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I Holland Code careers (Investigative)

Explore occupations with an O*NET interest code corresponding to I, see what the work involves, and compare related occupations.

These U.S. O*NET 31.0 codes describe the interests associated with work activities. See each profile for its tasks and entry requirements. O*NET 31.0

Occupations with I first

  • Biostatisticians

    Biostatisticians (O*NET 15-2041.01) work with clinicians and life science or public health teams to turn questions into reviewable study designs and analysis plans, check inputs, and report results and limits. Qualified, authorized clinicians make medical judgments.

    IC · 15-2041.01

  • Epidemiologists

    Investigate the distribution and causes of disease and injury and design and carry out public health surveillance and research: collect and analyze case, survey, and laboratory data, assess risk factors and transmission routes, communicate conclusions to health practitioners, decision-makers, and the public, and manage public health programs. A master's degree in public health or a related field is usually required.

    IS · 19-1041.00

  • Economists

    Use data, models, and economic theory to explain phenomena, evaluate policy or market problems, and write the assumptions, uncertainty, and recommendations into a reviewable report.

    ICE · 19-3011.00

  • Environmental Economists

    Use economic principles and statistical techniques to assess the costs, benefits, and impacts of environmental protection and natural resource use options, and produce reviewable research conclusions and policy recommendations.

    IEC · 19-3011.01

  • Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists

    Medical scientists, except epidemiologists (O*NET 19-1042.00), conduct research and clinical investigations to understand human disease and improve health, design and perform experimental and observational studies, analyze biomedical data, follow ethics and biosafety standards, and write papers and reports.

    IR · 19-1042.00

  • Bioinformatics Scientists

    Bioinformatics scientists use computational and statistical methods to study biological data such as genomes and transcriptomes. They define questions, choose data and methods, review anomalies, record versions and explain results and limits. Scientists often focus on design and interpretation, while support roles may focus on running and maintaining workflows. Check the actual position. BLS projects the U.S. parent group Biological Scientists, All Other (19-1029) from about 59,600 jobs in 2025 to 62,400 in 2035, up 4.7%, a net gain of about 2,800, with about 4,300 annual openings from growth and replacement. The baseline includes 1.5% self-employment and does not isolate bioinformatics scientists.

    ICR · 19-1029.01

  • Mathematician

    Mathematicians frame questions that can be studied by proof or computation. They test conjectures with definitions, examples, counterexamples and models, and document the conditions under which results hold.

    IC · 15-2021.00

  • Animal Scientists

    Animal scientists study livestock nutrition, genetics or reproduction. They design studies, analyze data and explain when their findings apply.

    IR · 19-1011.00

  • Microbiologists

    Microbiologists (O*NET 19-1022.00) study the growth, structure, and characteristics of microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, and fungi, including medical microbiology. Verify biosafety and ethics requirements by jurisdiction.

    IRC · 19-1022.00

  • Industrial Ecologists

    Industrial ecologists study material and energy use, waste and releases across industrial activities and how processes and sites connect. Deliverables may include inventories, scope and assumptions, comparisons and recommendations.

    IRC · 19-2041.03

  • Biochemists and biophysicists

    Biochemists and biophysicists use experiments or models to study molecules and cells. Typical work includes designing controls, recording batches, analyzing results and explaining limitations. Bench roles focus on samples and records; computational roles focus on data, models and versions. Duties depend on the project and assigned authority. BLS Table 1.2 projects U.S. occupation 19-1021 to grow from about 35,200 jobs in 2025 to 39,500 in 2035, up 12.3%, with about 2,900 annual openings from growth and replacement.

    IR · 19-1021.00

  • Computer and Information Research Scientists

    Conduct basic computer and information science research as a theorist, designer or inventor, and develop solutions to problems in the computer hardware and software field: analyze problems to develop solutions involving computer hardware and software; apply theoretical expertise and innovation to create or apply new technology; conduct logical analysis of business and scientific and engineering and technical problems and build mathematical models for computer solution; evaluate project plans and proposals to determine feasibility; design computers and the software that runs on them; maintain network hardware and software and direct security measures and monitor availability; participate in interdisciplinary projects such as virtual reality and human-computer interaction or robotics; assign tasks and set goals and performance standards and evaluate work; direct the daily operations of a department and coordinate projects with other departments; participate in staffing decisions and supervise the training of subordinates; and approve, prepare, monitor and adjust operating budgets.

    IC · 15-1221.00

  • Biologists

    Biologists study the structure, functions and relationships of organisms such as plants and animals. Depending on the job, they may design comparisons, observe organisms in the field or lab, organize samples and data, and report findings and limits. Check the actual role for research design, technical support and collection authority. BLS projects the U.S. parent group Biological Scientists, All Other (19-1029) from about 59,600 jobs in 2025 to 62,400 in 2035, up 4.7%, a net gain of about 2,800, with about 4,300 annual openings from growth and replacement. The baseline includes 1.5% self-employment. The data do not isolate biologists.

    ICR · 19-1029.04

  • Political Scientists

    Political scientists study institutions, policies and public opinion. They answer research questions with documents, surveys or comparative evidence. Choose a role by its output: academic research, a policy memo or survey data. Check education, research permissions and publication responsibilities separately.

    IA · 19-3094.00

  • Environmental Scientists and Specialists

    Conduct research and investigations to identify, reduce, or eliminate pollutants or hazards affecting the environment and public health: collect and analyze air, water, soil, and other sample data, monitor the effects of pollution and land degradation, apply environmental technical standards and permit reviews, and write scientific conclusions into reports and explain them to institutions, businesses, and the public.

    IRC · 19-2041.00

  • Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health

    Conduct research and investigations to identify, reduce, or eliminate pollutants and hazards affecting the environment and population health: collect and analyze air, water, soil, food, and workplace sample data, assess exposure and health-related hazards, apply environmental and public health technical standards and permit reviews, and write the conclusions into reviewable reports.

    IRC · 19-2041.00

  • Geneticist

    Geneticists study inheritance, variation and gene function. They design studies and analyze evidence from sources such as model organisms, plants or human populations. Research is distinct from clinical genetics practice.

    ICR · 19-1029.03

  • Neuropsychologists

    Neuropsychologists integrate history, interviews, standardized tests, and behavior observations to explain cognitive and behavioral findings to referral teams. Clinical assessment and report sign-off depend on licensure, training, and facility authorization.

    IS · 19-3039.02

  • Statisticians

    Statisticians design data collection and analysis around a question, interpret uncertainty, and explain where results apply.

    IC · 15-2041.00

  • Zoologists and wildlife biologists

    Zoologists and wildlife biologists survey populations or habitats under a research design, record observation conditions, analyze results and explain limitations to research or management teams.

    IR · 19-1023.00

  • Anthropologists and Archeologists

    Anthropologists and archaeologists study human societies and material remains. Compare the work of interviewing and observing, using archives, and documenting sites or objects.

    IA · 19-3091.00

  • Clinical neuropsychologists

    Apply neuropsychological theory and standardized tests to assess higher brain function and behavioral problems related to acquired or developmental neurological disease: interview patients and obtain a complete history, administer assessments of intelligence and attention and memory and language, check validity and norm fit, integrate multi-source evidence into a report, establish a neurobehavioral baseline and compare progress before and after intervention, recommend treatment after diagnosis, give patients and families feedback on results and recommendations, and consult with other professionals about neurological status.

    IS · 19-3039.03

  • Astronomers

    Astronomers observe, research and interpret astronomical phenomena, turn observational or simulated data into reviewable conclusions, and keep the data, code, papers and conclusions consistent with one another. In the United States this corresponds to O*NET 19-2011.00 (Astronomers), usually entered with doctoral-level training; O*NET lists this occupation as Job Zone Five (SVP 8.0 and above). China’s 2022 occupational classification includes astronomy research professionals (2-01-06-04), providing a reference for comparing duties rather than a verified one-to-one O*NET crosswalk. The NBS 2025 wage release reviewed here reports industry and broad job-category averages, not a separate wage distribution for astronomers.

    IR · 19-2011.00

  • Physicists

    Physicists study physical phenomena using mathematical models, experiments or computation. They document measurement conditions and uncertainty so colleagues can evaluate the findings.

    IRC · 19-2012.00

  • Climate change policy analysts

    Research and analyse climate change related policy developments and make climate-related recommendations for action such as legislation and awareness-raising activities or fundraising methods: collect and review research and regulations and data, analyse and distil research conclusions, write research reports and briefs and testimony, present and defend at meetings and in public, promote mitigation action and education and outreach, and prepare grant applications to obtain funding for projects.

    IEC · 19-2041.01

  • Survey researchers

    Survey researchers translate research questions into sampling and questionnaire designs, organize data collection and explain the sample, methods and limitations to people using the results.

    IC · 19-3022.00

  • Neurologists

    Neurologists (O*NET-SOC 29-1217.00) diagnose, manage, and treat diseases and disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves non-surgically: collecting history and family history, completing neurological examinations, ordering and interpreting laboratory and neuroimaging studies, making a differential diagnosis, developing and adjusting treatment plans, monitoring medication adverse effects, determining brain death, arranging supportive care and referrals, and communicating and recording with the multidisciplinary team. This page uses only official sources to explain the occupation scope, tasks, preparation requirements, Chinese and United States statistical scopes, and authorization boundaries.

    IS · 29-1217.00

  • Allergists and Immunologists

    Allergists and immunologists combine history, examination and follow-up to evaluate allergic and immune disorders and manage treatment within their scope.

    IS · 29-1229.01

  • Preventive Medicine Physicians

    Preventive medicine physicians identify preventable risks in individuals or populations and plan and evaluate prevention efforts. Clinical and population duties vary by setting.

    IS · 29-1229.05

  • Sociologists

    Sociologists study behavior in groups, organizations, and institutions and use evidence and research design to test explanations.

    ISA · 19-3041.00

  • Nuclear engineers

    Nuclear engineers (O*NET-SOC 17-2161.00) apply nuclear science and engineering principles to research, design and operations involving nuclear energy and waste: designing reactor cores, radiation shielding, and instrumentation and control equipment; monitoring nuclear facility operations and identifying designs and operations that violate safety regulations or endanger safety; initiating corrective actions or ordering reactor shutdown in emergencies; writing operating procedures and technical reports; participating in environmental compliance, waste disposal and decommissioning plans; and communicating with regulators, suppliers and review committees. This page uses only official sources to explain occupational scope, tasks, preparation requirements, Chinese and US statistical definitions, and authorization boundaries.

    IRC · 17-2161.00

  • Geographer

    Geographers study why places differ and how people and the environment shape each other. They use field observations, maps and datasets to explain spatial patterns and test interpretations. GIS can support this work, but the main output is a defensible explanation.

    IR · 19-3092.00

  • Bioengineers and biomedical engineers

    Device development turns clinical needs into designs that can be tested. Hospital engineering more often focuses on evaluating equipment, maintenance, quality checks and measurement. Choose a setting first, then check the role’s education, project experience and responsibilities.

    IRC · 17-2031.00

  • Operations research analyst

    Use mathematical modeling, optimization, simulation, and data analysis to help organizations compare options under constraints such as cost, time, resources, and logistics, and explain assumptions and limitations to decision makers.

    IC · 15-2031.00

  • Computer Systems Analysts

    Computer systems analysts analyze business and technical problems, turn requirements into implementable system solutions, and take responsibility for solution evidence, change records and deployment results.

    IC · 15-1211.00

  • Human Factors Engineer or Ergonomist

    Human factors engineers and ergonomists study how people interact with equipment, interfaces and work environments. They test changes that may improve usability, safety or comfort. U.S. pay and outlook use the broader industrial engineer occupation.

    IRC · 17-2112.01

  • Health Informatics Specialist

    Health informatics specialists connect clinical work with information systems. They may document requirements, test workflows or support staff adoption. U.S. wages and projections here cover computer systems analysts, a broader occupation.

    ICS · 15-1211.01

  • Psychiatrists

    Psychiatrists conduct medical assessments, diagnose and treat mental disorders, and work with teams to follow safety, functioning, and treatment goals.

    IS · 29-1223.00

  • Materials Scientist

    Materials scientists study how composition, structure and processing relate to material properties. They design experiments, interpret measurements and explain uncertainty. Findings may support publications or later engineering trials.

    IRC · 19-2032.00

  • Chemists

    Chemists design or run experiments and analyses, interpret material or compound data and document methods and reproducibility conditions.

    IRC · 19-2031.00

  • Soil and Plant Scientists

    Soil and plant scientists study soil conditions, plant growth, and management practices, using samples and observations to explain differences.

    IR · 19-1013.00

  • Bioinformatics technicians

    Bioinformatics technicians help organize biological data, run analysis workflows and check quality. They document inputs, settings, outputs and exceptions so results can be reproduced.

    ICR · 15-2099.01

  • Remote Sensing Scientists and Technologists

    Remote sensing scientists and technologists combine satellite, aerial, or ground sensor data with other geographic information, design analysis methods, validate results, and interpret resource, environmental, or urban problems. This page corresponds to O*NET 19-2099.01; public wage and employment statistics only go up to the broad 19-2099 category.

    IRC · 19-2099.01

  • Molecular and cellular biologists

    Molecular and cellular biologists (O*NET-SOC 19-1029.02, Molecular and Cellular Biologists) study cell molecules and organelles to understand cell function and organization; the work is organized around designing and executing molecular or cellular experiments, completing laboratory procedures such as sequencing and cloning according to protocols, organizing and analyzing experimental data and interpreting results, and writing reports and grant applications.

    ICR · 19-1029.02

  • Social Science Research Assistants

    Social science research assistants support data collection, records, and quality checks, keeping a trace of sources and processing steps.

    IC · 19-4061.00

  • Urologists

    Urologists assess urinary and related reproductive conditions using history, examination and tests, and manage treatment within authorized scope.

    ISR · 29-1229.03

  • Atmospheric and Space Scientists

    Atmospheric and space scientists interpret observations from stations, instruments, satellites or radar. Roles may emphasize research, forecasting or reports.

    IRC · 19-2021.00

  • Nanosystems engineers

    Nanosystems engineers (O*NET 17-2199.09) design, develop, or supervise the production of materials, devices, and systems with unique molecular or macromolecular composition, applying nanoscale physics and electrical, chemical, or biological engineering principles; the work centers on design planning, synthesis and characterization, testing and validation, documentation and review, and coordination with suppliers and technicians. This page uses only official sources to explain the occupation scope, tasks, preparation requirements, Chinese and United States statistical scopes, and authorization boundaries.

    IRC · 17-2199.09

  • Dermatologists

    Dermatologists (O*NET-SOC29-1213.00) diagnose and treat diseases of the skin, hair and nails and may also practise dermatologic surgery; consultation and examination, diagnosis and treatment, records and follow-up and education are divided according to qualification and position. The 2025 U.S. employed median wage is 328,730 USD per year and 158.04 USD per hour, with annual percentiles of 102,810/139,990/328,730/452,450/578,560. The O*NET summary still lists this subcategory's 2024 employment 10,900, 2024—2034 growth of 5% to 6% and 400 openings per year on average; the same BLS page separately lists dermatology 2025 employment 12,200, projected 13,000 in 2025—2035, growth 7% and a net increase of 800. The BLS physicians broad group has 2025 employment 862,800, growth 4% over the same period, a net 31,300 and 22,100 openings per year on average. Periods and scopes are not mixed, a net increase is not the same as average annual openings, and the projection is not AI causation or an individual hiring probability. China's article 9 education and practice pathway, examination registration, 2022 dermatology residency and aesthetic attending physician specialty filing are verified separately; the NBS2025 consulted did not obtain dermatology occupational wages, and AI adoption effects were not verified and are not filled in. With zero background, D-05 only verifies fictitious text.

    IRS · 29-1213.00

  • Hydrologist

    Hydrologists study how water moves through land and underground systems. They analyze measurements and test models to explain floods, water availability or groundwater changes. Study design and interpretation distinguish the role from routine data collection.

    IRC · 19-2043.00

  • Transportation planners

    Transportation planners research proposed transportation projects, collect and analyse data and compare transportation scenarios and schemes. This page uses the United States O*NET19-3099.01 task basis, distinguishing the parent group wage and employment proxy, the Chinese project requirements and the actual authority; the fictional commuting prompt can be used to experience the formulas, the budget and the opinion revision.

    ICR · 19-3099.01

  • General Internal Medicine Physician

    General internists evaluate and manage a wide range of conditions in adults. They coordinate testing, referrals and follow-up. Some work in clinics, hospitals or both.

    ISR · 29-1216.00

  • Microsystems Engineers

    Microsystems Engineers (O*NET 17-2199.06) research, design, develop, or test microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices. U.S. wages and employment use the parent category Engineers, All Other.

    IRC · 17-2199.06

  • Intelligence Analysts

    Intelligence analysts compare sources, distinguish established facts from uncertain judgments and brief authorized readers. U.S. law enforcement intelligence differs from mainland science and industry research. U.S. wages and projections cover the broader occupation only.

    ICE · 33-3021.06

  • Water resource specialists

    Water resource specialists use watershed, supply and water-quality data to assess options. They document model assumptions and raise uncertainties that could change a decision.

    IRC · 11-9121.02

  • Clinical research coordinators

    Plan, direct, or coordinate clinical research projects, direct the staff working on clinical research projects to ensure compliance with the trial protocol and overall clinical objectives, and possibly evaluate and analyze clinical data: arrange and perform participant-related procedures per protocol, screen participants and obtain and document informed consent, prepare and maintain study documents and records, monitor study activities to ensure compliance with the protocol and local and federal and state regulations and institutional policies, record adverse event and side effect data and discuss reporting with the investigator, verify source data against the case report form, and prepare for or take part in sponsor and regulatory agency quality assurance monitoring.

    ICE · 11-9121.01

  • Environmental Restoration Planners

    Collaborate with field and biological staff to develop and supervise the implementation of habitat and ecological restoration projects; collect and analyze environmental data, synthesize complex scientific material into schemes usable for restoration, monitoring, and management, obtain permits, and inspect on-site compliance.

    IRC · 19-2041.02

  • Biofuels/biodiesel technology and product development managers

    Biofuels and biodiesel development managers lead applied work on feedstocks and processes and judge which results warrant trials or commercial evaluation.

    IER · 11-9041.01

  • Histotechnologist

    Histotechnologists prepare and assess tissue slides and may troubleshoot staining or support the evaluation of laboratory methods. Duties can overlap with histology technicians. The authority to make a diagnosis is separate.

    IRC · 29-2011.04

  • Food Scientists and Technologists

    Food scientists and technologists carry out work involving this occupation's subjects, processes, quality requirements, and deliverables. Specific duties, training, qualifications, agreements, and authorization must be checked against the original requirements of the location and employer.

    IRC · 19-1012.00

  • Genetic Counselor

    Genetic counselors gather family and medical information, explain genetic findings and limitations, and help people understand options within their scope. They may coordinate with clinicians and laboratories.

    ISC · 29-9092.00

  • Forensic science technicians

    Collect and analyse physical evidence in criminal cases, record the scene and examination process and write reports, and some staff give evidence in court within their field of expertise. The division between scene and laboratory positions and independent examination and sign-off authority must be verified against the locality and the institution.

    IRC · 19-4092.00

  • Environmental Engineers

    Environmental engineers evaluate pollution controls, review design inputs, document evidence gaps and prepare material for design review.

    IRC · 17-2081.00

  • Aerospace Engineers

    Aerospace engineers turn aircraft and spacecraft requirements into designs that can be analyzed and verified. Structures, aerodynamics, systems and testing produce different work: analysis explains assumptions and units; verification links requirements to evidence. Check design, manufacturing, maintenance and certification responsibilities separately.

    IRC · 17-2011.00

  • Cytogenetic Technologists

    Cytogenetic technologists prepare specimens, stain or hybridize slides, and examine chromosome number and structure. They document quality issues and submit findings under laboratory procedures. Result approval and clinical interpretation follow local roles and institutional rules.

    IRC · 29-2011.01

  • Veterinarians

    Veterinarians evaluate and treat animal health problems and explain monitoring and follow-up to owners. Species and permitted duties vary by role and jurisdiction.

    IR · 29-1131.00

  • Pharmacists

    Pharmacists review prescriptions, dispense or oversee dispensing, and counsel patients. A prescription discrepancy calls for checking the record and contacting the appropriate clinician through the workplace process.

    ISC · 29-1051.00

  • Validation engineers

    Validation engineers translate requirements into tests and acceptance criteria and document results and deviations for traceability.

    ICR · 17-2112.02

  • Conservation Scientist

    Conservation scientists manage, improve and conserve natural resources and improve their use without harming the environment; conduct soil surveys, develop plans to prevent soil erosion or conserve rangelands, and guide land users on soil/water conservation and improvement.

    IRC · 19-1031.00

  • Clinical Laboratory Technologist

    Clinical laboratory technologists conduct testing and help maintain the quality of laboratory processes. They may review unusual results and work on complex methods. Authorization depends on the laboratory and jurisdiction.

    IRC · 29-2011.00

  • Penetration Testers

    Penetration testers (O*NET 15-1299.04), under prior written authorization with a defined scope and stop conditions, simulate attacks to find security weaknesses in networks, applications, and systems; they record re-checkable evidence, risk impact, and remediation advice, and re-test with system owners. Testing real systems without authorization is not part of the exercise on this page.

    ICR · 15-1299.04

  • Cytotechnologists

    Match specimens to records, prepare and stain slides, screen cell morphology under a microscope, and refer abnormal findings through the applicable review process.

    IRC · 29-2011.02

  • Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Physicians

    Physical medicine and rehabilitation physicians assess movement and daily function, set rehabilitation goals and coordinate with the therapy team. Follow-up combines the task conditions with recorded measures of function.

    ISR · 29-1229.04

  • Health and Safety Engineer

    Health and safety engineers identify hazards in equipment, processes or workplaces and evaluate ways to reduce them. Roles may focus on product safety, facilities or system design. U.S. figures use 17-2111, excluding mining safety engineers and inspectors.

    IRC · 17-2111.00

  • Health and Safety Engineer, Except Mining Safety

    This U.S. occupation covers engineers who assess and control hazards outside the mining safety engineer and inspector category. Work may include evaluating equipment or product designs, reviewing incidents and testing controls. Training and authorization depend on the job and jurisdiction.

    IRC · 17-2111.00

  • Historian

    Historians investigate questions about the past using archives, published records, interviews or other evidence. They check where sources came from and explain what the evidence can and cannot support. Their work may appear in reports, publications or exhibits.

    IC · 19-3093.00

  • Neurodiagnostic technologists

    Neurodiagnostic technologists (O*NET-SOC 29-2099.01) perform neuroelectrodiagnostic (END) examinations such as EEG, evoked potentials, polysomnography, and electronystagmography, and may conduct nerve conduction studies: collecting history and examination information, measuring and placing electrodes, recording and monitoring the patient, identifying artifacts, and organizing technical data and submitting a summary report to the physician. This page uses only official sources to explain the occupation scope, tasks, preparation requirements, Chinese and United States statistical scopes, and authorization boundaries.

    IRC · 29-2099.01

  • Chemical Technicians

    Chemical technicians prepare samples, run instruments, check quality controls and document results for research or quality teams.

    IRC · 19-4031.00

  • Natural sciences managers

    Natural sciences managers (O*NET 11-9121.00) plan, direct, or coordinate activities and research and development work in fields such as life sciences, physical sciences, mathematics, and statistics: setting objectives and budgets, organizing research projects, and managing personnel and compliance requirements. This page uses only official sources to explain the occupation scope, tasks, preparation requirements, Chinese and United States statistical scopes, and authorization boundaries.

    IEC · 11-9121.00

  • Naturopathic physicians

    Naturopathic physicians (O*NET 29-1299.01) diagnose, treat, and help prevent disease using a practice system based on the individual's natural healing ability: collecting history and medication information, examining and assessing within the license and institutional authorization scope, explaining evidence and options, recording plans and monitoring responses, and referring when red flags or out-of-scope problems appear. This page uses only official sources to explain the occupation scope, tasks, preparation requirements, Chinese and United States statistical scopes, and authorization boundaries.

    ISR · 29-1299.01

  • Podiatrists

    Podiatrists (US 29-1081) diagnose and treat problems of the foot, ankle, and lower extremities, may combine history, examination, imaging, and laboratory tests to plan care, provide non-surgical or surgical treatment, and refer out when signs of systemic disease appear. The US DPM, residency training, and state licenses do not automatically correspond to Chinese physician qualifications; paper exercises do not constitute authorization to diagnose or treat.

    IRS · 29-1081.00

  • Optometrist

    This page describes U.S. Optometrists, O*NET 29-1041.00: examining the eyes and visual system, diagnosing and managing conditions within state-authorized practice, and prescribing corrective lenses. Medication and some procedural permissions vary by state; care beyond the practitioner’s scope or expertise requires referral.

    ISR · 29-1041.00

  • Audiologists

    Audiologists assess and manage hearing, balance and related problems. Their work includes checking test conditions, explaining results and following up. Mainland employers may advertise audiology or hearing-test technician roles; check the actual duties and authorization for each job.

    IS · 29-1181.00

  • Nurse Practitioners

    Nurse Practitioners (O*NET-SOC 29-1171.00, Nurse Practitioners) diagnose and treat acute, episodic, or chronic illness independently or as a member of a healthcare team, with a focus on health promotion and disease prevention; they may order, perform, or interpret diagnostic tests such as laboratory work and imaging and may prescribe medications. This occupation in the United States requires a registered nurse with professional graduate education. This page uses only official sources to explain the occupational scope, tasks, China-U.S. admission differences, and statistical scope.

    ISC · 29-1171.00

  • Urban and regional planners

    Urban and regional planners turn land, population, transport, facility, and regulatory materials into discussable spatial plans and implementation recommendations, surveying the current situation, comparing alternatives, coordinating public comments, and keeping drawings and text consistent. It is not just drawing attractive maps: indicators, data versions, statutory procedures, and signing responsibility all have to be checked. US occupational statistics and Chinese territorial spatial planning practice conditions are explained separately.

    IEC · 19-3051.00

  • Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary

    Postsecondary chemistry teachers teach chemical concepts and analytical methods, supervise lab learning and assess students’ interpretation of data.

    IS · 25-1052.00

  • Orthodontist

    Orthodontists assess teeth, jaw, and facial structures, develop dentofacial deformity treatment plans based on history, examinations, and imaging, install and adjust appliances, and follow up efficacy and risks. The U.S. O*NET 29-1023.00 occupational description cannot directly replace Chinese physician practice registration and organizational diagnostic and treatment authority requirements.

    IRC · 29-1023.00

  • Medical Dosimetrists

    Medical dosimetrists prepare reviewable treatment plans based on a radiation oncologist’s prescription and work with medical physicists and radiation therapists to check and hand them off.

    ICR · 29-2036.00

  • Anesthesiologists

    Anesthesiologists assess perioperative risk, plan anesthesia, monitor and respond to changes, and hand over care for recovery.

    ISR · 29-1211.00

  • Sustainability specialists

    Sustainability specialists track measures such as energy, water or waste, assess the feasibility and cost of proposals, and make the basis of comparisons clear to project teams.

    IEC · 13-1199.05

  • Industrial-Organizational Psychologists

    Industrial-organizational psychologists apply psychology and research methods to workplace problems. They may design job analyses, selection procedures, training or organizational surveys and explain where the evidence applies.

    IEC · 19-3032.00

  • Emergency medicine physicians

    Emergency medicine physicians assess and care for patients with acute illness or injury, make time-sensitive diagnostic and treatment decisions, and arrange continuing care. This page uses the U.S. O*NET 29-1214.00 occupation; training, licensure and hospital privileges must be checked for the relevant jurisdiction and role.

    ISC · 29-1214.00

  • Web and digital interface designers

    Web and digital interface designers map user tasks into flows, prototype screens, check feedback and interaction states, and hand specifications to development.

    IAC · 15-1255.00

  • Obstetricians and gynecologists

    Obstetricians and gynecologists (O*NET-SOC 29-1218.00, Obstetricians and Gynecologists) provide medical care related to pregnancy and childbirth, diagnose, treat, and help prevent diseases of women, especially those affecting the reproductive system, and may also provide general care for women and take on obstetric and gynecological surgery; in the United States, medical school education and residency training must be completed and a state license to practice obtained, while in mainland China licensed physician qualification and completed registration are required, and techniques such as midwifery also require a special maternal and child health technical service license.

    ISR · 29-1218.00

  • Occupational health and safety specialists

    Occupational health and safety specialists (O*NET19-5011.00) analyze work environments, design occupational health and safety programs, check compliance, and investigate accidents. In the United States JobZone4 requires considerable preparation; scope of responsibility｜some U.S. employers require or prefer professional certification, and certification is not a government license. In mainland China, safety management personnel assessment, registered safety engineer requirements, and institutional post authorization are verified by industry and post, and not all occupational health posts uniformly require a registered safety engineer; only after obtaining the qualification certificate and completing registration may one practice under the name of registered safety engineer. Testing and evaluation of occupational disease hazard factors are undertaken by occupational health technical service institutions with the corresponding qualification accreditation, while routine monitoring, medical health examinations, and occupational disease diagnosis follow separate rules and must not be lumped into one category.

    ICR · 19-5011.00

  • Detectives and Criminal Investigators

    Detectives and Criminal Investigators (O*NET-SOC 33-3021.00) are personnel who investigate conduct suspected of violating federal, state or local law in order to prevent or solve crime: obtaining facts or statements from complainants, witnesses and accused persons and recording interviews, checking records and government agency files to verify identity and connections, and determining the scope, timing and direction of the investigation; cordoning off or roping off the scene and checking the surrounding area, organizing the scene search and assigning tasks and areas, recording, marking and photographing scene objects and measuring the scene, searching for and collecting evidence such as fingerprints, and preserving, processing and analyzing evidence items; recording investigation progress and maintaining suspect files, submitting reports to superiors or a magistrate to apply for warrants, preparing and serving search and arrest warrants within the scope of authorization, testifying before a grand jury about criminal activity investigations, and preparing charges or defences and court case materials according to formal procedure, collaborating with other agencies and keeping surveillance or carrying out undercover assignments. United States scope: in the 2025 wage data for this occupation the median annual wage is 93,790 USD (median hourly 45.09 USD), with annual percentiles of 55,390 / 69,330 / 93,790 / 120,520 / 160,540 USD (hourly percentiles 26.63 / 33.33 / 45.09 / 57.94 / 77.18); 2024 employment is about 117,900 people, a decline is projected for 2024—2034 (-1% or lower) with about 7,800 projected openings; the BLS Occupational Outlook separately gives the Police and Detectives broad group as 824,200 positions in 2025, +3% for 2025—2035 and about 60,100 annual average openings; the preparation level is Job Zone Three (medium preparation, SVP 6.0 to below 7.0), usually requiring 1—2 years of training; the interest code is ICR; the work context includes dealing with the public 100% extremely important, email and telephone conversation both 100% every day, continuous contact with others 90%, importance of precision or accuracy 99% extremely important, consequences of error 82% extremely serious, typical workweek over 40 hours 67%, and outdoor exposure to various weather 60% every day. Mainland China scope: investigative work is carried out by people's police who have lawfully obtained law enforcement qualifications, who must meet the conditions set out in the People's Police Law of the People's Republic of China (at least eighteen years old, upholding the Constitution, good political, professional and personal conduct, good health, a high school education or above, and willingness to work as people's police; those who have previously been criminally punished or dismissed from public office may not serve), are generally recruited through public examination (including written examination, interview, physical fitness assessment, medical examination and political vetting), and are subject to a police rank system. Public statistics have not published occupational-level wages corresponding to this occupation, and this page retains the gap as it stands.

    ICR · 33-3021.00

  • Coroners

    Coroners carry statutory coordination of death investigations, but how the position is created, whether it must be held by a physician, and whether it can order an autopsy or issue documents all vary by jurisdiction; the core is to turn the scene, the body, identity, medical history and examination materials into a traceable conclusion.

    ICE · 13-1041.06

  • Sports medicine physicians

    Sports medicine physicians assess activity-related injuries, plan follow-up and rehabilitation, and coordinate return-to-activity decisions within their authority.

    ISR · 29-1229.06

Other occupations with shared interests

  • Photonics Engineers

    Photonics engineers turn optical performance needs into designs and test requirements. Prototype data helps them identify which specifications are met and where a design needs revision.

    RIC · 17-2199.07

  • Agricultural engineers

    Agricultural engineers turn irrigation, equipment, soil or facility needs into designs they can calculate and test. Concept design, field verification and permission to implement are separate steps.

    RI · 17-2021.00

  • Database architect

    Database architects design enterprise databases and warehouses around query, capacity and security requirements. They develop models, standards and migration plans, and validate them with engineering and operations teams. Some roles also include tuning and database operations.

    CI · 15-1243.00

  • Acute care nurses

    Acute care nurses monitor changes, document care and hand over information when patients’ needs can change quickly. In mainland China, compare emergency, intensive care and monitoring roles with their registration, training and employer requirements.

    SI · 29-1141.01

  • Fuel Cell Engineers

    Fuel cell engineers design, validate and improve stacks, components or systems for transportation, stationary or portable applications. Typical work includes planning tests, analyzing performance and durability data, and handing off design changes.

    RIC · 17-2141.01

  • Family Medicine Physicians

    Provide diagnosis, treatment, and preventive care for individuals and families of all ages: take medical histories and perform physical examinations, order and interpret laboratory tests and imaging, make diagnoses and develop treatment plans, manage chronic and common acute conditions, provide immunization, screening, and healthy lifestyle guidance, refer patients to specialists when needed, and complete medical records, risk communication, and follow-up arrangements.

    SI · 29-1215.00

  • Environmental Engineering Technologists and Technicians

    Environmental engineering technicians follow procedures for sampling, tests or equipment checks, maintain field and laboratory records and route anomalies to the lead.

    RIC · 17-3025.00

  • Automotive Engineers

    Automotive engineers define vehicle or component requirements, compare design options, plan verification and track cross-team changes and open risks. O*NET 17-2141.02 is the automotive specialization. U.S. wages and employment use the broader mechanical engineer group (17-2141).

    RIC · 17-2141.02

  • Clinical Data Managers

    Use medical and health and database management knowledge to analyze clinical data and identify and report trends: design and validate clinical databases and logical checks, process data and generate and resolve data queries, develop data management plans and write work instructions and standard operating procedures, perform quality control audits and monitor work output and quality, use statistical tools to analyze data and produce reports, and contribute to the writing and organization and production of controlled documents such as protocols and clinical study reports and regulatory submissions.

    CI · 15-2051.02

  • Chemical Engineers

    Chemical engineers turn material, energy and safety requirements into process designs and specify equipment, controls and verification.

    RIC · 17-2041.00

  • Electronics Engineers, Except Computer

    Turn component, signal and interface requirements into circuit designs. Review schematics, board-level verification and part revisions, and document changes and evidence.

    RIC · 17-2072.00

  • Marine Engineers and Naval Architects

    This page covers O*NET 17-2121.00. Marine engineers and naval architects design and evaluate vessels and their systems. Assignments may focus on hull layout and performance or on propulsion, power and equipment, with drawings, calculations and test records as deliverables.

    RIC · 17-2121.00

  • Business intelligence analysts

    Business intelligence analysts query data, define metrics and build reports. They explain changes and how metric definitions affect them.

    CIE · 15-2051.01

  • Web Developers

    Web developers implement pages and application behavior, maintain code and assets, and verify success, failure and recovery paths in the target environment.

    CI · 15-1254.00

  • Environmental Science and Protection Technicians

    Under the direction of environmental scientists, engineers, or other professionals, conduct laboratory and field testing to monitor the environment and investigate sources of pollution (including factors affecting health); collect gas, soil, water, and other samples according to procedures, record data, and produce testing reports.

    RIC · 19-4042.00

  • Environmental Science and Protection Technicians, Including Health

    Under the direction of environmental scientists, engineers, or other professionals, conduct laboratory and field testing related to environmental health: monitor pollution and health hazard factors in air, water, soil, and workplaces, investigate sources of pollution or disease outbreaks, collect samples and record data, and provide traceable testing results to protect public and worker health.

    RIC · 19-4042.00

  • Robotics Engineers

    Robotics engineers (O*NET 17-2199.08) design, develop, debug, and test robotic systems, handling sensor signals, control programs, end effectors, and system integration; delivery requires verification, risk assessment, and confirmation by authorized personnel.

    RIC · 17-2199.08

  • Petroleum engineers

    Petroleum engineers use well information and production data to assess recovery and evaluate development or production designs. A proposal needs to identify its observations and assumptions.

    RIC · 17-2171.00

  • Blockchain engineers

    Blockchain engineers design, implement and test distributed ledgers, nodes, smart contracts or applications that connect on-chain and off-chain work. They document permissions, failure handling, tests and release evidence. Roles may focus on protocols, integration or platform operations. BLS projects the U.S. parent group Computer Occupations, All Other (15-1299) from about 471,200 jobs in 2025 to 495,300 in 2035. The published net gain is about 24,200 (5.1%), with about 27,000 annual openings from growth and replacement. The baseline includes 4.9% self-employment. The data do not isolate blockchain engineers.

    CI · 15-1299.07

  • Mechatronics Engineers

    Mechatronics engineers combine mechanical parts, sensors, actuators and controls into testable systems. They deliver interface specifications, control designs or validation records.

    RIC · 17-2199.05

  • Information Security Analyst

    Information security analysts help protect systems, networks and data. They assess alerts, record risks and coordinate responses with engineering and operations teams. Some roles emphasize incident analysis, while others emphasize risk assessment.

    CI · 15-1212.00

  • Information security engineers

    Information security engineers develop security policies, build and maintain protective technologies, and design and evaluate controls for systems and data. Their work can include monitoring, incident response and forensic investigation; actual duties and authority depend on the job. U.S. wages and employment below describe the broader 15-1299 group, not a separately measured engineer occupation.

    CIR · 15-1299.05

  • Speech-language pathologists

    Speech-language pathologists assess and treat communication difficulties. Some roles also address swallowing. Schools focus on access to learning, while hospital work emphasizes clinical assessment and handover. Check the job duties, training requirements and supervision in your target setting.

    SIC · 29-1127.00

  • Computer programmer

    Computer programmers turn specifications into code that can be run and checked. They clarify conflicting requirements, reproduce bugs and document what changed, what passed and what still needs review.

    CI · 15-1251.00

  • Water/Wastewater Engineers

    Water/wastewater engineers design water supply, wastewater treatment facilities and pipe networks. Compare treatment design, hydraulic modeling and plant operations before choosing a role. Real projects require verified inputs, applicable standards and authorized review. U.S. pay and outlook cover the broader civil engineer occupation.

    RIC · 17-2051.02

  • Paralegals and legal assistants

    Paralegals check facts, research legal sources, organize case files and prepare drafts for a lawyer to review. The assignments and authority depend on the employer and jurisdiction.

    CIE · 23-2011.00

  • Marriage and Family Therapists

    U.S. marriage and family therapists assess relationships and family context, develop treatment goals with individuals, couples or families, document progress, and coordinate other support when needed.

    SI · 21-1013.00

  • Mining and Geological Engineers

    Mining and Geological Engineers (O*NET 17-2151.00) conduct subsurface surveys to assess land and mining development sites, select and plan safe, economical, environmentally sound extraction methods and facilities, inspect unsafe conditions, and implement mine safety programs.

    RIC · 17-2151.00

  • Mining and Geological Engineers, Including Mining Safety Engineers

    Mining and Geological Engineers, Including Mining Safety Engineers (O*NET 17-2151.00) conduct subsurface surveys to assess land and mining development sites, select and plan safe, economical, environmentally sound extraction methods and facilities, inspect unsafe conditions, and implement mine safety programs.

    RIC · 17-2151.00

  • Geodetic Surveyor

    Geodetic surveyors measure positions and elevations across large areas. Their work helps different surveys use a common reference. They may collect satellite observations or check control measurements; U.S. wage and outlook data cover all surveyors, not this specialty alone.

    RIC · 17-1022.01

  • Electrical engineers

    Turn system requirements into an electrical design and verification plan. Review equipment choices, test results and changes, and hand over unresolved requirements.

    RIC · 17-2071.00

  • Acupuncturists

    Acupuncturists assess patients, decide whether care can proceed within their licensed scope, document treatment and refer when appropriate. Start with the requirements for your jurisdiction and workplace, then try the fictional documentation exercise.

    SIR · 29-1291.00

  • Computer hardware engineer

    Research, design, develop or test computer and computer-related equipment for commercial, industrial, military or scientific use, and possibly supervise its manufacture and installation: discuss with engineers and consult specifications to assess hardware and software interfaces and system operation and performance requirements; design and develop computer hardware and supporting peripherals, including central processing units and support logic and microprocessors and custom integrated circuits and printers and disk drives; select hardware and materials and ensure they meet specifications and product requirements; evaluate cost and safety and reporting format requirements to determine hardware configuration; specify power supply requirements and configuration; build and test and modify product prototypes using working models built through computer simulation or theoretical models; test and validate hardware and supporting peripherals by recording and analyzing test data; write detailed functional specifications and document the hardware development process; provide technical support to designers and marketing and sales and suppliers and engineers; instruct technicians and engineering design staff; provide training and support to system designers and users; and monitor equipment function and make necessary modifications.

    RIC · 17-2061.00

  • Health Information Technologist or Medical Registrar

    Health information technologists and medical registrars organize, check and maintain healthcare data. Some work on information systems or data quality; others maintain registries for a specific condition or service. Their duties vary by organization.

    CIS · 29-9021.00

  • Forestry and Conservation Science Teachers, Postsecondary

    College forestry and conservation science instructors teach courses, guide fieldwork and mentor students. Some roles focus on teaching; others also require research and publication. The job posting tells you which work the institution expects.

    SI · 25-1043.00

  • GIS Technologist or Technician

    GIS technologists and technicians build or maintain spatial databases, check layers and produce maps or data services. Some jobs also involve scripting or supporting applications. The U.S. statistics on this page cover a broader computer occupation category.

    CIR · 15-1299.02

  • Anthropology and Archeology Teachers, Postsecondary

    Postsecondary anthropology and archaeology teachers design courses, evaluate how students use evidence and may supervise fieldwork, labs or research.

    SI · 25-1061.00

  • Prosthodontists

    Prosthodontists assess oral function, plan restorations, and coordinate fittings and follow-up with laboratory and clinical teams.

    RIS · 29-1024.00

  • Transportation engineers

    Transportation engineers prepare plans, designs, technical notes and estimates for roads, transportation facilities and systems, and analyse traffic operations and improvement needs. The precise identity on this page is 17-2051.01; United States wages and employment use the civil engineers 17-2051 broad group reference, which cannot serve as transportation specialism statistics or Chinese treatment.

    RIC · 17-2051.01

  • Nuclear medicine technologists

    Nuclear medicine technologists (O*NET-SOC 29-2033.00) prepare, administer and measure radioisotopes under physician direction for diagnosis, treatment and tracer research: preparing radiopharmaceuticals and calculating and recording doses under requirements, operating gamma cameras, PET and other imaging equipment, processing quantitative study data such as cardiac function, explaining procedures and safety precautions to patients, performing equipment quality control, and storing drugs and disposing of radioactive waste under radiation safety procedures. This page uses only official sources to explain occupational scope, tasks, preparation requirements, Chinese and US statistical definitions, and authorization boundaries.

    RIC · 29-2033.00

  • Industrial Engineering Technician

    Industrial engineering technicians collect measurements, document production conditions and support process trials. Their records help engineers test whether a layout or process works. Work may include time studies or production documentation.

    RCI · 17-3026.00

  • Cartographers and Photogrammetrists

    Cartographers and photogrammetrists turn imagery and survey data into mapped features and document accuracy, coordinates and versions.

    CIR · 17-1021.00

  • Biological technicians

    Biological technicians help prepare materials, check equipment, record work and flag deviations under the direction of researchers or team leads. Research support and manufacturing have different requirements. Check the actual duties and institutional procedures. BLS projects U.S. biological technicians (19-4021) from about 74,400 jobs in 2025 to 79,900 in 2035, up 7.4%, a net gain of about 5,500, with about 9,400 annual openings from growth and replacement. The 2025 baseline includes 0.1% self-employment.

    CRI · 19-4021.00

  • Geological Technician

    Geological technicians collect and check data for geologists or engineers. They may label cores, analyze drill cuttings, record borehole conditions or prepare samples for testing. This profile excludes the hydrologic technician occupation, though some projects involve water monitoring.

    RCI · 19-4043.00

  • Security Management Specialists

    Security management specialists (O*NET 13-1199.07) assess an organization's physical security threats, design and improve security systems and processes, conduct audits, propose countermeasures and follow up on them. U.S. wages and employment are available only as the broad 13-1199 aggregate and cannot be treated as standalone data for this occupation.

    CIR · 13-1199.07

  • Health Education Specialists

    Health education specialists identify learning needs, design or review educational materials and activities, track reach and feedback, and coordinate programme improvements.

    SIC · 21-1091.00

  • Histology Technician

    Histology technicians prepare tissue slides and record specimen handling under laboratory procedures. They may cut sections, stain slides and check preparation quality. Slide preparation supports later review; it does not itself establish a diagnosis.

    RIC · 29-2012.01

  • Financial and Investment Analysts

    Use quantitative methods to analyze investment programs or financial and operating data from public and private institutions, including business valuation: collect and check corporate disclosures, accounting data, and market data; build valuation or forecasting models for business questions and record key assumptions; conduct scenario and sensitivity tests and explain how sensitive conclusions are to assumptions; assess industry and market trends, competition, and major risks; write analytical conclusions, valuation reports, or investment recommendations for investment committees and clients; perform independent review under compliance requirements, maintain model versions, and retain supporting evidence; coordinate with investment managers, risk and compliance, accounting, and research staff; and follow local laws and institutional procedures.

    CEI · 13-2051.00

  • Precision Agriculture Technicians

    Precision agriculture technicians organize field boundaries, sampling points and yield data into traceable maps and records. Agricultural teams use them to study variation across a field.

    RIC · 19-4012.01

  • Cardiovascular Technologists and Technicians

    Cardiovascular technologists and technicians prepare tests, collect or monitor data and document quality under clinical protocols.

    RIC · 29-2031.00

  • Solar Energy Systems Engineers

    Analyze sites, energy demand and solar system options, carry out photovoltaic or solar thermal design, performance assessment and technical review, and support installation and commissioning. The core output is an engineering solution with inputs, assumptions, calculations and version bases; design advice, construction implementation, professional signing and project approval each have their own responsibility boundaries.

    RIC · 17-2199.11

  • Quality Control Analysts

    Quality control analysts test raw materials, bulk intermediates, and finished products using standard methods, compare results with specifications and control limits and propose release recommendations, and also calibrate and maintain equipment, record data, write deviation reports, and take part in out-of-specification investigations. This page uses the precise US O*NET occupation 19-4099.01; the US wages and employment projections only go up to the BLS SOC 19-4099 "other life, physical, and social science technicians" broad category and are not a dedicated 19-4099.01 value, so the two cannot be substituted for each other. For China no verifiable precise occupational wage was obtained, and the insufficient-evidence marker is retained.

    CIR · 19-4099.01

  • Automotive Engineering Technicians

    Automotive engineering technicians help engineers prepare tests, verify instruments and test conditions, record performance or durability data, and flag anomalies. O*NET 17-3027.01 is the detailed role. U.S. pay and employment figures here use the broader mechanical engineering technician group (17-3027).

    RIC · 17-3027.01

  • Industrial Engineer

    Industrial engineers design and evaluate systems that combine people, equipment, materials and information. They may improve production flow, quality, logistics or cost. A useful recommendation balances throughput with safety and quality.

    CIR · 17-2112.00

  • Traffic technicians

    Traffic technicians survey traffic volume, speed and traffic facility conditions under the direction of a traffic engineer, organise records, review anomalies and provide charts and handover material. The United States identity is O*NET53-6041.00, and the standalone wage and employment statistics keep their own period. You can first complete the T1—T3 fictional counting exercise to observe data discipline and correction ability; paper works do not authorise field surveys, equipment operation or signal changes.

    RCI · 53-6041.00

  • Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technologists and Technicians

    Check drawing versions and test conditions, record measurements on electrical or electronic equipment and refer discrepancies to engineering staff.

    RIC · 17-3023.00

  • Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary

    Under U.S. O*NET-SOC 25-1032.00, design engineering courses and assessments in higher education according to program objectives, teach courses and organize laboratories and practice, guide student learning and projects, assess grades according to standards, and carry out research and academic service.

    SIR · 25-1032.00

  • College Geography Teacher

    College geography teachers plan and teach geography courses, guide student work and may supervise field or lab activities. Some positions emphasize teaching; others combine it with research. The hiring institution determines the workload and qualifications.

    SI · 25-1064.00

  • Agricultural sciences teachers, postsecondary

    Postsecondary agricultural science teachers teach crop, soil or production topics through courses, labs and fieldwork. Some roles also include research or supervising placements.

    SI · 25-1041.00

  • Critical care nurses

    In the United States critical care nurses correspond to O*NET-SOC 29-1141.03 (Critical Care Nurses) and provide specialty registered nursing to critically ill or injured patients in settings such as intensive care units (ICU/CCU): continuously assess vital signs and laboratory data, administer medication and life support nursing per orders, monitor equipment such as ventilators, ECG monitors, oxygen therapy, and pressure monitoring, identify condition changes such as sepsis or shock and escalate promptly, collaborate with the interprofessional team to develop and revise treatment plans, complete standardized nursing records, handover, and family communication, and take part in quality and process improvement. The preparation level for this occupation is Job Zone Four (most require a four-year bachelor's degree in nursing), and US wage, employment, and industry data are published on O*NET on the parent occupation registered nurse (Registered Nurses) basis; the comparable position on the Chinese side is a registered nurse in hospital critical care medicine departments and intensive care units, where basic practice registration is managed in tiers along with hospital critical care competency admission and high-risk technique authorization, and it cannot be interchanged with the US preparation level.

    SIC · 29-1141.03

  • Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary

    Postsecondary political science teachers teach institutions, behavior and ideas, and help students formulate and test arguments with evidence. Comparisons require attention to the time and institutional context of a source.

    SI · 25-1065.00

  • Orthotist and prosthetist

    Orthotists and prosthetists measure, design, fit, and adjust orthoses or prostheses based on prescriptions and patient assessment, check fit, function, and comfort, guide use, and keep continuous records; clinical duties are constrained by local qualifications and organizational authorization.

    RIS · 29-2091.00

  • Dietitians and nutritionists

    Assess dietary and health information, design a nutrition or food-service plan and review implementation and outcomes. Clinical, community and food-service roles differ; clinical treatment follows the institution’s division of responsibility and credentials.

    SI · 29-1031.00

  • Archivists

    Archivists appraise and describe records, document provenance, preserve material and make it discoverable within access rules.

    CI · 25-4011.00

  • Energy Engineers, Except Wind and Solar

    Under U.S. O*NET-SOC 17-2199.03, perform load analysis, system modeling and simulation, scheme design, engineering calculations, and energy efficiency estimation for industrial and building energy systems, producing reviewable design descriptions and calculation books; excludes wind and solar specializations. (The U.S. wage and employment figures checked are broader-group figures.)

    RIC · 17-2199.03

  • Data Warehousing Specialists

    Start by mapping source fields and defining what each row represents. Extract, transform and load data, reconcile row counts and key measures, then publish documented tables. When a load fails, isolate source, transformation or scheduling problems and verify that a rerun does not double count. U.S. wages and employment use the Database Architects parent group. Mainland China evidence consists of two historical job postings and no established national wage estimate.

    CI · 15-1243.01

  • Nurse Anesthetists

    Nurse Anesthetists (O*NET-SOC 29-1151.00, Nurse Anesthetists) administer anesthesia, monitor patient vital signs, and supervise patients recovering from anesthesia, and may assist anesthesiologists, surgeons, other physicians, or dentists; this occupation in the United States requires a registered nurse with graduate professional education. The work includes pre-anesthesia screening and medical history assessment, developing an anesthesia nursing plan, obtaining informed consent, selecting and administering anesthesia and adjunct medications, performing regional anesthesia, managing the airway and mechanical ventilation, calibrating and testing anesthesia equipment, continuously monitoring vital signs with invasive and non-invasive techniques, handling peri-anesthesia emergencies, inserting peripheral or central venous and arterial catheters, evaluating post-anesthesia response and deciding on post-anesthesia care discharge, and teaching nursing staff and residents. This page uses only official sources to explain the occupational scope, tasks, China-U.S. admission differences, and statistical scope.

    SIR · 29-1151.00

  • Postsecondary Health Specialties Teachers

    Postsecondary health specialties teachers teach subjects such as medicine, pharmacy, public health, therapy, veterinary medicine and laboratory technology. Roles may include curriculum, grading, clinical supervision or research.

    SI · 25-1071.00

  • Fraud Examiners, Investigators and Analysts

    Fraud examiners, investigators and analysts review unusual transactions, claims or other business records within their authority. They reconstruct timelines, preserve evidence that supports or weakens hypotheses, and refer unresolved issues to authorized decision-makers.

    CIE · 13-2099.04

  • Nondestructive testing specialists

    Nondestructive testing specialists (O*NET-SOC 17-3029.01) inspect structures and equipment for defects without damaging the inspected object. They select, calibrate and operate ultrasonic, radiographic, magnetic particle, penetrant, eddy current and acoustic emission testing equipment according to standards and procedures, interpret signals and images, evaluate results against codes, document methods and processes and prepare inspection reports, while meeting radiation and on-site work safety requirements. This page uses only official sources to explain occupational scope, tasks, preparation requirements, Chinese and US statistical definitions, and authorization boundaries.

    RIC · 17-3029.01

  • Nanotechnology engineering technologists and technicians

    Nanotechnology engineering technologists and technicians (O*NET 17-3026.01) implement production processes under the supervision of nanotechnology engineering staff, operating commercial-scale equipment to produce and test nanoscale materials and devices, and use advanced microscopy equipment to manipulate nanoscale objects. This page uses only official sources to explain the occupation scope, tasks, preparation requirements, Chinese and United States statistical scopes, and authorization boundaries.

    RIC · 17-3026.01

  • Fire-Prevention and Protection Engineers

    Research the causes of fires, determine fire prevention methods, and design or recommend materials and equipment such as structural components and fire detection devices to help organizations protect lives and property from fire, explosion, and related hazards: includes reviewing building drawings and verifying fire code compliance, designing fire detection and alarm systems and suppression devices, evaluating fire protection conditions such as water supply and evacuation exits, testing fire protection components and fire systems, preparing fire protection plans and technical reports, participating in revisions of codes and standards, and providing fire technical consulting and training to building design and construction personnel.

    RIC · 17-2111.02

  • Mechanical Engineer

    Mechanical engineers turn functional and manufacturing requirements into designs, analyses and test plans. They compare alternatives, develop prototypes and coordinate with drafting, manufacturing and quality teams.

    RIC · 17-2141.00

  • Range Managers

    Range managers track vegetation, land use, and long-term productivity, compare management options, and document follow-up monitoring.

    RIE · 19-1031.02

  • Veterinary technologists and technicians

    Veterinary technologists and technicians support sampling, testing, care and recordkeeping under supervision and within local scope rules.

    RIC · 29-2056.00

  • Computer network support specialist

    Network support specialists keep an existing network working. They establish the scope of an incident, examine logs or monitoring data, test likely causes, resolve or escalate the issue within their authority, and document the handoff. Major changes follow the organization’s approval and rollback process.

    CIR · 15-1231.00

  • Civil engineers

    Civil engineers plan and design infrastructure, review technical documents, and oversee construction or maintenance. Duties vary by project and discipline.

    RIC · 17-2051.00

  • Database administrators

    Database administrators correspond in the U.S. to O*NET-SOC 15-1242.00 (Database Administrators). They administer, test and implement computer databases using database management system knowledge: Modify existing databases and database management systems or direct programmers and analysts to make changes; plan, coordinate and implement security measures against accidental or unauthorized damage, modification or disclosure of information in computer files; plan and install database management system upgrades to improve performance; specify users and access levels for each database segment; test changes to database applications or systems; test programs or databases, correct errors and make necessary modifications; train users and answer questions; support junior staff or clients; approve, schedule, plan and supervise installation and testing of new products; set standards and guidance for software use and acquisition and protection of vulnerable information; write logical/physical database descriptions and specify identifiers or direct others to do so; develop data models describing data elements and uses under procedures; select and enter code to monitor database performance and create production databases; identify, assess and recommend hardware/software achieving required performance; consult database management system manual procedures to modify databases; identify and assess database industry trends and advise senior management; review programmer analysts' workflow charts to understand computer tasks; and revise corporate data dictionary definitions. Preparation level is Job Zone Four (considerable preparation, SVP 7.0 to below 8.0). Official education surveys show 89% require a bachelor's for new hires, 4% a post-baccalaureate certificate and 3% an associate's or other two-year degree. O*NET tasks, work context, preparation level and wages concern this detailed occupation itself. Its 2025 national wage page publishes annual and hourly percentiles, neither parent proxies nor figures for related database architects or data warehousing specialists. Similar Chinese roles are mostly database management, database operations or data platform jobs. Duties, employment and compensation scopes do not correspond one to one with this U.S. detailed occupation and cannot be interchanged.

    CI · 15-1242.00

  • Surveyors

    Surveyors check survey records, cadastral and ownership material, determine position, elevation and boundaries, compile sketches, maps, reports and boundary descriptions, and carry result review and certification responsibility according to the jurisdiction and duties. The work connects field surveying, office calculation and engineering collaboration; knowing how to use instruments is not the same as being able to certify property boundaries independently.

    CRI · 17-1022.00

  • Remote Sensing Technicians

    Remote sensing technicians assist scientists in using remote sensing technology, collecting spatial data, processing and fusing imagery, and checking the completeness and accuracy of system data; some positions take part in flight planning or sensor configuration. This page covers O*NET 19-4099.03. The U.S. wage statistics and employment projections apply to the broader BLS group 19-4099.

    CRI · 19-4099.03

  • Exercise Physiologists

    Assess, design, or implement fitness programs covering cardiorespiratory function, body composition, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and flexibility; explain testing procedures, develop individual exercise programs, monitor and record responses, and may also take on clinical supervision, rehabilitative exercise, and emergency care tasks. Specific medical, licensing, and institutional authority must be verified separately, and the occupation name does not confer individual authorization.

    RIS · 29-1128.00

  • Physical therapists

    Physical therapists assess function, agree on goals, provide treatment and reassess movement. Consider whether you want to communicate closely with patients, document responses and adjust plans. U.S. PT and mainland hospital rehabilitation roles overlap in duties; verify qualifications separately.

    SIR · 29-1123.00

  • Aerospace Engineering and Operations Technologists and Technicians

    Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians turn a test plan into traceable instruments, equipment checks and original records. Test support, measurement and assembly quality have different outputs. When a certificate or version does not match, keep the original record and refer the decision to authorized staff.

    RCI · 17-3021.00

  • Manufacturing Engineer

    Manufacturing engineers design, integrate and improve production processes. They coordinate fixtures, work instructions and quality needs and use pilot runs to verify that a process can operate consistently.

    RIC · 17-2112.03

  • Respiratory Therapists

    Respiratory therapists assess respiratory-care needs, check equipment, document observations, and hand off changes within team plans and authority.

    RSI · 29-1126.00

  • Web administrators

    Web administrators monitor availability, access and backups, respond to or escalate issues, and maintain configurations and recovery plans within their permissions.

    CIE · 15-1299.01

  • Hearing Aid Specialists

    Hearing aid specialists identify listening needs, assess fitting conditions within their scope, select or adjust devices, document fittings and arrange follow-up.

    SCI · 29-2092.00

  • Market Research Analyst

    Market research analysts frame research questions, collect customer or competitor evidence, and explain what the data supports. The U.S. figures use occupation 13-1161, which also covers marketing specialists.

    ECI · 13-1161.00

  • Physician assistants

    Physician assistants assess patients, document care and participate in follow-up within applicable practice rules and team arrangements. Pending results go to the authorized clinician for review.

    SIC · 29-1071.00

  • Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Studies Teachers, Postsecondary

    Postsecondary area, ethnic and cultural studies teachers use regional history, cultural material and social research to build courses and discussions.

    SI · 25-1062.00

  • Environmental Compliance Inspectors

    Under U.S. O*NET-SOC 13-1041.01, conduct on-site inspections and investigations of pollution sources and facilities, take samples and gather evidence according to protocol, determine compliance based on environmental regulations, and produce inspection reports and enforcement documents. (The U.S. wage and employment figures checked are broader-group figures.)

    CIR · 13-1041.01

  • Actuaries

    Actuaries use data and models to estimate uncertain costs in insurance and other settings. Pricing compares claim frequency, severity and rating assumptions; reserving estimates unpaid claims and explains changes. Start by trying a reviewable calculation, then verify exams, responsibilities and signing authority separately.

    CIE · 15-2011.00

  • Radiologic Technologists and Technicians

    Radiologic technologists and technicians carry out X-ray, CT and other imaging work under examination requests and applicable protocols: identity and site checks, patient preparation and positioning, authorized exposure settings, image acquisition, technical image-quality evaluation and documentation. Technical evaluation is not disease diagnosis. Contrast-related duties require applicable legal and professional conditions and physician guidance. U.S. wages use exact occupation 29-2034; this page’s employment overview uses the combined radiologic and MRI group. Mainland China education, recruitment, professional-title qualifications and applicable radiation-worker requirements are considered separately; exact national or city occupational wages remain unavailable.

    RCI · 29-2034.00

  • Clinical nurse specialists

    Guide nursing staff in delivering patient care in clinical practice settings and ensure that nursing follows established clinical policies and procedures and regulations and standards: observe and interview and assess patients to identify care needs, provide direct and indirect care within a designated specialty, develop and maintain nursing practice standards and department policies, evaluate the quality and effectiveness of nursing practice or organizational systems and design improvements, guide and mentor nursing staff and deliver training, and provide consultation and clinical advice to the team and patients.

    SIC · 29-1141.04

  • Food Science Technicians

    Food science technicians carry out work involving this occupation's materials, processes, quality requirements, and deliverables. Specific duties, training, qualifications, agreements, and authorization must be checked against the original requirements of the location and employer.

    RCI · 19-4013.00

  • Wind Energy Engineers

    Wind energy engineers analyze layouts, equipment and infrastructure options, documenting model inputs, design revisions and interfaces that require other disciplines’ review.

    RIC · 17-2199.10

  • Statistical assistants

    Statistical assistants prepare data, compute summaries under specified rules, and produce tables or charts while recording missing values and units.

    CI · 43-9111.00

  • School psychologists

    School psychologists gather evidence about learning, behavior, and development and work with schools and families to assess and review supports. Professional authority depends on the setting.

    SIC · 19-3034.00

  • Philosophy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary

    Postsecondary philosophy and religion teachers build courses and discussions around texts, concepts and scholarship. They assess how accurately students read sources, construct arguments and respond to objections.

    SI · 25-1126.00

  • Telecommunications Engineering Specialists

    Telecommunications engineering specialists specify equipment or networks, diagnose service issues and coordinate upgrades. Design and support both depend on traceable standards and equipment records.

    CRI · 15-1241.01

  • Nuclear Technicians

    Nuclear Technicians (O*NET-SOC 19-4051.00, Nuclear Technicians) assist nuclear physicists, nuclear engineers, or other scientists in laboratory, power generation, and electricity production activities: operating, testing, and maintaining nuclear equipment according to nuclear equipment operating policies and radiation worker procedures, performing surveillance tests to judge equipment safety status, monitoring reactor equipment performance and identifying inefficiencies, hazards, or maintenance needs, tagging equipment awaiting repair and implementing isolation, using detectors or other instruments to measure the intensity and type of radiation in work areas, equipment, or materials, calculating operating factors such as exposure time, dose, and gamma intensity using standard formulas, collecting and testing air, water, gas, or solid samples, performing decontamination, and setting up area radiation anomaly alarm devices. This page uses only official sources to explain the occupational scope, tasks, Chinese and U.S. statistical scope, and authorization boundaries.

    RCI · 19-4051.00

  • Foresters

    Foresters survey stands, estimate timber volume and use those findings to plan how forests are managed. Depending on the job, they may oversee contracts, replanting or habitat protection.

    RIC · 19-1032.00

  • Farm and Home Management Educators

    Teach and advise individuals and families engaged in agriculture, agriculture-related processes, or home management activities: use demonstrations and field guidance to teach agricultural production topics such as agricultural processes and techniques, pest management, and food safety, or home management topics such as budgeting and financial management, nutrition, and child development; translate research and trial findings into practical methods, and develop and organize extension education programs.

    SIR · 25-9021.00

  • Anesthesiologist Assistants

    Anesthesiologist assistants support perioperative monitoring, preparation and documentation under physician anesthesiologist supervision. US authority varies by state; mainland China has a different role structure.

    CSI · 29-1071.01

  • Phlebotomists

    Phlebotomists (O*NET 31-9097.00) collect blood samples for testing, transfusion, donation, or research, check patient identities and sample labels, hand samples over, explain procedures to patients, and observe adverse reactions. Working with patient identities, test or collection requests, sample labels, times, and handover records, they produce identity-to-sample matching records, incident reports, and traceable handovers. Invasive blood collection, infection prevention, and adverse reaction management must be performed by trained and authorized personnel under institutional procedures. Work settings, qualifications, and final responsibility must be checked against local and institutional rules.

    RCI · 31-9097.00

  • Architecture Teachers (Postsecondary)

    Postsecondary architecture teachers prepare courses, lead studio critiques and assess design work. Research and advising may also be part of the role.

    SIA · 25-1031.00

  • Chiropractors

    Chiropractors assess musculoskeletal concerns, document risks and track responses. Scope, referral and permitted procedures depend on jurisdiction.

    SRI · 29-1011.00

  • Business continuity planners

    Business continuity planners map critical services, dependencies and disruption impacts. They define recovery priorities and test handoffs in exercises.

    ECI · 13-1199.04

  • Diagnostic Medical Sonographers

    Diagnostic medical sonographers acquire and check ultrasound images, measurements and technical records for physicians to interpret. This is U.S. O*NET 29-2032.00. Mainland China distinguishes technical and physician roles in hiring, qualifications and diagnostic responsibility.

    RCI · 29-2032.00

  • Landscape Architect

    Landscape architects design outdoor places such as parks, campuses and public spaces. They consider how people move, what can grow and how the site functions. Design, construction and maintenance responsibilities are distinct.

    RIA · 17-1012.00

  • Lawyers

    Lawyers organize facts, check evidence and legal sources, advise clients, draft documents, and represent clients within the scope of their authority.

    ECI · 23-1011.00

  • Speech-language pathology assistants

    Speech-language pathology assistants carry out assigned activities, document performance, and report to the supervising professional. Interpretation and plan changes follow local authority.

    SCI · 31-9099.01

  • Family and Consumer Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary

    Teach family and consumer sciences courses at colleges and universities, such as child care, family relations, personal and family finance, nutrition and foods, and family management: prepare syllabi and course materials, lecture and lead class discussions, supervise students' laboratory work, practical training, and internships, evaluate assignments and projects, and advise on academic and career development; positions that combine teaching and research also conduct research, publish results, and apply for funded projects.

    SI · 25-1192.00

  • Dental Laboratory Technicians

    Dental laboratory technicians make and repair restorations to a dentist’s order. They check impressions, scans and materials, and document fabrication, inspection and rework. Dentists handle diagnosis, prescriptions, clinical fitting and adjustments. Try the D-01 paper case to see how you feel about checking dimensions and files.

    RIC · 51-9081.00

  • Hospitalist

    Hospitalists focus on hospitalized patients. They coordinate with nurses, specialists and discharge teams and hand over information as patients move between settings.

    SI · 29-1229.02

  • Psychiatric Technicians

    Psychiatric technicians monitor patient status, carry out assigned support tasks, and document changes. Clinical duties and reporting authority vary by employer and location.

    SI · 29-2053.00

  • Computer and Information Systems Managers

    Plan, direct or coordinate activities such as electronic data processing, information systems, systems analysis and computer programming: manage the department's daily operations and analyze workflow and establish priorities and develop standards and set deadlines; manage backup and security and user help systems; provide technical support to users for computer problems; review project plans to plan and coordinate project activity; assign and review the output of systems analysts and programmers and other computer-related workers; review and approve system charts and programs before implementation; evaluate data processing proposals to assess project feasibility and requirements; develop computer information resources and assess the organization's technology use and needs; consult with users and management and vendors to assess computing and system needs; develop and interpret organizational goals and policies and procedures; control operating budgets and expenditures and purchase necessary equipment; and recruit and train and supervise staff.

    CEI · 11-3021.00

  • Chief sustainability officers

    Chief sustainability officers coordinate targets, metrics, projects and reporting evidence across leadership and operating teams.

    EIC · 11-1011.03

  • Nurse Midwives

    Nurse Midwives (O*NET-SOC 29-1161.00, Nurse Midwives) diagnose and coordinate all aspects of the birth process independently or within a medical team, and may provide gynecological care for healthy women; this occupation in the United States requires professional graduate nursing education. The work includes providing antenatal, intrapartum, postpartum, and newborn care, monitoring fetal development by listening to fetal heart tones, external uterine measurement, identifying fetal position, and estimating fetal size, recording health history and physical examination findings, performing vital sign, reflex, breast, and pelvic examinations, prescribing medications within the scope permitted by state regulations, ordering and interpreting diagnostic or laboratory tests, providing family planning services and individualized health management plans, initiating emergency interventions to stabilize patients, consulting or referring to specialists when the condition exceeds the scope of practice, educating patients, families, staff, and the community, and instructing student midwives and medical students. This page uses only official sources to explain the occupational scope, tasks, China-U.S. admission differences, and statistical scope.

    SI · 29-1161.00

  • Emergency management director

    Under U.S. O*NET-SOC 11-9161.00, coordinates the emergency management work of a jurisdiction or institution: assesses risk, drafts and updates emergency plans, organizes exercises and training, coordinates resources and agency responses during incidents, and organizes recovery and review afterwards.

    ECI · 11-9161.00

  • Education Teachers, Postsecondary

    Education Teachers, Postsecondary (United States side O*NET-SOC 25-1081.00, Education Teachers, Postsecondary) is a teaching and research post in higher education institutions: teaching and research of education and teacher education related courses in higher education institutions; the work includes determining course content and teaching and assessment objectives by subject direction and program goals and assessment data, preparing syllabi and assignments and lecture notes and practice materials, teaching and organizing discussions and seminars and practice, setting and administering and grading examinations and giving feedback, updating course content and teaching methods, conducting educational research and literature reviews and data collection and analysis, writing and submitting and revising papers and monographs and reports, applying for and carrying out research projects and funding, taking part in academic conferences and peer review and academic exchange, advising students on course selection and studies and research methods and papers and proposal defense and oral defense, supervising fieldwork and internships and research and competitions and student societies, taking part in department curriculum and degree and accreditation and admissions and program work, undertaking review and consultation and academic organization and public service, and keeping good records and handover of teaching and research and service. United States basis: BLS 2025 wage data median 75,350 USD per year (that source provides only the median and does not provide the 10/25/75/90 percentiles or an hourly basis); the O*NET summary page gives 2024 employment of about 74,900, a 2024—2034 projection of "slower than average (Slower than average, 1% to 2%)" and about 5,600 projected openings for 2024—2034 (total for the projection period); the preparation level is Job Zone Five (SVP 8.0 and above), education feedback is 90% doctoral degrees and 9% master's degrees and 1% bachelor's degrees, the interest code is SI, and there are 25 tasks. Mainland China basis: higher education post appointment and qualification and assessment and training are carried out in accordance with the Higher Education Law of the People's Republic of China and the Regulations on Personnel Management of Public Institutions and the relevant provisions of education administrative departments and institutions, and teaching in a teaching post should obtain a higher education institution teaching qualification in accordance with the Teachers Law of the People's Republic of China and the Regulations on Teacher Qualifications. Public statistics have not established an occupation-level wage basis corresponding to this occupation, and this page preserves the gap faithfully, with the industry average wage serving only as a visible industry proxy.

    SI · 25-1081.00

  • English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary

    Under U.S. O*NET-SOC 25-1123.00, design English language and literature courses and assessments in higher education according to program objectives, teach courses and organize seminars and writing workshops, guide student learning and writing, assess grades according to standards, and carry out research and academic service.

    SIA · 25-1123.00

  • Dental Hygienists

    Dental hygienists provide preventive care within their authorized scope: record gum and oral findings, clean teeth, explain oral hygiene and refer concerns to the dentist. Permitted procedures depend on local licensing and the workplace. In the U.S. an associate degree in dental hygiene is typical. Every state requires licensure, with state-specific rules. Mainland China’s oral health technician classification (2-05-07-17) is a task comparison, not a U.S. license equivalent or authorization to practice independently. Verify specific duties with the institution and local authority.

    SRI · 29-1292.00

  • Medical Equipment Repairer

    Medical equipment repairers install, inspect, maintain and repair medical equipment. They document service and coordinate verification before return to use. Clinical operation is a separate assignment.

    RCI · 49-9062.00

  • Judicial Law Clerks

    Judicial law clerks support judges or courts through legal research, file review and drafting. They hand off traceable sources and open questions to the decision-maker. The role does not confer judicial authority.

    CEI · 23-1012.00

  • Occupational therapists

    Occupational therapists identify meaningful daily tasks with clients, such as grooming, dressing or returning to school. They observe where a task breaks down, plan practice or environmental changes, and check participation over time. Mainland hiring and U.S. licensing are separate.

    SI · 29-1122.00

  • Nuclear monitoring technicians

    Nuclear monitoring technicians (O*NET-SOC 19-4051.02) collect and test samples to monitor nuclear experiment results and radioactive contamination of personnel, facilities and the environment: using detectors and instruments to determine radiation intensity and type in work areas, equipment or materials; monitoring personnel exposure and area radiation levels; calculating safe exposure times from site contamination readings and prescribed safety levels; collecting and analyzing air, water, gas or solid samples; installing and testing area radiation alarm equipment; providing initial response to alarms or abnormal events; guiding radiation safety procedures and protective equipment use; preparing contamination testing and decontamination reports and radiation work permits; and disposing of radioactive waste under procedures. This page uses only official sources to explain occupational scope, tasks, preparation requirements, Chinese and US statistical definitions, and authorization boundaries.

    RCI · 19-4051.02

  • Music Therapists

    Music therapists assess needs, set goals, conduct music-based sessions, document progress, and coordinate with the care team. Training, credentials, and facility authorization must be checked separately.

    SAI · 29-1129.02

  • Architectural and Engineering Managers

    Architectural and engineering managers translate technical goals into budgets, schedules, staffing and reviews. They coordinate changes across disciplines and track who can approve them.

    EIC · 11-9041.00

  • Mental health counselor

    Mental health counselors (O*NET 21-1014.00) provide mental health counseling and prevention services to individuals and groups, helping address issues such as addiction, family, stress, and self-esteem; assessment and treatment must be verified by license and jurisdiction.

    SI · 21-1014.00

  • Medical Records Specialists

    Medical records specialists check record ownership, organize and classify or code information under applicable rules, and refer missing documentation or mismatched records to the responsible person.

    CI · 29-2072.00

  • Fire Inspectors and Investigators

    Inspect buildings to detect fire hazards and enforce local ordinances and state laws, or investigate and gather facts to determine the cause of fires and explosions: includes conducting premises inspections and hazard determinations under fire codes, testing and acceptance-testing fire protection and detection systems, checking premises where hazardous materials are stored or used and issuing permits, examining fire and explosion scenes and collecting physical evidence for laboratory submission, writing inspection and investigation conclusion reports, and carrying out public fire education and evacuation drills.

    RCI · 33-2021.00

  • Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers

    Veterinary assistants and lab animal caretakers feed animals, maintain environments and record observations under supervision.

    RIC · 31-9096.00

  • Private detectives and investigators

    Private investigators gather, verify, and report information within the assignment and local authority. Much of the work is tracing sources and timelines.

    CEI · 33-9021.00

  • Healthcare Social Workers

    Healthcare social workers identify practical needs, coordinate with teams, and document referrals and handoffs. Their work can include helping families navigate care and connecting patients with community support after discharge.

    SI · 21-1022.00

  • Energy Auditors

    Under U.S. O*NET-SOC 47-4011.01, define the audit scope and data scope with the client, collect bills and equipment records, perform on-site measurement and verification, establish an energy baseline and calculate itemized energy consumption, estimate energy-saving measures, and produce a reviewable audit report; does not carry out retrofit construction. (The U.S. wage and employment figures checked are broader-group figures.)

    CRI · 47-4011.01

  • Avionics Technicians

    Avionics technicians install, inspect and troubleshoot aircraft electronics, including communications and navigation equipment. Line work centers on systems and work cards; bench repair centers on serial numbers, test records and fault reproduction. Verify maintenance, inspection and return-to-service authority separately.

    RCI · 49-2091.00

  • Athletic trainers

    Athletic trainers work in health care, focusing on injury prevention, assessment, emergency coordination and rehabilitation support. Related mainland roles include sports injury protection and team rehabilitation. Fitness coaching is a different job with different training and responsibilities.

    SRI · 29-9091.00

  • Forest and conservation technicians

    Forest And Conservation Technicians (O*NET-SOC 19-4071.00) provide technical assistance for the conservation of soil, water, forests and related natural resources: they may, under the direction of foresters, compile and organise data on the size, composition and condition of forest tracts, or train and lead forest workers in forest propagation and fire prevention and suppression, and assist conservation scientists in managing and improving rangelands and wildlife habitats. Official definition text: Provide technical assistance regarding the conservation of soil, water, forests, or related natural resources. May compile data pertaining to size, content, condition, and other characteristics of forest tracts under the direction of foresters, or train and lead forest workers in forest propagation and fire prevention and suppression. May assist conservation scientists in managing, improving, and protecting rangelands and wildlife habitats.

    RCI · 19-4071.00

  • Agricultural inspectors

    Agricultural inspectors check products, facilities or activities against applicable rules, record evidence and flag corrective action. Inspection records and formal decisions follow separate authority.

    RCI · 45-2011.00

  • Recreational Therapists

    Recreational therapists select and adapt activities within care plans, observe participation, and document progress for the team.

    SI · 29-1125.00

  • Quality control systems manager

    Quality control systems managers plan, direct, or coordinate quality assurance programs: they set quality control policies, control the quality of laboratory and production work, maintain quality system documents, and drive production stops and correction when serious defects appear. This page uses the US O*NET detailed occupation Quality Control Systems Managers (11-3051.01); the US wages and employment use the SOC 11-3051 category (industrial production managers) that contains this occupation, not a narrower single-occupation value. No verifiable wage for the detailed occupation was obtained for China, and an insufficient evidence marker is retained.

    CEI · 11-3051.01

  • Training and development specialists

    Training and development specialists assess employee learning needs, design or select material, deliver training through demonstration, discussion and practice, and record and evaluate learning results; courseware completion is not the same as employees being able to use it, and professional standards, material purpose and actual approval still need organisational confirmation.

    SI · 13-1151.00

  • Technical writers

    Technical writers turn engineering or product material into instructions readers can follow and verify. They maintain terminology and revision history and confirm key steps with subject experts before release.

    CAI · 27-3042.00

  • Document management specialists

    Maintain classification and metadata, configure version, approval, access and release workflows, and support retrieval, migration and audit. Organizational rules determine access and final approvals.

    CI · 15-1299.03

  • Patient Representatives

    Patient representatives help patients understand services and policies, identify barriers to care, coordinate communication among patients, families, and care teams, and refer to appropriate resources; clinical decisions remain with clinical staff.

    SIC · 29-2099.08

  • Aviation Inspectors

    Aviation inspectors compare maintenance records and inspection evidence with applicable standards, identify defects and document what can be verified. Employer quality checks, maintenance release and regulatory enforcement carry different authority. Check what the role delivers and who signs it.

    CRI · 53-6051.01

  • Network and computer systems administrators

    Network and computer systems administrators (O*NET 15-1244.00) install, configure, and maintain an organization's local area networks, wide area networks, data communication networks, operating systems, and physical and virtual servers, monitor the integrity and availability of systems and scheduled tasks (including backups), analyze network and server resource usage and control user access, and may also assist with network modeling, analysis, and planning coordination. This page uses only official sources to explain the occupation scope, tasks, preparation requirements, Chinese and United States statistical scopes, and authorization boundaries.

    CRI · 15-1244.00

  • Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Workers

    Mental health and substance abuse social workers (O*NET 21-1023.00) assess and help people with mental, emotional, or substance use problems, providing intervention, case management, crisis intervention, and prevention education. Verify assessment and intervention scope by license and jurisdiction.

    SI · 21-1023.00

  • Logistician

    Logisticians coordinate the flow of products across procurement, inventory, transportation and delivery. A typical decision is how to get a delayed shipment back on track while keeping the customer and carrier informed.

    CEI · 13-1081.00

  • Calibration Technologists and Technicians

    Calibration technicians compare instruments with reference standards, record deviations and conditions, and follow procedures for out-of-tolerance readings.

    RCI · 17-3028.00

  • Video game designers

    Video game designers define mechanics, objectives and levels, communicate them through documents or prototypes and revise them using playtest observations.

    AI · 15-1255.01

  • Surveying and mapping technicians

    Surveying and mapping technicians usually collect, organise and check spatial data under the supervision of engineers, surveyors or mapping professionals, calculate survey results and produce or update maps. Field instruments, office data and layer quality checks are connected; the technician's assistance is not the same as obtaining the authority of an independent surveyor to practise or publish results. Use the fictional coordinates first to check the units, layers and delivery limits.

    RCI · 17-3031.00

  • Industrial Designer

    Industrial designers develop concepts for physical products. They consider how people use the product, how it looks and what can be manufactured. They use sketches, models and prototypes to explore options with engineers and producers.

    ARI · 27-1021.00

  • Psychiatric Aides

    Psychiatric aides help with daily activities under nursing and medical staff direction and report observations during handoff. Duties depend on the setting.

    SIC · 31-1133.00

  • Endoscopy Technicians

    Under U.S. O*NET-SOC 31-9099.02, prepare and maintain endoscopy equipment during endoscopic procedures, assist at the operator's direction, and complete instrument reprocessing and traceability records according to protocol; job training, reprocessing authorization, and infection control requirements must be verified against the original local and institutional texts. (The U.S. wage and employment figures checked are broader-group figures.)

    RCI · 31-9099.02

  • Logistics Analyst

    Logistics analysts use shipment, inventory and cost records to find where delivery performance is slipping and recommend changes. They may also track shipments or work with carriers. U.S. wage and outlook figures here cover the broader Logisticians occupation.

    CEI · 13-1081.02

  • Fish and game wardens

    Patrol assigned areas to prevent violations of fish and game laws and regulations; investigate reports of wildlife damaging crops or property; compile biological data. (US SOC/O*NET 33-3031.00, Fish and Game Wardens)

    RCI · 33-3031.00

  • Search marketing strategists

    Search marketing strategists analyze query intent, landing pages, and outcome measures, then propose changes they can test.

    ECI · 13-1161.01

  • Animal Control Workers

    Start with a report: who logs it, who verifies it, and who can accept a handover? U.S. SOC 33-9011 can involve animal control, shelter intake, investigations and enforcement. In mainland China, check local responsibilities, the job and its authority.

    RCI · 33-9011.00

  • Massage Therapists

    U.S. massage therapists work with soft tissue within the agreed scope, confirm goals and consent, prepare the space, and document the session and issues requiring referral.

    SRI · 31-9011.00

  • Photonics Technicians

    Photonics technicians help set up and maintain optical test equipment, check calibration status and record samples and readings against the designated procedure. Engineers use those records to trace measurement conditions.

    RCI · 17-3029.08

  • Medical Transcriptionists

    Medical transcriptionists (O*NET 31-9094.00) transcribe and edit physicians' dictated care records into complete, readable text, expand abbreviations, and return reports for review and signature under confidentiality requirements.

    CSI · 31-9094.00

  • Police Identification and Records Officers

    Police identification and records officers work with evidence identifiers, examination records and transfer information. Records let later staff trace the item ID and time of receipt.

    CRI · 33-3021.02

  • Instructional Coordinator

    Instructional coordinators evaluate curriculum and materials, support teachers and monitor how instructional changes are implemented. Their work can include professional development and reviewing evidence about classroom practices.

    SEI · 25-9031.00

  • Librarians and Media Collections Specialists

    This U.S. occupational category covers librarians and specialists who organize media collections. They make books, digital resources or audiovisual materials easier to find and use through cataloging, collection work and reader support.

    CSI · 25-4022.00

  • Robotics Technicians

    Robotics Technicians (O*NET 17-3024.01) install, program, troubleshoot, test, and maintain robotic equipment and related automation systems, handling sensor signals, control programs, end effectors, and system integration; deliverables must be verified, risk-assessed, and confirmed by authorized personnel.

    RCI · 17-3024.01

  • Special education teachers (elementary school)

    Elementary special education teachers adapt foundational literacy, math, and school routines, tracking what students can do under different supports.

    SI · 25-2056.00

  • Aircraft and Avionics Equipment Mechanics and Technicians

    This profile covers both aircraft maintenance and avionics equipment work. Mechanics focus on airframes, powerplants and mechanical systems. Avionics technicians focus on electronics, signals and fault records. Both preserve work-card evidence, with separate limits for performing, reviewing and releasing work.

    RCI · 49-3011.00

  • Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians

    Aircraft mechanics and service technicians inspect, troubleshoot and maintain aircraft under applicable manuals and work cards. Line, base and engine maintenance have different work rhythms. Completing a work card, having it reviewed and authorizing return to service are separate decisions.

    RCI · 49-3011.00

  • Insurance Underwriter

    Insurance underwriters review applications, assess risk and decide or recommend coverage terms under company guidelines. They may request missing information or refer complex cases. The role differs from selling policies and settling claims.

    CEI · 13-2053.00

  • Special education teachers (middle school)

    Middle school special education teachers support participation across subjects and track academic, self-management, and social goals with classroom teachers.

    SAI · 25-2057.00

  • Earth drillers, except oil and gas

    Earth drillers operate drilling equipment for water wells, mineral exploration, soil investigations and construction or mining holes. Duties vary by project: coring, well development and drilling blast holes are possible tasks, not a requirement that every worker performs all of them. In mainland China, the work overlaps with geological exploration drillers (4-08-07-01); project scope, employer training and applicable work-safety requirements need separate checks.

    RCI · 47-5023.00

  • Credit analysts

    Review financial statements, cash flow, debt and credit records. Verify sources and anomalies, document risks and limits, then submit the analysis to the authorized decision-maker.

    CEI · 13-2041.00

  • Financial Examiners

    Inspect and supervise financial and securities institutions and financial and real estate transactions under laws and regulations: obtain balance sheets, operating income and expenditure, and loan materials to check assets and liabilities; examine internal controls involving cash reserves, collateral, and institution-owned securities; review internal and external audit reports and board and shareholder meeting records to confirm authority; recommend action on solvency, compliance, and problem accounts; prepare examination reports, issue lists, and corrective recommendations and track implementation; participate under statutory procedures in reviewing licenses, mergers, and securities registrations and make recommendations; and communicate with institutional management, external accountants, lawyers, and fellow regulators to obtain evidence.

    CEI · 13-2061.00

  • Animal Breeders

    Animal breeders use pedigree, trait and health records to make breeding selections and track animals. Veterinary duties and permits depend on the operation and jurisdiction.

    RCI · 45-2021.00

  • Electrical and electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment

    Check fault records, inspect commercial equipment or industrial controls under a work order, and document repairs, rechecks and return status. Ask which equipment and decisions are within the role.

    RCI · 49-2094.00

  • Wind Turbine Service Technicians

    Wind turbine service technicians inspect, maintain and troubleshoot turbines against work orders. They record alarms, readings, actions and open checks. Work at height and isolation follow site authorization.

    RCI · 49-9081.00

  • Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics

    Automotive service technicians check vehicle condition and work orders, diagnose mechanical and electrical faults, and verify authorized repairs against manufacturer information. Mechanical work, body repair, commercial vehicles and high-voltage EV work have different requirements.

    RCI · 49-3023.00

  • Poets, Lyricists, and Creative Writers

    Poets, lyricists and creative writers develop themes into poems, lyrics or other texts. Revision shapes rhythm, point of view and wording to fit the form.

    AI · 27-3043.05

  • Budget Analysts

    Budget analysts review revenue and cost estimates, compare actual spending with plans, and explain assumptions and constraints for resource decisions.

    CEI · 13-2031.00

  • Mobile heavy equipment mechanics

    Mobile heavy equipment mechanics (O*NET 49-3042.00) diagnose, adjust, repair, or overhaul mobile mechanical, hydraulic, and pneumatic equipment used in construction, logging, and mining, such as cranes, bulldozers, graders, and conveyors.

    RCI · 49-3042.00

  • Investment Fund Managers

    This page covers O*NET 11-3031.03. Investment fund managers organize research, portfolio decisions, risk monitoring and record handoffs within a fund’s objectives and mandate. U.S. wage and employment figures refer to the broader Financial Managers occupation 11-3031.

    ECI · 11-3031.03

  • Geothermal Technician

    Geothermal technicians monitor and maintain equipment, log readings and help find faults. Some work in geothermal power plants; others install or service heat pumps. U.S. wages and projections here cover a broader installation and repair occupation.

    RCI · 49-9099.01

  • Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles

    Following U.S. O*NET-SOC 49-2096.00, install, diagnose, and repair communication, audio, security, and navigation equipment on motor vehicles: check vehicle model configurations, perform disassembly/refitting, routing, wiring, and securing according to manufacturer information, commission and verify functions, and hand over vehicles under procedures while documenting warranty boundaries.

    RCI · 49-2096.00

  • Regulatory affairs specialists

    Coordinates, prepares, and reviews domestic and international regulatory filing materials, maintains regulatory versions and technical archives, and follows up on agency inquiries, inspections, and product changes. The specific product and jurisdiction determine the submission requirements; a specialist title does not automatically confer legal opinion, release, or sign-off authority.

    CEI · 13-1041.07

  • Locomotive Engineers

    Locomotive engineers drive locomotives in rail service. They check operating information, signals and equipment condition and report exceptions to dispatchers, crew and maintenance staff under railroad procedures.

    RCI · 53-4011.00

  • Biofuels Processing Technicians

    Biofuels processing technicians log materials, monitor fermentation or reactions and check equipment and batch records. Procedures define who responds to alarms or makes repairs.

    RCI · 51-8099.01

  • Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists

    Bus and truck mechanics diagnose and repair commercial vehicles and diesel engines, then document what the repair resolved.

    RCI · 49-3031.00

  • Electrical and electronics repairers, powerhouse, substation, and relay

    Under U.S. O*NET-SOC 49-2095.00, inspect, test, repair, or maintain electrical equipment in powerhouses, substations, and in-service relays: read controlled drawings and setting sheets, test equipment and circuits with instruments, repair and replace components, check protection settings and record results, then retest and submit for confirmation by an authorized role that equipment may resume operation.

    RCI · 49-2095.00

  • Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers

    Security and fire alarm systems installers (O*NET 49-2098) install, program, maintain and repair alarm equipment per work orders and drawings, test circuits, sensors, backup batteries and alarm functions, and explain use and false alarm handling to clients. Construction, fire and electrical requirements follow local codes and authorization.

    RCI · 49-2098.00

  • Electrical and Electronic Equipment Assemblers

    Check parts and revisions against the work order, assemble electrical or electronic equipment, record checks and refer discrepancies to quality or the shift lead.

    RCI · 51-2022.00

  • Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment

    Under U.S. O*NET-SOC 49-2093.00, install, inspect, test, and repair electrical and electronic systems on transportation equipment (motor vehicles, rail vehicles, ships, aircraft, and more): read circuit diagrams and work orders, measure with instruments to locate faults, replace or adjust components, perform preventive maintenance and keep records, then retest and submit for release confirmation by an authorized role.

    RCI · 49-2093.00

  • Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders

    Chemical equipment operators monitor assigned equipment, record readings and report anomalies under procedures that define authorized actions.

    RCI · 51-9011.00

  • Electromechanical equipment assemblers

    Check drawings and parts lists, assemble electromechanical units, record identifiers and measurements, and route revision or measurement discrepancies to quality review.

    RCI · 51-2023.00

  • Motorcycle Mechanics

    Motorcycle Mechanics (O*NET-SOC 49-3052.00) diagnose, adjust, repair, or overhaul motorcycles, scooters, mopeds, dirt bikes, and similar motorized vehicles. Work centers on fault diagnosis and disassembly inspection, parts replacement and assembly calibration, chassis and transmission system repair, test-ride verification, and delivery records.

    RCI · 49-3052.00

  • Hydroelectric Plant Technician

    Hydroelectric plant technicians inspect generators and related equipment, record defects and support operations or maintenance. Some roles focus on mechanical, electrical or controls work. The U.S. figures here cover the broader power plant operators occupation.

    RCI · 51-8013.04

  • Stationary engineers and boiler operators

    Stationary engineers and boiler operators run or maintain equipment that supplies building or process utilities and document conditions across shifts. Credentials vary.

    RCI · 51-8021.00

  • Farm Equipment Mechanics and Service Technicians

    Diagnose, adjust, repair, and overhaul agricultural machinery and vehicles, including tractors, harvesters, milking and feeding equipment, and irrigation systems: determine fault causes and repair plans, disassemble and assemble equipment and replace parts, service hydraulic, drivetrain, and electrical systems, make adjustments and conduct test runs, document repairs and parts used, and explain fault causes and operating precautions to users.

    RCI · 49-3041.00

  • Industrial Machinery Mechanic

    Industrial machinery mechanics diagnose faults in production equipment, repair or replace components and help verify that the machine can return to service. They coordinate with operators, maintenance planners and technical specialists.

    RCI · 49-9041.00

  • Construction equipment operator

    Operate powered construction equipment such as excavators, bulldozers, graders, and loaders to excavate, move, and grade; follow site safety rules, inspect equipment, and coordinate with ground personnel.

    RCI · 47-2073.00

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