay, or one-to-one mapping for this occupation. The 2025 manufacturing C non-private 113,594 / private 76,055 and resident services and repair and other services O non-private 70,226 / private 52,059 yuan/year are all-category annual average wage background matched to the unit's actual main activity, not coating wages, a median, or a monthly wage.

Not obtaining the data does not mean the official body has never published it or that the position does not exist in the Chinese mainland; this page only states that this round did not obtain a national occupational wage basis exactly corresponding to O*NET-SOC 51-9124.00.

Position mapping boundary: this evidence route did not establish an occupational fine category mapping one-to-one to O*NET-SOC 51-9124.00

The related duties may be distributed across manufacturing coating and spray shops, automotive repair and body repair enterprises, and building materials and furniture and metal products surface treatment sequences, and must be classified by the actual job duties and equipment type; a Chinese page title does not constitute an equivalent Chinese occupation or a wage mapping.

AI or software words cannot fill the exact wage gap; no wage causation was obtained, and no prediction is made that the statistical classification will not change.

Equipment and chemical work follows the actual jurisdiction's authority, and waste is sorted first. China's current Ecological Environment Code takes effect 2026-08-15; Articles 528–536 identify hazardous waste by list or identification, require identification marks, unit plans and ledgers and reporting, standardized storage, utilization, and disposal, classification by characteristics, and prohibit mixing incompatible materials without safe disposal; dumping or discarding without authorization or mixing into non-hazardous waste storage is prohibited, operating units must hold a permit, and entrusting unlicensed units or individuals is prohibited, with transfers following the manifest and cross-province approval rules. Article 1242 has repealed the old solid waste law, which is no longer used as the current basis. The 2025 hazardous waste list Articles 2/3/4/6 and HW12 identify by specific process and entry; the scope of 900-250/251/252/256/299 and similar entries differs, and some explicitly exclude water-based paint, which does not mean all water-based paint waste is automatically non-hazardous. Where the property is not clear, identification follows the standard, and not all paint-contaminated rags, drums, or water-based paint waste are judged hazardous waste across the board.

Junior high or senior high school education plus on-the-job training

Coating and spray production line operation direction

Editorial verification suggestion, not wage statistics: whether the target position requires a specific degree and equipment duties; this round has no general Chinese recruitment sample for this occupation, so no uniform degree entry condition is inferred.

A secondary vocational school or technical school major related to surface treatment and coating

Setup and process parameter direction, quality inspection direction

Editorial verification suggestion: which equipment experience and appearance judgment ability the target setup or inspection position requires, checked against the actual position; no general employer threshold or degree-income relationship is inferred.

Training and assessment related to hazardous chemicals and special operations

Safety and chemical management direction, equipment repair direction

Editorial verification suggestion: check the safety and chemical and repair training and authorization requirements against the target position, the real jurisdiction, and the material and equipment; this round did not obtain a general Chinese recruitment threshold, training does not replace a certificate, and U.S. OSHA cannot be used to infer a uniform Chinese condition.

Hazardous energy isolation and machine guarding and personal protection requirements

Equipment and site safety management direction

Editorial check: confirm the actual material, equipment, and position authority and the necessary training, with no uniform employer threshold obtained; Chinese hazardous waste is checked against the current Code and list.

Manufacturing coating and spray shops

Editorial compilation: mainly batch coating and equipment parameter control and appearance judgment, usually working to the line beat and shift schedule.

Automotive repair and body repair enterprises

Editorial compilation: mainly transportation equipment painting and color matching and spot repair, and delivery must meet the requirements of each vehicle and the shop process.

Building materials and furniture and metal products surface treatment enterprises

Editorial compilation: mainly surface coating and appearance control for woodwork and metal parts and building materials, and delivery must meet product standards and environmental and safety requirements.

NBS2025 tables 2/5 and survey notes｜https://www.stats.gov.cn/xxgk/sjfb/zxfb2020/202605/t20260515_1963707.html

China exact-occupation wage gap and 2025 C/O matched unit background

This round did not obtain a China exact national wage, percentile, regional starting pay, or one-to-one mapping for this occupation. The 2025 manufacturing C non-private 113,594 / private 76,055 and resident services and repair and other services O non-private 70,226 / private 52,059 yuan/year are all-category annual average wage background matched to the unit's actual main activity, not coating wages, a median, or a monthly wage.

When comparing different opportunities, confirm the employment arrangement (manufacturing enterprise, automotive repair enterprise, surface treatment enterprise), the shift and piece-rate method and protection and ventilation conditions and training requirements, and note that this page does not provide an occupation-level wage figure for this role in the Chinese mainland.

Published information on the Occupational Classification Code of the People's Republic of China (2022 edition)｜https://www.mohrss.gov.cn/

This page does not provide a monthly wage range or city ranking for this occupation in China; editorially it is suggested to check the equipment, region, employment form, coating system, safety, and chemical handling duties, and this round has no estimate of the size of income differences.

Manufacturing C matched unit background (all occupations in the whole category)

2025 non-private 113,594 / private 76,055 yuan/year, an average annual wage, not the occupational median, monthly wage, or starting pay

Resident services and repair and other services O matched unit background (all occupations in the whole category)

2025 non-private 70,226 / private 52,059 yuan/year, which must be matched by real main activity, and is not this occupation's wage

The China exact occupation and regional monthly wage are still missing

Insufficient evidence: this round did not obtain a regional occupational monthly wage distribution, so no regional ranking is given.

Occupation comparison: United States O*NET-SOC 51-9124.00 (Coating, Painting, and Spraying Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders); the Chinese mainland evidence route did not establish a one-to-one occupational fine category, and the related duties may be distributed across manufacturing coating and spray shops, automotive repair and body repair enterprises, and building materials and furniture and metal products surface treatment sequences, and must be classified by the actual duties and equipment type; the page language does not constitute occupational equivalence or a wage mapping.

NBS2025C/O and survey notes｜https://www.stats.gov.cn/xxgk/sjfb/zxfb2020/202605/t20260515_1963707.html; the one-to-one Chinese mapping was not verified this round

Growth 2.5% (2025—2035; the OOH shows 2%)

48,250 dollars/year (median)

10th percentile. This percentile means that 10% of employed workers earn no more than this value, and it is not entry-level starting pay.; O*NET national wage percentile page (51-9124.00)｜https://www.onetonline.org/link/localwages/51-9124.00

40,590 dollars/year

25th percentile. A percentile describes a distributional position, not a seniority level.; O*NET national wage percentile page (51-9124.00)｜https://www.onetonline.org/link/localwages/51-9124.00

48,250 dollars/year

May 2025 median annual wage 48,250 dollars and median hourly 23.20; on average cannot prove that the mean is the same. OEWS wage-and-salary data exclude the self-employed and are not starting pay.

59,680 dollars/year

75th percentile. High income does not automatically correspond to a setup position or a team leader position.; O*NET national wage percentile page (51-9124.00)｜https://www.onetonline.org/link/localwages/51-9124.00

74,730 dollars/year

The national 90th percentile is the upper end of the aggregate distribution; the effects of shift, overtime, region, and seniority cannot be separated, and it is not a team leader wage.

164,800 people (2025)

BLS Table 1.2 SOC51-9124: 2025 employment 164.8 thousand to 2035 projected 168.9 thousand, net increase 4.1 thousand, growth 2.5%, average annual openings 15.3 thousand, self-employed 3.8%; the OOH rounds this row's growth to 2%, and the parent Painting Workers annual openings of 16.1 thousand cannot substitute for this occupation. The openings include growth and replacement from people leaving the occupation, not the annual net increase.

Growth 2.5% (2025—2035; the OOH shows 2%)

BLS Table 1.2 SOC51-9124: 2025 employment 164.8 thousand to 2035 projected 168.9 thousand, net increase 4.1 thousand, growth 2.5%, average annual openings 15.3 thousand, self-employed 3.8%; the OOH rounds this row's growth to 2%, and the parent Painting Workers annual openings of 16.1 thousand cannot substitute for this occupation. The openings include growth and replacement from people leaving the occupation, not the annual net increase. The O*NET page grouping shows Average3%–4% against the exact BLS 2.5% / OOH2% as a display difference, and this page uses the exact BLS row and does not change it to 3% or 4% based on that grouping.

15,300 per year (2025—2035 projection)

BLS Table 1.2 SOC51-9124: 2025 employment 164.8 thousand to 2035 projected 168.9 thousand, net increase 4.1 thousand, growth 2.5%, average annual openings 15.3 thousand, self-employed 3.8%; the OOH rounds this row's growth to 2%, and the parent Painting Workers annual openings of 16.1 thousand cannot substitute for this occupation. The openings include growth and replacement from people leaving the occupation, not the annual net increase.

May 2025 SOC51-9124 national wage-and-salary annual 10/25/50/75/90 percentiles 36,260/40,590/48,250/59,680/74,730 dollars; hourly percentiles 17.43/19.52/23.20/28.69/35.93 dollars. 48,250 and 23.20 are the medians, and the on average wording cannot prove that the mean is the same, and they are not starting pay or self-employed income. BLS Table 1.2 SOC51-9124: 2025 employment 164.8 thousand to 2035 projected 168.9 thousand, net increase 4.1 thousand, growth 2.5%, average annual openings 15.3 thousand, self-employed 3.8%; the OOH rounds this row's growth to 2%, and the parent Painting Workers annual openings of 16.1 thousand cannot substitute for this occupation. The openings include growth and replacement from people leaving the occupation, not the annual net increase. The OOH industry annual medians for this occupation are listed separately; the wages exclude the self-employed while the employment projection includes 3.8% self-employed, and regional, shift, and overtime breakdowns were not fully obtained.

May 2025 SOC51-9124 national wage-and-salary annual 10/25/50/75/90 percentiles 36,260/40,590/48,250/59,680/74,730 dollars; hourly percentiles 17.43/19.52/23.20/28.69/35.93 dollars. 48,250 and 23.20 are the medians, and the on average wording cannot prove that the mean is the same, and they are not starting pay or self-employed income. BLS Table 1.2 SOC51-9124: 2025 employment 164.8 thousand to 2035 projected 168.9 thousand, net increase 4.1 thousand, growth 2.5%, average annual openings 15.3 thousand, self-employed 3.8%; the OOH rounds this row's growth to 2%, and the parent Painting Workers annual openings of 16.1 thousand cannot substitute for this occupation. The openings include growth and replacement from people leaving the occupation, not the annual net increase.

The wage survey employed population cannot be excluded entirely by night shift, piece work, or dispatch labels; comparing an individual's actual quote requires checking hours, wage components, and benefits, and there is no estimate of the difference effect this round.

Employment form and shift and region

O*NET68% daily time limits, 29% considering equipment pace extremely important, and 34% over 40 hours a week are context proportions and do not prove an overtime or shift income effect; check the individual contract wage and hours.

Time pressure and shift rhythm

O*NET2025 manufacturing 65%, other services 18%, other 17% is an employment distribution; the income effect of industrial density was not verified this round, and the specific position's written quote is checked.

Region and manufacturing density

Growth 2.5% (2025—2035; the OOH shows 2%)

Automotive body, coating, interior, and glass repair

57,020 dollars/year (May 2025 industry median for this occupation)

BLS OOH Pay, not an all-occupation industry average, an employment share, or an individual quote.

Transportation equipment manufacturing

55,660 dollars/year (May 2025 industry median for this occupation)

BLS OOH Pay, not an all-occupation industry average, an employment share, or an individual quote.

Machinery manufacturing

47,830 dollars/year (May 2025 industry median for this occupation)

BLS OOH Pay, not an all-occupation industry average, an employment share, or an individual quote.

Fabricated metal product manufacturing

45,690 dollars/year (May 2025 industry median for this occupation)

BLS OOH Pay, not an all-occupation industry average, an employment share, or an individual quote.

No. The exact SOC51-9124 median is a statistical position for the employed group, and the 10th percentile 36260 dollars is not starting pay; editorially it is suggested to check the region, industry, shift, training authorization, and actual quote, without inferring individual entry pay.

OEWS annual wages are usually converted on a 2080-hour basis and are not an individual's paid hours; the official provision of both annual and hourly medians does not mean that a personal monthly wage, overtime, or after-tax pay can be calculated.

The percentiles and median come from the BLS OEWS 2025 wage data shown on the O*NET page for this occupation (exact occupational basis 51-9124.00); percentiles are a statistical position and do not represent an individual ability level.

When comparing a specific written quote, check the equipment, product, shift and hours, setup and release responsibility, qualifications, and benefits; this round did not obtain the independent wage effect of each factor.

48,250 dollars/year (median)

This percentile is used to understand the lower end of the distribution, not to judge entry-level wages.

The median is the midpoint of the distribution; the web page's on average does not prove that the arithmetic mean is the same.

This percentile describes the upper end of the distribution, and setup-position or team-leader income cannot be inferred from it.

Occupational content interest R100/C44/A19/I8/S4/E1, code RC, not practitioner proportions, an individual assessment score, or a success rate. Getting information 82, identifying objects 80, inspecting 79, monitoring 76, and decision making 68 are work activity importance ratings, not individual performance.

Occupational content interest and editorial fit leads are kept separate, not a practitioner distribution or a hiring standard.

O*NET currently has 15 scored styles: attention to detail 72, dependability 69, caution 59, integrity 29, stress tolerance 29, achievement 27, persistence 26, self-control 25, self-confidence 19, adaptability 16, cooperation 11, initiative 9, intellectual curiosity 8, sincerity 2, optimism 1; not Big Five scale validity or an individual hiring threshold. Prioritizing output over the applicable safety and quality procedures can create risk, which is not an incidence study.

Work styles can serve as editorial observation leads, and this round did not obtain Big Five performance prediction validity for this occupation; procedure execution and detail verification can be observed with lawful simulated material, without giving a hiring threshold.

O*NET currently has 15 scored styles: attention to detail 72, dependability 69, caution 59, integrity 29, stress tolerance 29, achievement 27, persistence 26, self-control 25, self-confidence 19, adaptability 16, cooperation 11, initiative 9, intellectual curiosity 8, sincerity 2, optimism 1; not Big Five scale validity or an individual hiring threshold.

Watch out for: putting 'finish this batch first' ahead of 'stop the line and investigate the defect first' exposes problems at the film quality and equipment safety level.

Occupational content interest R100/C44/A19/I8/S4/E1, code RC, not practitioner proportions, an individual assessment score, or a success rate.

This round did not obtain MBTI fit or performance validation for this occupation, so no hiring is ranked by type.

This round did not check all employer hiring rules, and this page does not make hiring judgments based on MBTI; predictive validity for this occupation was not obtained.

This round did not obtain Nine-type fit validation for this occupation; check the concrete metering, recording, and anomaly communication behavior.

Evidence level: editorial note, not an occupation fact supported by a source.

Watch out for: Enneagram interpretation easily slides toward personality diagnosis, which this page does not use to judge fit.

This occupation has clear practical requirements for equipment and material knowledge: the O*NET knowledge list is led by mechanical, English language, production and processing, education and training, chemistry, customer and personal service, public safety and security, and computers and electronics; the abilities list is led by near vision, arm-hand steadiness, control precision, visual color discrimination, manual dexterity, far vision, finger dexterity, extent flexibility, perceptual speed, and trunk strength, 52 items in total.

O*NET skills and knowledge are occupational data, not IQ thresholds; this round did not obtain IQ validity or an entry threshold applicable to this occupation, and this page makes no hiring judgment.

Watch out for: if you rely on personal experience over the long term without consolidating parameter and inspection and handling records, risks will surface during shift changes and line changes and quality traceability; fixing the workflow and documentation trail is the sustainable approach.

This occupation's exposure and physical requirements stand out: O*NET work context shows 87% use their hands to handle and feel tools and workpieces continually or almost continually, 79% are exposed to distracting or uncomfortable noise every day, 74% are exposed to contaminants every day, 70% make repetitive motions continually, 69% stand continually or almost continually, 58% are exposed to hazardous conditions every day, 48% are in very hot or very cold environments every day, and 76% wear common protective or safety equipment every day.

Evidence level: O*NET work activities and work context are official occupational data; this page draws no causal conclusion about emotional intelligence and work performance.

Caution lead: if necessary protection, ventilation, or anomaly escalation is not implemented per the assessment, dangerous work must not continue on operating proficiency alone; respirator requirements must be checked against their applicable conditions.

Boundary: all of the above is task and work context description for this occupation plus editorial suggestion, and does not constitute personality diagnosis, a hiring prediction, or a judgment about occupational destiny; no assessment score can replace completing one full setup and test spray and inspection under supervision.

Direct answer: the signals best matched to this occupation's tasks are 'willingness to produce steadily to parameters and procedures over the long term' and 'holding the safety and quality steps under output pressure'; the interest code is RC, but a code only describes the interest characteristics of the occupational work content and does not determine whether an individual is suited.

Architectural and maintenance painters

Suitable signal: willing to work at building and renovation sites and accept height and outdoor conditions.

Architectural coating can also involve spraying and coating equipment and verifying material surfaces, so it cannot be said that it carries no equipment parameters; compare the actual object and working environment.

Automotive body and glass repairers

Suitable signal: willing to do single-vehicle straightening and paint repair and color matching.

Automotive body repair includes straightening and parts and glass, and automotive painting is already in this occupation's definition, so color matching may already exist and is not uniformly treated as a brand-new capability.

Painters (hand finishing)

Suitable signal: willing to do hand brushing and rolling and decorative work.

Hand finishing can use a spray gun and product inspection, so the two cannot be classified as mutually exclusive by whether the tool is a machine.

Industrial machinery mechanics

Suitable signal: willing to do equipment structure and fault diagnosis and repair.

Mechanical repair focuses on repair and service and fault diagnosis, and some tasks may overlap with coating equipment maintenance, so coating is not excluded across the board.

Maintenance workers

Suitable signal: willing to do routine servicing and inspection and work order execution.

Machine maintenance focuses on equipment availability and may overlap with coating maintenance, and whether the real position involves film quality must be checked.

Fiberglass laminators and fabricators

Suitable signal: willing to do molds and composite layup and cure forming.

Caution signal: this direction requires composite process experience, and its parameter system differs from surface coating.

This page does not decide fit from a single personality trait. Editorially it is suggested to check the equipment, working conditions, and duties of the manufacturing spray line, body repair, or surface treatment site position by position; this round did not quantify the size of differences, and parameters, quality, and safety verification can be observed under lawful teaching conditions.

Manual work and standing and repetition proportions do not prove introvert suitability; team communication, records, and anomaly escalation behavior must be checked, and no hiring conclusion is given by introversion or extroversion.

This round has no evidence comparing introverted and extroverted performance, so no extrovert advantage or disadvantage is judged; editorially it is suggested to observe actual records of parameter explanation, safety verification, handover, and anomaly coordination.

This round has no MBTI validity specific to this occupation, and no individual fit ranking is given.

Occupational content interest R100/C44/A19/I8/S4/E1, code RC, not practitioner proportions, an individual assessment score, or a success rate.

This round did not obtain personality scale performance validation for this occupation, and occupational style scores cannot replace individual hiring or success prediction.

This occupation has practical requirements for numerical understanding: the O*NET abilities list includes control precision and perceptual speed, and the knowledge list includes production and processing and chemistry; coating mix ratios and viscosity and film thickness and flow conversion require reliable measurement habits.

This occupation's requirements for on-site safety and quick judgment stand out: O*NET work context shows 68% face strict time limits every day, 58% are exposed to hazardous conditions every day, 29% consider the pace being determined by equipment speed extremely important, and 31% have extremely high responsibility for the health and safety of others; making lockout tagout and protection and ventilation checks into habits is a skill that can be practiced.

This round has no Nine-type fit validation for this occupation, so no screening is done by type.

Judging by deliverables: can you write the setup and test spray and inspection points for one fictional workpiece and coating system; can you organize one set of fictional parameter and defect records into an investigation checklist; can you write a one-page work plan summary containing ventilation and personal protection and hazardous waste handling points. Whichever type of task you are willing to repeat is the direction more worth trying.

People willing to produce steadily to parameters and procedures over the long term, able to hold the safety and quality steps under output pressure, and willing to keep a documentation trail of parameters and inspection and handling for review.

People who find it hard to accept their parameters and records being reviewed, who tend to remove or bypass guards or work without protection under output pressure, or who do not take chemical and hazardous waste handling seriously enough.

Use the fictional material in the page's 'Entry, qualifications, and career development' section to complete one workflow from setup and test spray to inspection and handling and recording, and then judge whether you would be willing to repeat this.

O*NET Updated2026 currently has 29 tasks: 16 core, 7 supplementary, and 6 New with importance Not available, which are not filled in as 0 or 13 supplementary. The first 3 are proper hazardous waste disposal 86, spray guns 85, and specified primer and topcoat 83; the new items added are heating, ventilation, and drying, primer repair, body filler, color matching, surface removal of oil, rust, and old paint, and sanding and sealing dried finish.

Used to verify 33 knowledge areas, 52 abilities, RC occupational content interest, and the 15 scored work styles

BLS Table 1.2 SOC51-9124: 2025 employment 164.8 thousand to 2035 projected 168.9 thousand, net increase 4.1 thousand, growth 2.5%, average annual openings 15.3 thousand, self-employed 3.8%; the OOH rounds this row's growth to 2%, and the parent Painting Workers annual openings of 16.1 thousand cannot substitute for this occupation. The openings include growth and replacement from people leaving the occupation, not the annual net increase.

Used to verify the percentage distribution of work context (manual work, noise and contaminant exposure, repetitive motions, standing, and protective equipment)

Used to explain the measurement approach to task exposure and its sample and indicator limitations

The first three tiers of the O*NET new-entrant education requirement survey are 63% high school equivalent, 27% below high school, and 7% postsecondary certificate, not the incumbent education distribution; JobZone1–2 / SVP below 6 is a preparation grouping, not a uniform education or years requirement for all positions.

Used to describe the technology keywords appearing in recruitment for this occupation, and does not represent proficiency or usage rates

Used to verify the industry distribution and employment structure

Interest code RC: realistic (R) first and conventional (C) second; together the two describe an orientation toward 'operating equipment and materials by hand and executing steadily to procedures'.

The realistic type focuses on hands-on operation of equipment and tools and workpieces, and the conventional type on executing to procedures and parameters and records; this occupation combines both interest areas.

RC (realistic, conventional)

RC

Boundary: the six risk cards below are summarized from the tasks and work context of this occupation to explain 'what you will encounter and how it can be controlled', and do not state incidence rates or accident probabilities; the applicable scope of each measure must be confirmed separately against the applicable jurisdiction and employer policies and equipment manuals.

Direct answer: the risks this occupation most needs to judge in advance come from four places: coating and viscosity and film thickness deviating from process and causing batch defects, hazardous energy not isolated and machine guarding failing and causing entanglement or shear injury, insufficient chemical contact control and ventilation and personal protection causing occupational health harm, and improper hazardous waste and waste solvent disposal causing environmental and compliance consequences; missed appearance defects and untraceable operating and quality records are also long-term problems.

O*NET supports the tasks and context, and U.S. OSHA and the Chinese Code and list each support their actual safety and waste rules, not a globally uniform shutdown or resumption permission.

Roles that carry out setup and coating operations

Insufficient parameter and first-article verification may cause batch sagging, orange peel, pinholes, and color difference and lead to rework and scrapping; the responsibility and cost must be checked against the actual rules and contract, and this round has no evidence supporting a uniform joint liability of company and individual.

Editorial quality check: check material and parameters against the approved process and the first article and anomaly records, with necessary stop and escalation per the actual safety procedure, and resumption and batch release confirmed by the actually authorized person.

Thickening the coating on feel to catch up with the beat; skipping first-article confirmation and starting the line directly.

Roles that carry out equipment cleaning and repair and maintenance

Internal repair, disassembly, and cleaning that actually falls under hazardous energy control, without isolation and verification per procedure, or bypassing guards to run hazards, may cause entanglement, shear, crush, or electric shock; not all cleaning is uniformly subject to LOTO.

U.S. OSHA1910.147 is limited to the repair and maintenance hazardous energy it covers; general production has its applicable conditions and exceptions, and not all setup and cleaning is judged to require LOTO. A person performing isolation must have the authorized employee duties and training under the employer's procedure, and ordinary operator status does not automatically authorize it; stored residual energy must be eliminated, disconnected, restrained, or made safe, with re-accumulation checked continuously where necessary, isolation and de-energization verified before work, and a stop button is not an isolating device. Re-energization follows the procedure for checking that equipment and personnel are clear and for notification, and is not decided by the operator simply because the anomaly has disappeared. U.S. 1910.212 requires the point of operation to be properly guarded against entry of body parts into the danger zone, and hand tools cannot substitute for guarding; guards must not be removed or bypassed without authorization to operate equipment in a hazardous condition, and repair and disassembly follow the actual control procedure, without treating any disassembly as per se unlawful.

Just pressing the button and reaching into the equipment; jamming the interlock with a tool so the machine keeps running.

Roles that carry out chemical use and ventilation and protection

Failure to identify contact with or inhalation of coating and solvent and cleaning agents, or failure to provide ventilation and respiratory protection per the hazard assessment, may cause acute irritation and long-term occupational health harm.

U.S. Hazcom checks labels and SDS and training against the chemical hazards; ventilation and PPE do not substitute for each other. U.S. 1910.132 requires the employer to assess hazards and select suitable and properly fitting PPE and provide training; 1910.134 prioritizes feasible engineering controls, requires a medical evaluation before respirator use, and requires fit testing for tight-fitting facepieces on first use and model or size change and at least annually. PPE does not replace ventilation, position authority, or judgment of safe dwell time. The 1910.107 ventilation provisions are limited to the applicable scenarios of spraying combustible or flammable materials.

Spraying continuously in an unventilated corner; mixing different coatings into unlabeled containers.

Roles that carry out waste and solvent disposal

Improper dumping of waste paint and solvents already identified as hazardous waste, or mixing them into non-hazardous storage, may cause pollution and liability; the category must be checked against the list or identification, and not all paint-containing material is automatically hazardous waste.

China's current Ecological Environment Code takes effect 2026-08-15; Articles 528–536 identify hazardous waste by list or identification, require identification marks, unit plans and ledgers and reporting, standardized storage, utilization, and disposal, classification by characteristics, and prohibit mixing incompatible materials without safe disposal; dumping or discarding without authorization or mixing into non-hazardous waste storage is prohibited, operating units must hold a permit, and entrusting unlicensed units or individuals is prohibited, with transfers following the manifest and cross-province approval rules. Article 1242 has repealed the old solid waste law, which is no longer used as the current basis. The 2025 hazardous waste list Articles 2/3/4/6 and HW12 identify by specific process and entry; the scope of 900-250/251/252/256/299 and similar entries differs, and some explicitly exclude water-based paint, which does not mean all water-based paint waste is automatically non-hazardous. Where the property is not clear, identification follows the standard, and not all paint-contaminated rags, drums, or water-based paint waste are judged hazardous waste across the board.

Dumping cleaning solvent without checking the category, or mixing paint-contaminated rags and drums already identified as hazardous waste into non-hazardous storage; the water-based paint exclusion conditions are checked item by item and cannot be treated as ordinary trash across the board.

Roles that carry out appearance determination and batch release

A defect that is not identified or not determined may let a non-conforming batch reach downstream processes or the customer, causing rework and complaints and reputational loss.

Inspect and record per the inspection standard and sampling method; for defects whose determination is uncertain, escalate per procedure, and the release decision is made by the position with the corresponding duties.

Releasing after a single glance; treating a batch with obvious color difference as 'the customer will not notice'.

Roles that carry out operating records and handoff

Missing records for the batch, coating, mix ratio, equipment parameters, or anomalies may hinder quality traceability and cause identification and proof of execution; this cannot be used to assert that the cause can never be located from other evidence.

Record operating data and anomalies and handover items on the prescribed forms, writing the time and batch and parameters clearly so that the records can be reviewed by others.

Mentioning only verbally at shift change that 'there is a small problem'; leaving no written record of anomaly handling.

O*NET Updated2026 currently has 29 tasks: 16 core, 7 supplementary, and 6 New with importance Not available, which are not filled in as 0 or 13 supplementary. The first 3 are proper hazardous waste disposal 86, spray guns 85, and specified primer and topcoat 83; the new items added are heating, ventilation, and drying, primer repair, body filler, color matching, surface removal of oil, rust, and old paint, and sanding and sealing dried finish.

Used to verify the distribution of manual work and contaminant and noise exposure and repetitive motions in the work context

U.S. OSHA1910.212 machine guarding of the point of operation, where hand tools cannot substitute for guarding, with repair control per the actual procedure; not a knowledge or interest list

U.S. OSHA1910.147 is limited to the repair and maintenance hazardous energy it covers; general production has its applicable conditions and exceptions, and not all setup and cleaning is judged to require LOTO. A person performing isolation must have the authorized employee duties and training under the employer's procedure, and ordinary operator status does not automatically authorize it; stored residual energy must be eliminated, disconnected, restrained, or made safe, with re-accumulation checked continuously where necessary, isolation and de-energization verified before work, and a stop button is not an isolating device. Re-energization follows the procedure for checking that equipment and personnel are clear and for notification, and is not decided by the operator simply because the anomaly has disappeared.

U.S. 1910.1200 workplace hazardous chemical labels and SDS and training; its b6i excludes EPA-regulated hazardous waste, so it is not used to support hazardous waste disposal law. Chinese hazardous waste is checked separately against the Code and list.

Able to complete loading and loading and unloading and basic spray operations and equipment cleaning under supervision, wear protective equipment per procedure and report equipment and quality anomalies per the process, and report immediately when a safety hazard or defect is found.

Able to complete basic coating operations and equipment cleaning and recording under supervision

Editorial stage capability: able to independently complete setup and test spray and first-article confirmation and parameter adjustment, handle common appearance defects and equipment anomalies, and complete shift records and handoff. Executed per the real duties, training, and applicable procedure, without obtaining internal repair, authorization, or release rights from a stage name.

Editorial stage capability: able to independently complete setup and test spray and first-article confirmation and parameter adjustment. Executed per the real duties, training, and applicable procedure, without obtaining internal repair, authorization, or release rights from a stage name.

Able to take on process setting and defect analysis for line changes and new coating systems and to mentor new colleagues, and to check the quality of safety and protection and record execution.

Able to take on process setting and defect analysis and mentoring and to check quality

Able to take part in building coating line process and equipment and chemical and protection systems, and to hold the corresponding position authorization.

Able to take part in building process and equipment and chemical and protection systems

The editorial entry path can progressively verify setup and quality capability from supervised basic operation records, which is not the only common order or a promotion guarantee. The first three tiers of the O*NET new-entrant education requirement survey are 63% high school equivalent, 27% below high school, and 7% postsecondary certificate, not the incumbent education distribution; JobZone1–2 / SVP below 6 is a preparation grouping, not a uniform education or years requirement for all positions. The U.S. OOH Painting and Coating Workers group usually requires a high school equivalent, sometimes no formal education, usually several months of on-the-job training, sometimes a few days, and usually less than a year to become proficient; this is not an individual guarantee or a uniform duration for all of this occupation. Operating computer-controlled equipment may require additional programming training, and automotive painting may involve color matching and application vocational education.

The actual O*NET localcert directory of 22 records includes AMPP inspection and protective coating and cathodic protection, ExemplarGlobal electrostatic discharge (ESD), and NCCER industrial coating assessment, and is not 22 uniform spray licenses; each body's current application experience, examinations, recertification, and fees were not fully verified this round, and it is not generalized that all require the same examination and experience. U.S. OSHA1910.147 is limited to the repair and maintenance hazardous energy it covers; general production has its applicable conditions and exceptions, and not all setup and cleaning is judged to require LOTO. A person performing isolation must have the authorized employee duties and training under the employer's procedure, and ordinary operator status does not automatically authorize it; stored residual energy must be eliminated, disconnected, restrained, or made safe, with re-accumulation checked continuously where necessary, isolation and de-energization verified before work, and a stop button is not an isolating device. Re-energization follows the procedure for checking that equipment and personnel are clear and for notification, and is not decided by the operator simply because the anomaly has disappeared. U.S. 1910.132 requires the employer to assess hazards and select suitable and properly fitting PPE and provide training; 1910.134 prioritizes feasible engineering controls, requires a medical evaluation before respirator use, and requires fit testing for tight-fitting facepieces on first use and model or size change and at least annually. PPE does not replace ventilation, position authority, or judgment of safe dwell time. The 1910.107 ventilation provisions are limited to the applicable scenarios of spraying combustible or flammable materials. Chinese hazardous waste uses the current Code and list, other specific Chinese special operation and occupational health requirements were not fully verified this round, and U.S. LOTO is not treated directly as a Chinese rule.

The United States (O*NET basis) and the Chinese mainland are presented side by side; the two have different regulatory systems

The first three tiers of the O*NET new-entrant education requirement survey are 63% high school equivalent, 27% below high school, and 7% postsecondary certificate, not the incumbent education distribution; JobZone1–2 / SVP below 6 is a preparation grouping, not a uniform education or years requirement for all positions. The one-to-one Chinese fine category was not verified this round, and duties are checked against the real position, equipment, and product.

The first three tiers of the O*NET new-entrant education requirement survey are 63% high school equivalent, 27% below high school, and 7% postsecondary certificate, not the incumbent education distribution; JobZone1–2 / SVP below 6 is a preparation grouping, not a uniform education or years requirement for all positions.

O*NET Updated2026 currently has 29 tasks: 16 core, 7 supplementary, and 6 New with importance Not available, which are not filled in as 0 or 13 supplementary. The first 3 are proper hazardous waste disposal 86, spray guns 85, and specified primer and topcoat 83; the new items added are heating, ventilation, and drying, primer repair, body filler, color matching, surface removal of oil, rust, and old paint, and sanding and sealing dried finish.

The actual O*NET localcert directory of 22 records includes AMPP inspection and protective coating and cathodic protection, ExemplarGlobal electrostatic discharge (ESD), and NCCER industrial coating assessment, and is not 22 uniform spray licenses; each body's current application experience, examinations, recertification, and fees were not fully verified this round, and it is not generalized that all require the same examination and experience.

U.S. 1910.132 requires the employer to assess hazards and select suitable and properly fitting PPE and provide training; 1910.134 prioritizes feasible engineering controls, requires a medical evaluation before respirator use, and requires fit testing for tight-fitting facepieces on first use and model or size change and at least annually. PPE does not replace ventilation, position authority, or judgment of safe dwell time. The 1910.107 ventilation provisions are limited to the applicable scenarios of spraying combustible or flammable materials.

Editorial capability check: verifiable position training and basic measurement and drawing reading ability. Not a uniform employer threshold, and actual authority is checked separately.

Turn inspection and protection checks into a fixed checklist.

Be able to show one reviewable operation and safety record. Without real experience, use lawfully and clearly fictional material, and do not present it as a real work record.

Editorial stage capability: complete loading and loading and unloading and basic spraying and equipment cleaning under supervision and execute protection requirements. Executed per the real duties, training, and applicable procedure, without obtaining internal repair, authorization, or release rights from a stage name.

Complete loading and loading and unloading under supervision

Editorial capability check: verifiable parameter and appearance judgment and anomaly identification ability. Not a uniform employer threshold, and actual authority is checked separately.

Write the stop and escalation thresholds into an executable procedure.

Be able to show setup parameters and first-article and inspection records. Without real experience, use lawfully and clearly fictional material, and do not present it as a real work record.

Editorial stage capability: independently complete setup and test spray and first-article confirmation and parameter adjustment and handle common defects. Executed per the real duties, training, and applicable procedure, without obtaining internal repair, authorization, or release rights from a stage name.

Independently complete setup and first-article confirmation

Editorial capability check: verifiable experience across multiple equipment and coating systems. Not a uniform employer threshold, and actual authority is checked separately.

Organize defect cases into a handover-ready troubleshooting manual.

Be able to show process documents and analysis reports and mentoring records. Without real experience, use lawfully and clearly fictional material, and do not present it as a real work record.

Editorial stage capability: take on process setting and defect analysis for line changes and new coating systems and mentor new colleagues. Executed per the real duties, training, and applicable procedure, without obtaining internal repair, authorization, or release rights from a stage name.

Take on process setting and defect analysis

Editorial capability check: verifiable in-company responsibilities and long-term experience. Not a uniform employer threshold, and actual authority is checked separately.

Consolidate institutional points into a reusable template.

Be able to show institutional documents and training and inspection records. Without real experience, use lawfully and clearly fictional material, and do not present it as a real work record.

Editorial stage capability: take part in building production line process and equipment and chemical and protection systems and training. Executed per the real duties, training, and applicable procedure, without obtaining internal repair, authorization, or release rights from a stage name.

Take part in building process and safety systems

Editorial capability check: verifiable inspection standards and basic measuring instrument use. Not a uniform employer threshold, and actual authority is checked separately.

Turn the inspection elements and determination criteria into a checklist.

Be able to show inspection data and records and support records. Without real experience, use lawfully and clearly fictional material, and do not present it as a real work record.

Editorial stage capability: take part in appearance and film thickness and viscosity inspection and data recording and non-conforming product labeling support. Executed per the real duties, training, and applicable procedure, without obtaining internal repair, authorization, or release rights from a stage name.

Take part in inspection and record organization

Editorial capability check: verifiable understanding of determination criteria and sampling methods. Not a uniform employer threshold, and actual authority is checked separately.

Make the determination criteria and applicable scope a stable version.

Be able to show inspection records and the basis for determination and handling records. Without real experience, use lawfully and clearly fictional material, and do not present it as a real work record.

Editorial stage capability: independently complete batch sampling and appearance and film thickness determination and the non-conforming product handling process. Executed per the real duties, training, and applicable procedure, without obtaining internal repair, authorization, or release rights from a stage name.

Independently complete batch inspection and determination

Editorial capability check: verifiable combined process and inspection experience. Not a uniform employer threshold, and actual authority is checked separately.

Write the analysis conclusions and verification results into the standard documents.

Be able to show analysis reports and improvement and traceability records. Without real experience, use lawfully and clearly fictional material, and do not present it as a real work record.

Editorial stage capability: own defect cause analysis and process improvement recommendations and non-conforming product traceability. Executed per the real duties, training, and applicable procedure, without obtaining internal repair, authorization, or release rights from a stage name.

Own defect analysis and quality improvement

Editorial capability check: verifiable in-company responsibilities and long-term experience. Not a uniform employer threshold, and actual authority is checked separately.

Organize development experience into handover-ready text.

Be able to show standards documents and training and inspection records. Without real experience, use lawfully and clearly fictional material, and do not present it as a real work record.

Editorial stage capability: take part in building quality standards and inspection methods and management requirements and training. Executed per the real duties, training, and applicable procedure, without obtaining internal repair, authorization, or release rights from a stage name.

Take part in building the quality system

Editorial capability check: verifiable equipment structure and safety understanding. Not a uniform employer threshold, and actual authority is checked separately.

Turn the inspection items and determination thresholds into a checklist.

Be able to show inspection records and anomaly reporting records. Without real experience, use lawfully and clearly fictional material, and do not present it as a real work record.

Editorial stage capability: take part in equipment inspection and lubrication and cleaning and simple servicing and anomaly reporting. Executed per the real duties, training, and applicable procedure, without obtaining internal repair, authorization, or release rights from a stage name.

Take part in inspection and cleaning maintenance

Editorial capability check: verifiable equipment structure and repair process. Not a uniform employer threshold, and actual authority is checked separately.

Write the shutdown and reset process into written steps.

Be able to show servicing records and work orders and coordination records. Without real experience, use lawfully and clearly fictional material, and do not present it as a real work record.

Editorial stage capability: independently own routine servicing and repair coordination and spare parts and shutdown arrangements. Executed per the real duties, training, and applicable procedure, without obtaining internal repair, authorization, or release rights from a stage name.

Independently own servicing and repair coordination

Editorial capability check: verifiable authorization credentials and safety management experience. Not a uniform employer threshold, and actual authority is checked separately.

Organize accident and anomaly cases into an improvement plan.

Be able to show authorization and training and inspection and handover records. Without real experience, use lawfully and clearly fictional material, and do not present it as a real work record.

Editorial stage capability: own hazardous energy isolation authorization and chemical and hazardous waste and protection management and training. Executed per the real duties, training, and applicable procedure, without obtaining internal repair, authorization, or release rights from a stage name.

Own equipment and chemical safety management

Editorial capability check: verifiable in-company responsibilities and long-term experience. Not a uniform employer threshold, and actual authority is checked separately.

Organize development experience into handover-ready institutional text.

Be able to show institutional documents and authorization and training records. Without real experience, use lawfully and clearly fictional material, and do not present it as a real work record.

Editorial stage capability: take part in building equipment and safety and chemical management systems and personnel authorization and training. Executed per the real duties, training, and applicable procedure, without obtaining internal repair, authorization, or release rights from a stage name.

Take part in building systems and capability

The first three tiers of the O*NET new-entrant education requirement survey are 63% high school equivalent, 27% below high school, and 7% postsecondary certificate, not the incumbent education distribution; JobZone1–2 / SVP below 6 is a preparation grouping, not a uniform education or years requirement for all positions. The U.S. OOH Painting and Coating Workers group usually requires a high school equivalent, sometimes no formal education, usually several months of on-the-job training, sometimes a few days, and usually less than a year to become proficient; this is not an individual guarantee or a uniform duration for all of this occupation. Operating computer-controlled equipment may require additional programming training, and automotive painting may involve color matching and application vocational education.

The actual O*NET localcert directory of 22 records includes AMPP inspection and protective coating and cathodic protection, ExemplarGlobal electrostatic discharge (ESD), and NCCER industrial coating assessment, and is not 22 uniform spray licenses; each body's current application experience, examinations, recertification, and fees were not fully verified this round, and it is not generalized that all require the same examination and experience. Education, training, certification, and authorization are kept separate, and no uniform job-seeking return is proven.

U.S. OSHA1910.147 is limited to the repair and maintenance hazardous energy it covers; general production has its applicable conditions and exceptions, and not all setup and cleaning is judged to require LOTO. A person performing isolation must have the authorized employee duties and training under the employer's procedure, and ordinary operator status does not automatically authorize it; stored residual energy must be eliminated, disconnected, restrained, or made safe, with re-accumulation checked continuously where necessary, isolation and de-energization verified before work, and a stop button is not an isolating device. Re-energization follows the procedure for checking that equipment and personnel are clear and for notification, and is not decided by the operator simply because the anomaly has disappeared. U.S. 1910.132 requires the employer to assess hazards and select suitable and properly fitting PPE and provide training; 1910.134 prioritizes feasible engineering controls, requires a medical evaluation before respirator use, and requires fit testing for tight-fitting facepieces on first use and model or size change and at least annually. PPE does not replace ventilation, position authority, or judgment of safe dwell time. The 1910.107 ventilation provisions are limited to the applicable scenarios of spraying combustible or flammable materials.

A one-to-one Chinese occupational fine category and specific Chinese special operation and occupational health requirements were not fully verified this round; hazardous waste follows the current Code and list. China's current Ecological Environment Code takes effect 2026-08-15; Articles 528–536 identify hazardous waste by list or identification, require identification marks, unit plans and ledgers and reporting, standardized storage, utilization, and disposal, classification by characteristics, and prohibit mixing incompatible materials without safe disposal; dumping or discarding without authorization or mixing into non-hazardous waste storage is prohibited, operating units must hold a permit, and entrusting unlicensed units or individuals is prohibited, with transfers following the manifest and cross-province approval rules. Article 1242 has repealed the old solid waste law, which is no longer used as the current basis. The 2025 hazardous waste list Articles 2/3/4/6 and HW12 identify by specific process and entry; the scope of 900-250/251/252/256/299 and similar entries differs, and some explicitly exclude water-based paint, which does not mean all water-based paint waste is automatically non-hazardous. Where the property is not clear, identification follows the standard, and not all paint-contaminated rags, drums, or water-based paint waste are judged hazardous waste across the board.

About job-posting samples: this page does not use job-platform quotes as a wage basis, and does not turn a single job posting into a universal threshold; education, coating system, shift, and protection requirements in postings vary by employer and region.

About job titles: roles of this kind may use titles such as sprayer, coating operator, paint mixer, powder coater, and automotive painter; comparisons should be based on the actual equipment and duties and authorization, not the title.

BLS Table 1.2 SOC51-9124: 2025 employment 164.8 thousand to 2035 projected 168.9 thousand, net increase 4.1 thousand, growth 2.5%, average annual openings 15.3 thousand, self-employed 3.8%; the OOH rounds this row's growth to 2%, and the parent Painting Workers annual openings of 16.1 thousand cannot substitute for this occupation. The openings include growth and replacement from people leaving the occupation, not the annual net increase.

United States

2025—2035 projection (SOC51-9124)

BLS Table 1.2 growth 2.5%, the OOH rounds this row to 2%; the O*NET grouping shows Average3–4% as a display difference from the exact figure, and the grouping is not treated as the exact growth.

This is a U.S. national-level projection that does not distinguish region or industry or employment form; it also cannot be used to infer the number of positions at a particular company or in a particular city.

Employment change rate

Exact occupational basis (51-9124.00, shown on the O*NET page)

Growth 2.5% (2025—2035; the OOH shows 2%)

Global (cross-economy)

Study release point (2025 public version)

The study provides an occupation-level generative AI exposure index for comparing task exposure across occupations; it does not provide projections of job gains or losses.

It is an exposure measure rather than an adoption rate or automation rate; the cross-economy basis differs from national statistical bases and cannot be converted directly into job changes for the United States or China.

Generative AI occupation exposure index

Cross-economy, occupation level (not official statistics for a single country)

Exposure ranking and measurement method

Chinese mainland

2025 unit background wages; published 2026-05-15

This round did not obtain a China exact national wage, percentile, regional starting pay, or one-to-one mapping for this occupation. The 2025 manufacturing C non-private 113,594 / private 76,055 and resident services and repair and other services O non-private 70,226 / private 52,059 yuan/year are all-category annual average wage background matched to the unit's actual main activity, not coating wages, a median, or a monthly wage.

The C/O wages are only a unit background matched by main activity and do not stand in for Chinese occupational demand or outlook; representative recruitment is still not obtained.

Exact-occupation wage basis

Chinese mainland (no one-to-one occupational fine category verified this round)

Insufficient evidence: no Chinese mainland national occupational wage basis was obtained for this role

Used to verify this occupation's employment projection and average annual openings

Used to explain the measurement approach to task exposure and its limits

NBS2025C/O tables 2/5 and survey notes, which do not support an exact occupational wage, employment, or position outlook

Used to verify the official occupational identity and task structure

Editorial gap check: building substrates, structural site equipment, and height conditions are checked against the position; it can also involve spraying equipment, so it is not assumed that the person lacks all of it, and existing ability is checked first.

Shared capability lead: surface preparation, coating inspection, material and equipment safety, not a satisfied qualification.

This round did not verify transition difficulty, time required, or success rates; check item by item against the actual process, environment, and qualifications.

Editorial gap check: body straightening and parts and glass repair are checked against the position, automotive painting is already in this occupation, color matching cannot be universally counted as missing, and existing ability is checked first.

Shared capability lead: surface preparation, filler and color matching, spraying, and inspection, not a satisfied qualification.

This round did not verify transition difficulty, time required, or success rates; check item by item against the actual process, environment, and qualifications.

Editorial gap check: hand decorative craft is checked against the product, and a spray gun can also be used, so it is not limited to brushes and rollers; existing ability is checked first.

Shared capability lead: application, product inspection, and material handling, not a satisfied qualification.

This round did not verify transition difficulty, time required, or success rates; check item by item against the actual process, environment, and qualifications.

Editorial gap check: mechanical structure, fault diagnosis, and repair training are checked item by item, coating equipment maintenance may overlap, and existing ability is checked first.

Shared capability lead: equipment observation, anomaly escalation, and maintenance records, not a satisfied qualification.

This round did not verify transition difficulty, time required, or success rates; check item by item against the actual process, environment, and qualifications.

Editorial gap check: maintenance tasks, work orders and spare parts, and authorization are checked position by position, without presuming everyone lacks them; existing ability is checked first.

Shared capability lead: equipment cleaning, servicing, and operating records, not a satisfied qualification.

This round did not verify transition difficulty, time required, or success rates; check item by item against the actual process, environment, and qualifications.

Editorial gap check: fiberglass layup, molds, and composite forming and cure are added per the actual task, and existing ability is checked first.

Shared capability lead: materials, quality inspection, and equipment safety, not a satisfied qualification.

This round did not verify transition difficulty, time required, or success rates; check item by item against the actual process, environment, and qualifications.

Editorial gap check: molten metal or electrolytic deposition may be used, so check temperature and bath solution by system, not electrochemistry alone; existing ability is checked first.

Shared capability lead: metal surfaces, material parameters, and protection, not a satisfied qualification.

This round did not verify transition difficulty, time required, or success rates; check item by item against the actual process, environment, and qualifications.

Editorial gap check: cleaning and pickling may cover food and plastics and glass and similar items, so the process and chemicals are added per the position, not limited to metal wastewater; existing ability is checked first.

Shared capability lead: surface preparation, materials and equipment, and safety records, not a satisfied qualification.

This round did not verify transition difficulty, time required, or success rates; check item by item against the actual process, environment, and qualifications.

O*NET51-9124.00 Updated2026 definition, 29 tasks with 16 core and 7 supplementary and 6 New, the 63/27/7 new-entrant education, 15 scored styles, 10 software categories, and 4 recruitment words; the U.S. occupation includes automotive painting, and the Chinese mapping was not verified this round.